Sanitation is a particularly sensitive issue in the world, especially in Africa where local communities are plagued by the problem of managing sludge which is causing a lot of damage in Africa and mainly in Cameroon. ...Sanitation is a particularly sensitive issue in the world, especially in Africa where local communities are plagued by the problem of managing sludge which is causing a lot of damage in Africa and mainly in Cameroon. This study aims to contribute to improving the management of sewage sludge in the municipality of Bafoussam 1st. For this study, the methodology used is field survey. The questionnaire was submitted to 120 households in the commune of Bafoussam 1st, in particular, we take into account knowledge of the health and environmental risks that can result from improper handling of sludge and its treatment. The results show that the most widespread sanitation system is traditional latrines. Similarly, 79.19% of those surveyed dump, the sludge collected at the landfill against only 14.28% who dump it in fields and 6.53% have no idea about the fate of the sludge from their sanitary facilities. It should also be noted that 55.83% of the people surveyed are not aware of the health and environmental risks of untreated sewage sludge and therefore do not take the precautions to avoid it. Subsequently, 93.75% of respondents say that the current landfill would be a nuisance and the main nuisances identified are water pollution and subsequent fish poisoning. Physico-chemical analyzes of the sludge revealed values much higher than the values provided for by the WHO standards. Thus, total nitrogen and phosphate ions represented respectively 97 mg/L and 47 mg/L against 35 and 30.4 mg/L for the standard;COD and BOD<sub>5</sub> represented respectively 3250 mg/L and 1100 mg/L against 150 and 40 mg/L provided by the WHO standards. It follows the temperature and the MES which gave values of 32.7°C and 1750 mg/L, values much higher than the standard (30°C and 50 mg/L).展开更多
In an ever-changing world at present, many enterprises and organizations are put under the great pressure of tremendous opportunities and challenges arising from globalization, technological innovation, intense compet...In an ever-changing world at present, many enterprises and organizations are put under the great pressure of tremendous opportunities and challenges arising from globalization, technological innovation, intense competition and also a highly competitive market."The whole business environment becomes more competitive, dynamic, and complex in 21st century."(Olsen, West and Ching Yick Tse 2008) Hussey (2005) also has the view that the organization' external and internal environment has changed ever more turbulently in past few decades.[1] The frequency of changes has become faster and the period of stability has tended to be much shorter. Therefore change management skills become more and more important for managers.(Hussey, 2005) Dawson also has the same point of view. He says "the large-scale change really occurs and the changes were rarely so rapid and unpredictable"(Dawson, 1994). This situation may continue in to the next century (Hussey, 2005) which means that managers need to deeply understand how to manage both external and internal changes.[2] Hussey also mentions some important factors that may influence external environment changes including competition globally;customers service expectation increase, fast development of technology,[3] and changes in government regulations (Hussey, 2005).展开更多
文摘Sanitation is a particularly sensitive issue in the world, especially in Africa where local communities are plagued by the problem of managing sludge which is causing a lot of damage in Africa and mainly in Cameroon. This study aims to contribute to improving the management of sewage sludge in the municipality of Bafoussam 1st. For this study, the methodology used is field survey. The questionnaire was submitted to 120 households in the commune of Bafoussam 1st, in particular, we take into account knowledge of the health and environmental risks that can result from improper handling of sludge and its treatment. The results show that the most widespread sanitation system is traditional latrines. Similarly, 79.19% of those surveyed dump, the sludge collected at the landfill against only 14.28% who dump it in fields and 6.53% have no idea about the fate of the sludge from their sanitary facilities. It should also be noted that 55.83% of the people surveyed are not aware of the health and environmental risks of untreated sewage sludge and therefore do not take the precautions to avoid it. Subsequently, 93.75% of respondents say that the current landfill would be a nuisance and the main nuisances identified are water pollution and subsequent fish poisoning. Physico-chemical analyzes of the sludge revealed values much higher than the values provided for by the WHO standards. Thus, total nitrogen and phosphate ions represented respectively 97 mg/L and 47 mg/L against 35 and 30.4 mg/L for the standard;COD and BOD<sub>5</sub> represented respectively 3250 mg/L and 1100 mg/L against 150 and 40 mg/L provided by the WHO standards. It follows the temperature and the MES which gave values of 32.7°C and 1750 mg/L, values much higher than the standard (30°C and 50 mg/L).
文摘In an ever-changing world at present, many enterprises and organizations are put under the great pressure of tremendous opportunities and challenges arising from globalization, technological innovation, intense competition and also a highly competitive market."The whole business environment becomes more competitive, dynamic, and complex in 21st century."(Olsen, West and Ching Yick Tse 2008) Hussey (2005) also has the view that the organization' external and internal environment has changed ever more turbulently in past few decades.[1] The frequency of changes has become faster and the period of stability has tended to be much shorter. Therefore change management skills become more and more important for managers.(Hussey, 2005) Dawson also has the same point of view. He says "the large-scale change really occurs and the changes were rarely so rapid and unpredictable"(Dawson, 1994). This situation may continue in to the next century (Hussey, 2005) which means that managers need to deeply understand how to manage both external and internal changes.[2] Hussey also mentions some important factors that may influence external environment changes including competition globally;customers service expectation increase, fast development of technology,[3] and changes in government regulations (Hussey, 2005).
