Assessing Sprinkler Irrigation Performance Using Field Evaluations at the Medjerda Lower Valley of Tunisia

Irrigation uniformity and wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) are major concerns for the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems under arid or semi-arid conditions. Field trials were carried out to assess irrigation uniformity and WDEL under various wind velocities, sprinkler spacings and operating pressure heads. Based on experimental data, a frequency analysis was performed to infer the occurrence probability of a given uniformity coefficient (UC). In addition, statistical regressions were used to model WDEL as a function of different climatic variables. Increasing the operating pressure head improved uniformity at low wind speeds. It was shown that UC has been severely impaired at wind speeds above 4 m/s. In the prevailing wind conditions, the frequency analysis showed that a sprinkler spacing of 12 m × 12 m provided the best uniformity. In the local conditions, it is recommended to stop irrigation when wind velocity exceeds 4 m/s. Moreover, it was shown that wind speed and relative humidity were the main significant variables influencing WDEL.

Using Automation Controller System and Simulation Program for Testing Closed Circuits of Mini-Sprinkler Irrigation System

The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.

Effects of the growing-maize canopy and irrigation characteristics on the ability to funnel sprinkler water

Stemflow is vital for supplying water,fertilizer,and other crop essentials during sprinkler irrigation.Exploring the spatial and temporal variations of crop stemflow and its influencing factors will be essential to preventing soil water and nutrient ion's migration to deeper layers,developing,and optimizing effective sprinkler irrigation schedules.Based on the two-year experimental data,we analyzed the variation patterns(stemflow amount,depth,rate,and funneling ratio)of maize stemflow during the growing season,and clarified its vertical distribution pattern.Meanwhile,effects of sprinkler irrigation and maize morphological parameters on stemflow were investigated.The results showed that stemflow increased gradually as maize plant grew.Specifically,stemflow was small at the pre-jointing stage and reached the maximum at the late filling stage.The upper canopy generated more stemflow than the lower canopy until the flare opening stage.After the tasseling stage,the middle canopy generated more stemflow than the other positions.Variation in canopy closure at different positions was the main factor contributing to the above difference.As sprinkler intensity increased,stemflow also increased.However,the effect of droplet size on stemflow was inconsistent.Specifically,when sprinkler intensity was less than or equal to 10 mm/h,stemflow was generated with increasing droplet size.In contrast,if sprinkler intensity was greater than or equal to 20 mm/h,stemflow tended to decreased with increasing droplet size.Compared with other morphological parameters,canopy closure significantly affected the generation of stemflow.Funneling ratio was not significantly affected by plant morphology.Based on the results of different sprinkler intensities,we developed stemflow depth versus canopy closure and stemflow rate versus canopy closure power function regression models with a high predictive accuracy.The research findings will contribute to the understanding of the processes of stemflow involving the hydro-geochemical cycle of agro-ecosystems and the implementation of cropland management practices.

Assessment cultivated period and farm yard manure addition on some soil properties, nutrient content and wheat yield under sprinkler irrigation system

This study examined changes in some soil hydrophysical, chemical properties and wheat yield (grain;straw yield, N, P, K, Protein and carbohydrates contents) as trends under two cultivated period 10 and 25 year and Farm Yard manure (FYM) addition under sprinkler irrigation system on a newly reclaimed soils, Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Obtained results noticed that cultivation period has more pronounced effect than FYM addition on soil water content at field capacity, wilting point and available water with increase percent 15.1%, 9.3%;19.0% and 25.7%, 19.5% and 30.0% for FYM and cultivation period comparing with control one. Hydraulic conductivity values were strongly affected by cultivation period and FYM addition and significantly decreased values by about 18.9% and 12.1% in same sequences. Wheat straw content from protein had a superior effect under 25 than 10 years cultivated periods with values 61.9 and 6.7 comparing with control, respectively as affected by FYM addition, while FYM alone improved protein content in straw by about 31.9% comparing with untreated one. Slightly increase in straw protein content was attained relative to the increase of cultivated period by about 7.8%. Nutrients content in grain is more than FYM, where the increase percentage were 5.2%, 13.5%;3.8% and 26.5, 21.3;22.6 comparing cultivated periods 25 with 10 years and FYM addition with control, respectively. FYM individually under two studied cultivated periods is more effective under 10 years (28.0%, 25.2%;15.1%) than the 2nd one (25.1%, 25.2%;15.1%) comparing with untreated FYM plots. While N, P and K content in wheat straw had unclear trend and the increase were 6.8, 23.23;56.5% and 62.9, 6.0;29.8 as a result of FYM addition under 10 and 25 years cultivated periods, respectively. The highest values of protein and carbohydrates content in wheat grains as affected by studied factors were 12.86% and 67.43%) were obtained under cultivated period 25 years after FYM addition. Cultivated periods had a highly significant effect on the field water use efficiency values of grain more than the effect of FYM. The highest values of grain and straw yield were recorded at 10 years cultivated periods + treated FYM (2966.8 kg/fed) and 25 years cultivated periods treated with FYM (3835.6 kg/fed). Cultivated periods increased grain and straw yield of wheat crop by about 57.6% and 8.3%. Whereas, FYM increased grain and straw yield by about 39.8% and 58.8% relative to the control, respectively.

Application of Self-pressure Sprinkler Irrigation Technology to Grassland Vegetation Restoration in Alpine Arid Areas

To study the application of self-pressure sprinkler irrigation technology to vegetation restoration of grassland in alpine arid areas,three treatments including fenced grassland(FG),fencedirrigated grassland(FA),and free grazing grassland(CK) were compared in respect of primary productivity.The results showed that the community coverage of FA was only 35.96% higher than that of FG and 152.69% higher than that of CK;the plant height of FA was only 76.71% higher than that of FG and 155.77% higher than that of CK;the productivity of the community in FA was only 24.10% higher than that of FG and 110.00% higher than that of CK.It indicates that the self-pressure sprinkler irrigation technology has certain demonstration and promotion potential in vegetation restoration of grassland in alpine regions and can provide a new way for the sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry in Tibet.

Improving Strawberry Irrigation with Micro-Sprinklers and Their Impact on Pest Management

Overhead aluminum sprinklers, which are used during the early stages of strawberry crop development to establish transplants and to leach out salts from the root zone, deliver significant volumes of water. Micro-sprinklers, which are typically used in orchard crops, were evaluated in a commercial strawberry field in California as an alternative to conventional aluminum sprinklers to conserve water without any negative impact on yields. In addition to the water consumption, data were collected from multiple plots within each treatment to determine the impact on plant growth, disease incidence, and seasonal yield. Micro-sprinklers used 32% less water than aluminum sprinklers during a three-week period without affecting fruit yield. They also appeared to lessen the severity of powdery mildew and botrytis fruit rot. This is the first study reporting the use of micro-sprinkler system, which can be a good alternative to the aluminum sprinklers to conserve irrigation water.

Tree-Temperature Monitoring for Frost Protection of Orchards in Semi-Arid Regions Using Sprinkler Irrigation

Automated over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems were developed and tested in two orchards located in two separate locations in southern Iran(a 0.17 ha peach orchard and a 0.24 ha orange orchard) to protect peach blossoms and orange trees leaves and fruits from low temperature damage.The experiment used a system that monitored the trees and air temperatures using two thermistors.The water application rate by the irrigation system was determined by an energy balance as implemented by the software FROSTPRO.In the peach orchard,the system was tested during three frost events during the spring of 2003 and three other events during the spring of 2004.The system successfully kept peach flowers above the critical temperature,i.e.,-4.0°C in spring 2004(control block -4.12°C,and sprinkled block +0.5°C) during all events.Similar results were obtained in the orange orchard during three frost events in the winter of 2004,during which the tree temperatures were at least 2.5°C above the critical temperature.Results from field tests show that the system can effectively protect the peach blossoms from damage.Determination done after the frost events showed a 12% blossom kill in the sprinkled blocks while in the unsprinkled control block a 41.5% blossom kill.Calculations indicated that when using variable application rates,the amount of water used can be reduced by 54.3%.Spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during the three frosts was also studied in Jahrom,Iran.Results showed a significant temperature control in the experimental block,especially in the central part of the orchard,but the block margins(about 3.6% of the total area) were at the risk of low temperature due to the wind drift effects.

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain.To evaluate the evapotranspiration(ET) of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area,field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008,in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County,Beijing,China,with different irrigation depths.Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer.The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount,while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount.Soil evaporation(Es) was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity.Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount.Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.

Retrofitting Sprinkler Systems for Suppressing Dust Generated by Moving Vehicles Inside Farms

Fugitive dust is one of the well known problems in agriculture and it affects both humans and machine producing quality. Dust problems can seriously cause harmful diseases to workers and ruin expensive equipments. In this study, a dust formation generated in open environment by vehicles was analyzed on unpaved roads. Formed dust was measured by calculating total forces on the PM10 (airborne particles smaller than 10 mm) of dust particles, such as air velocity, gravity forces and air turbulence generated by the moving vehicle. The water fogger nozzle discharge was measured to determine the approximate droplets quantity in the air. The foggers were used to suppress the generated dust in an open environment via installing a proposed automatic suppression system which opens automatically when vehicles pass under the system. The relationship between water droplet speed and ability of collecting fugitive dust showed that high air temperature above 40oC and wind speed above 10 m s-1 have negative effects on the system’s ability of collecting dust due to evaporation of small radius droplets and/or drifting water droplets away from the effective area. The overall system efficiency was found to be 85% and the proposed dust suppression system was found to be a satisfying solution for reducing fugitive dust hazards.

Responses of Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Winter Wheat to Nonuniformity of Sprinkler Fertigation

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of nonuniformity of sprinkler fertigation and the amount of fertilizers applied through fertigation on nitrogen uptake and crop yield during two growing seasons of winter wheat in 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 at an experimental station in Beijing. In the experiments, the seasonal averaged Christiansen irrigation uniformity coefficient (CU) varied from 72% to 84%. Except for the fertilizer applied before planting, fertilizer was applied with the sprinkler irrigation system with a seasonal averaged CU for fertigation varied from 71% to 85%. Three levels of fertilizer applied varying from 0 to 180 kg N ha-1 were used in the experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that sprinkler fertigation uniformity had insignificant effects on nitrogen uptake and crop yield for the uniformity range tested. Also, the influence of fertilizer applied through sprinkler fertigation on crop yield was minor, while the total nitrogen content for stem and nitrogen uptake increased with increasing fertilizer applied.

Comparison of droplet distributions from fluidic and impact sprinklers

To adapt to the trend toward low-energy precision irrigation, the droplet distributions for two new prototype sprinklers, outside signal sprinkler(OS) and fluidic sprinkler(FS), were compared with impact sprinkler(IS). A laser precipitation monitor was used to measure the droplet distributions. Droplet size and velocity distributions were tested under four operating pressures for nozzles 1.5 m above the ground. For the operating pressures tested, the mean OS, FS and IS droplet diameters ranged from 0 to 3.4, 0 to 3.5, 0 to 4.0 mm, respectively.The mean OS and FS droplet velocities ranged from 0 to6.3 m$s–1, whereas IS ranged from 0 to 6.3 m$s–1. Being gas-liquid fluidic sprinklers, droplet distributions of the OS and FS were similar, although not identical. IS mostly produced a 0.5 mm larger droplet diameter and a 0.5 m$s–1greater velocity than OS and FS. A new empirical equation is proposed for determination of droplet size for OS and FS, which is sufficiently accurate and simple to use. Basic statistics for droplet size and velocity were performed on data obtained by the photographic methods. The mean droplet diameter(arithmetic, volumetric and median)decreased and the mean velocity increased in operating pressure for the three types of sprinkler.

Collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation:A systematic progress review

Considering the high-quality requirements related to agricultural crop production,the collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation is an important issue in precision agriculture.The objective of this review is to give a comprehensive demonstration focusing on the subject of collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation,by using a set of comparative analysis and literature bibliometric maps,therefore the sprinkler drip irrigation quality considering actual influential factors could be determined and analyzed.This review establishes on a broad spectrum of agricultural drip irrigation performance,throughout its whole procedure of collaborative monitoring,irrigation scheduling,application efficiency,and environmental influence,covering such aspects as soil physicochemical quality,irrigation scheduling,water resource redistribution,crop productivity,tillage management,climate adaptation,and environmental monitoring,etc.This review indicates that,the irrigation efficiency and drip infiltration quality of soil field can be planned precisely and allocated reasonably by sprinkler drip irrigation,which has extraordinary infiltration capability and enables much better performance,than that of other ordinary irrigation approaches in accuracy,stability,regularity,and efficiency.Thereafter,the investigation on the collaborative operation and application influence of sprinkler drip irrigation can be used to ensure the infiltration uniformity of moisture distribution,and then the high-quality requirements of practical irrigation performance can be met,too.This systematic review facilitates the productive soil-moisture-environment management for precision irrigation and agricultural production.

Sprinkler rotation and water application rate for the newly-designed complete fluidic sprinkler and impact sprinkler

One important indicator of the good performance of rotating sprinklers is the uniformity of rotation.The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the rotation uniformity and water application rate of the newly designed complete fluidic sprinkler in comparison to the widely used impact sprinkler,with the goal to offer recommendations to improve the fluidic sprinkler’s operation performance.Single-sprinkler water application experiments were conducted in accordance with the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers standard.Sprinkler completion time through the four quadrants of rotation and water delivery in catch cans were measured at different operating pressures for each sprinkler-nozzle size configuration.The capabilities of Matrix Laboratory were employed to simulate the overlap of adjacent quadrants and to visualize the effect of sprinkler rotation speed variation on water application rate.Quadrant completion time variations were small for both impact and fluidic sprinklers.However,variations in completion time through the quadrants were higher for the fluidic sprinkler compared to the impact sprinkler.Relatively higher variations in water application rates were also observed for the fluidic sprinkler.The optimization of the design features of the fluidic component is necessary to improve rotation stability and to minimize variability in water application rate of the fluidic sprinkler.The study significantly highlighted some performance qualities of the complete fluidic sprinkler in comparison to that of the impact sprinkler.The findings of this research will help to improve the efficiency of the new type complete fluidic sprinkler.

基于变量灌溉动态分区管理的冬小麦产量与节水效果

喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统是动态监测农田作物水分亏缺状况、构建变量灌溉(variable rate irrigation,VRI)决策支持系统的重要工具。为了评估圆形喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统在变量灌溉动态分区管理中的应用效果,该研究以气象参数和土壤水分传感器网络构建的均一灌溉(uniform rate irrigation, URI)决策方法为对照,评估了基于气象参数、土壤水分传感器网络和作物冠层温度的变量灌溉决策方法对华北平原冬小麦灌溉制度、土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和节水增产效果的影响。在河北省邢台市大曹庄中国水利水电科学研究院智慧灌溉技术与装备创新示范推广基地开展试验,试验区为三跨加悬臂圆形喷灌机控制灌溉面积7.07 hm^(2),2021年试验区等分为2个子区,布置URI和VRI处理,2022年试验区等分为4个子区,布置URI处理、基于等间隔法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T1)处理、基于“Jenks”自然断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T2)处理和基于几何间隔断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T3)处理。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,URI和VRI处理灌水7~10次,2 a平均灌水量分别为201和173 mm。开展VRI管理后,冬小麦主根区的土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和产量均匀性提高。2021年URI和VRI处理的冬小麦产量分别为9 470和9 574 kg/hm^(2),2022年的冬小麦产量较2021年分别降低6.7%和6.0%。变量灌溉处理的管理区聚类划分方法未对灌溉制度和产量产生显著影响。与URI处理相比,VRI处理能够减少灌溉水量,且对产量和水分利用效率无显著影响。研究结果可为基于喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统的变量灌溉动态分区管理方法的建立提供指导,为变量灌溉决策支持系统的开发升级提供技术支持。

拉萨河谷喷灌双季饲草作物系数与土壤蒸发研究

【目的】探究作物指标与作物系数、土壤蒸发之间的关系,为提高拉萨河谷喷灌蒸散发计算精度,制定适时适量的双季饲草灌溉制度提供理论支撑。【方法】通过微型蒸渗仪实测蒸散量与PM法计算参考作物的比值实测作物系数对PM法修正的单作物系数进行评价,分析误差水平及原因;基于自制株间土壤蒸发仪,获得株间土壤蒸发(E)与蒸散量(ET)的分摊比例(E/ET),建立实测Kc及E/ET与LAI、SPAD之间的关系。【结果】采用FAO-56推荐单作物系数修正法,对拉萨河谷小黑麦、燕麦单作物系数进行修正,小黑麦和燕麦初始生长期、生长中期和生长后期的作物系数分别为0.45和0.94,1.22和1.16,0.49和0.31。小黑麦全生育期土壤蒸发占蒸散量的44.8%,苗期-越冬期、越冬-返青期、返青-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期、抽穗-刈割期土壤蒸发占蒸散量比例分别为93.4%、94.8%、61.8%、22.2%和13.8%;燕麦苗期-分蘖期、分蘖-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期、抽穗-刈割期土壤蒸发占蒸散量比例分别为98.9%、79.1%、31.7%和16.8%。土壤蒸发在双季饲草种植过程中占蒸散量比例超过44%,减少土壤蒸发以提高水分利用效率的潜力较大。【结论】双季饲草实测作物系数、土壤蒸发占蒸散量比例与叶面积指数、叶绿素显著相关且呈线性或非线性函数关系。在单作物系数法基础上增加作物指标可以修正双季饲草蒸散的计算精度,通过构建数学模型使作物指标能直接模拟该地区作物土壤蒸发、间接模拟蒸散发全过程。

Irrigation and Thermal Buffering Using Mathematical Modeling

Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above.In all cases,the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture,reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces,reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof.The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption.There was a 28%reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33%reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots.Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study,there was little change which is ideal.A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum.It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof.A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption.By getting a p-value<0.05,it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.

Characterizing center pivot irrigation with fixed spray plate sprinklers

An indoor experiment with a fixed spray plate sprinkler(FSPS) of 36-grooved plate D3000 was conducted to evaluate the discharge-pressure relationship,wetted diameter,effective width,and water application rate in this research.In addition,a field experiment with a center pivot system equipped with the same measured FSPS was carried out to investigate the radial and circular uniformity under different cycle times and settings of the percent-timer.A package of nozzles numbering from #9(1.79 mm) to #33(6.55 mm) was tested with a nozzle elevation of 1.2 m and a 20-psi pressure regulator.The results showed that the wetted diameter and average application rate increased with nozzle size,but the effective wetted width and peak instantaneous application rate had no significant relationship with nozzle size.The simulated application rate of the center pivot system using the measured water distribution data of single FSPS was in good agreement with the measured result,which verified that the improved measurement procedure and modified nozzle sizing equation of the D3000 sprayhead in this paper were correct.Reducing the percent-time cycle time from 60 s to 40 s resulted in a slight increase in the radial uniformity coefficients,with an average of 1.09% to 1.17%,while there was no significant influence on the circular uniformity coefficients.

间歇和连续喷灌下土壤水分运动特征COMSOL数值模拟与验证

为探明间歇喷灌和连续喷灌条件下的土壤水分运动规律,建立喷灌随时间变化的非均匀灌水边界下的土壤水分二维运动模型,借助COMSOL数值模拟软件,实现模型的求解,并通过土箱试验对模型进行验证,分析不同喷灌模式下土壤水分运动特征,评估喷灌均匀性和喷灌模式对土壤含水率均匀性的影响。结果表明,土壤含水率和土壤湿润峰模拟值与实测值之间的一致性较好。喷灌模式对土壤水分运动过程和含水率均匀度影响不大。随着间歇次数和间歇时长的增加,喷灌结束时表层土壤含水率减小、水分入渗深度增加。喷灌条件下,土壤含水率均匀度高于地表测得的喷灌均匀度。当喷灌均匀度为39.77%~80.15%时,土壤含水率均匀度为88.57%~94.47%。当喷灌均匀度较低、点喷灌强度较高、总灌水量较大时,采用间歇喷灌、增加间隙次数和总间歇时长,可以一定程度降低地表径流和深层渗漏风险、改善土壤含水率均匀性。研究可为喷灌系统设计均匀度合理取值和高效运行提供理论基础。

茶树喷灌防霜中植株储水/冰量动态变化与影响因素研究

喷灌是园艺作物有效的防霜技术之一。为确定茶树喷灌防霜需水量和节约水资源,需研究喷灌过程中植株的储水/冰量动态变化及影响因素。本文设计了一种防滴落、茎杆水收集及称量组合装置,可直接精确获取整株茶树的储水/冰量;试验分析非冻结和冻结、微量和摇臂2类喷头条件下储水/冰量变化的异同;最后探究了冻结下微量喷头喷灌时长对储冰量和茎杆水量的影响。研究结果表明,非冻结条件下,茶树储水量变化经历积累、动平衡和干燥3个阶段;冻结条件下的储冰量随喷灌进行持续增加,并在停喷后较长时间内保持不变,即积累和保持阶段,随后依次经历融化流失和干燥阶段;相同喷灌压力和时长下,微量喷头的储水量和储冰量分别是摇臂喷头的1.2倍和2.0倍;微量喷头喷灌时长对最大储水量无明显影响,约为0.22 kg,最大储冰量则随喷灌时长的增加而显著增加,1.5 h的储冰量是0.5 h的2.9倍。微量喷头作用的茎杆水量,在非冻结和冻结条件下也较高,分别是摇臂喷头的3.0倍和2.7倍。本文研究了茶树植株表面储水/冰量变化及影响因素,改进了灌木类植物冠层截留量的测量方法,为提升防霜效果和实现精准喷灌奠定了基础。

Overview of advances in improving uniformity and water use efficiency of sprinkler irrigation

Water is the scarcest resource and the importance of the judicious use of water in the agricultural sector for sustaining agricultural growth and the retardation of environmental degradation needs no further elaboration.The successes of using sprinkler irrigation to develop new lands,point the way forward to a much greater role for the development of future land reclamation projects.Water use efficiency through a proper improvement of water management techniques and other production factors are essential to boost on-farm productivity.Various factors affecting uniformity and water use efficiency in sprinkler irrigation have been outlined in this research,highlighting possible ways to improve such essential parameters in crop production.The study emphasizes on an irrigation system that works adequately in applying water to stay within the root zone,making the water always available in sufficient quantities to meet the crop water needs.It suggests practical ways of managing irrigation systems within tolerable limits not neglecting the effects of wind which is a major contributing factor to non uniformity in sprinkler irrigation.