Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)is a reliable and widely used technique for analyzing the expression profiles of target genes in different species,and reference genes with stable expressions have been introduced for t...Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)is a reliable and widely used technique for analyzing the expression profiles of target genes in different species,and reference genes with stable expressions have been introduced for the normalization of the data.Therefore,stability evaluation should be considered as the initial step for qPCR experiments.The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a polyphagous pest that consumes many plant species and seriously threatens corn production around the world.However,no studies thus far have examined the stability of reference genes in this pest.In this study,the expression profiles of the eight candidate reference genes of Actin,elongation factor 1 alpha(EF1α),elongation factor 2(EF2),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),ribosomal protein L3(RPL3),ribosomal protein L13(RPL13),alpha-tubulin(α-TUB),and beta-1-tubulin(β-1-TUB)were obtained from S.frugiperda in different samples and the stability was evaluated byΔCt,BestKeeper,geNorm,NormFinder,and RefFinder methods.The results of pairwise variation(V)calculated by GeNorm indicated two reference genes could be selected for normalization.Therefore,the combinations of the most stable reference genes for different experimental conditions of S.frugiperda were shown as follows:EF2 and RPL13 for developmental stages,RPL3 andβ-1-TUB for larval tissue samples,EF2 and EF1αfor the larval samples treated with different temperatures,RPL3 and EF1αfor the larval samples under starvation stress,and RPL13 and EF1αfor all the samples.Our results lay the foundation for the normalization of qPCR analyses in S.frugiperda and could help guarantee the accuracy of subsequent research.展开更多
Rock slide is one of the common geohazard in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and it affects the shipping of the Yangtze River and the safety of people living on the banks. In order to investigate the internal fractur...Rock slide is one of the common geohazard in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and it affects the shipping of the Yangtze River and the safety of people living on the banks. In order to investigate the internal fracturing mechanism of rock mass, distributed microseismic monitoring network was arranged with 15 three component geophones(3C geophones), deployed at borehole and out of the sliding mass in the unstable Dulong slope. Stein Unbiased Risk Estimation(SURE) method was used to noise suppression for the microseismic record, and decomposition parameters of the Continuous Wavelet Transform(CWT) were determined with maximum energy of correlation coefficient(MECC) method. The signal-to-noise ratio was tripled after the process, and source parameters are obtained with full waveform inversion. The rupture volume model was counted by the irregular grid statistics with the events’ density. It shows that the rock slide is of a small scale and composed of a single block. Moreover, the relationship among microseismicity, displacement and rainfall were discussed in the paper. The deformation rate was dramatically changed in the period of intensive events. There is a good consistency especially in the rainfall period. Although there is a time delay, continuous rainfall is more likely to cause the increase of microseismic events. The results show that the Dulong slope is a shallow rock slide in the state of creep deformation, and the rupture mechanism of the rock mass is left-lateral normal fault with shear failure. The research provides more key information for the early warning and prevention of rock slides and helps to reduce the risk of geohazards.展开更多
In nature, a slope stability is determined by the ratio of a sliding resistance to a slide force. The slide force of a marine deep-water continental slope is mainly affected by sediment mechanics properties, a topogra...In nature, a slope stability is determined by the ratio of a sliding resistance to a slide force. The slide force of a marine deep-water continental slope is mainly affected by sediment mechanics properties, a topography, and a marine seismic. However, the sliding resistance is mainly affected by sedimentary patterns and a sedimentary stress history. Both of these are different from case to case, and their impact can be addressed when the data are organized in a geographic information system(GIS). The study area on the continental slope in Zhujiang River Mouth Basin in South China Sea provides an excellent opportunity to apply GIS spatial analysis technology for the evaluation of the slope stability. In this area, a continental slope topography and a three-dimension(3-D) topography mapping show a sea-floor morphology and the distribution of a slope steepness in good detail, and the sediment analysis of seabed samples and an indoor appraisal reveals the variability of a sediment density near the sea-floor surface. On the basis of the results of nine geotechnical studies of submarine study areas, it has worked out that an equivalent cyclic shear stress ratio is roughly between 0.158 and 0.933, which is mainly depending on the initial water content of sediment. A regional density, slope and level of anticipated seismic shaking information are combined in a GIS framework to yield a map that illustrates a continental slope stability zoning under the influencing factors in Zhujiang River Mouth Basin in the South China Sea. The continental slope stability evaluation can contribute to north resources development in the South China Sea, the marine functional zoning, the marine engineering construction and adjust measures to local conditions, at the same time also can provide references for other deep-water slope stability analysis.展开更多
Yima Coal Corporation is considering to adopt highwall mining method withauger machine to recover coal from north surface pit that has reached final highwall position. Themajor geomechanical issues associated with aug...Yima Coal Corporation is considering to adopt highwall mining method withauger machine to recover coal from north surface pit that has reached final highwall position. Themajor geomechanical issues associated with auger mining are highwall and pillar stability. Based onthe field investigation and laboratory test results of mechanical parameters, numerical modeling iscarried out to assess the stability of highwall and pillar. Field measurements of highwalldeformation have been used to validate and ensure the confidence for the development of realisticmodels. The results of numerical modeling show that the mining method is feasible for mining theseam of 10 m thickness in north surface coal mine.展开更多
The optimum design of the highway excavation slope angle is one of the most important problems to the highway construction and to the slope improvement. The Dawu Section of Jingzhu (Beijing Zhuhai) Highway is taken a...The optimum design of the highway excavation slope angle is one of the most important problems to the highway construction and to the slope improvement. The Dawu Section of Jingzhu (Beijing Zhuhai) Highway is taken as an example to illustrate the study method for excavation slope angle design. The analysis of the engineering condition from different angles with different factors shows that the stability of the slope is calculated by using residual pushing force and the Sarma method. Then the sensitive analysis of the slope stability is conducted by using residual pushing force method. Finally, the optimum angle of design is presented on the precondition of ensuring the whole stability of slope and the economic reasonability. The study results show that the most sensitive factors are the shear strength parameter and the seismic force, and that the optimum excavation slope angle is 60°.展开更多
Buoy is the structure which is floated on sea surface in order to indicate the presenting obstacle such as reef and shallow sea and to show the direction of sea route to ship during sailing. Generally, the conventiona...Buoy is the structure which is floated on sea surface in order to indicate the presenting obstacle such as reef and shallow sea and to show the direction of sea route to ship during sailing. Generally, the conventional material of buoy is steel and it has some problems. Firstly this steel light buoy has safety risk in case of collision between ship and steel buoy. Secondly steel buoy revealed high corrosion environment of salted water and oxide and corrosion of steel can lead to marine pollution. Thirdly it needs too much maintain cost because of its heavy weight. In this study, in order to overcome these problems we changed the buoy material from conventional steel body to polyethylene body. Polymer buoy body was designed with module type part and it can reduce total weight up to 43.12%. To evaluate the strength of that part, the structure analysis simulation was carried out with respect to stress, displacement, and strain. Maximum stress was 1.667 × 107 N/m2 and it was 25% of yielding stress of base material. Maximum displacement and strain were 3.164 mm and 0.00433353 and they are too small value and in safe range with comparing to total length of body. The stability of polymer buoy body was compared with conventional buoy with respect to center of gravity, center of buoyancy, metacenter, oscillation period, and tilt angle by wind, tidal current, and wave. Every value was improved comparing conventional one and we can get more stable buoy. Therefore the new polymer buoy body could prove its safety and stability.展开更多
The stability of inclined shaft lining structure (ISLS) in complex water-rich strata is affected by many factors, suchas water pressure, joint, soft rock, lining corrosion and so on. The instability of the ISLS will a...The stability of inclined shaft lining structure (ISLS) in complex water-rich strata is affected by many factors, suchas water pressure, joint, soft rock, lining corrosion and so on. The instability of the ISLS will affect the safe andefficient coal mine production. Bathe sed on the geological conditions of the Xiaobaodang coal mine, this papertested the evolution characteristics of concrete composition in long-term water seepage areas and revealed theinfluence mechanism of corrosion weakening of shaft lining (SL) in water-rich strata. Meanwhile, transientelectromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and infrared monitoring are used to detect the water-rich zones, anddamage zones of surrounding rock and lining water seepage zones, and a three-level safety evaluation model forthe instability risk of ISLS is constructed. Water abundance of the surrounding rock, surrounding rock deterioration, and shaft lining seepage were the specific indicators in the model. The main inclined shaft (MIS) in thestudied coal mine is divided into three levels: non instability risk zone, potential instability risk zone, and highinstability risk zone. According to the evaluation results, comprehensive prevention and control measures of“hydrophobic hole drainage” and “back-lining grouting” are adopted for the water inrush source and the surrounding rock micro-crack water channel. The precise prevention and control of ISLS is realized. The researchresults also provide a reference for the stability evaluation of ISLS and the accurate prevention and control undersimilar conditions.展开更多
The distribution of Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change in the steep excavation slope is calculated by finite element method in this paper, and the failure mechanics under different conditions have been investigated...The distribution of Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change in the steep excavation slope is calculated by finite element method in this paper, and the failure mechanics under different conditions have been investigated. Comparing the CFSs before and after the slope excavation (stress loading and unloading processes), the dangerous internal zone and the most likely failure external area are attained. Given the shear cracks on the top surface while tensile stress or cracks along the toe of the slope, we analyze the high cutting-angle steep slope in Kaixian county of the Three Gorges Reservoir region. We bring forward that the peak value of CFS after excavation can reach to the order of 0.1 MPa, which is greatly higher than that of before. Our preliminary results are useful for optimizing the reinforcement structure during the steep slope stabilization engineering.展开更多
Cusp displacement catastrophe theory can be introduced to propose a new method about instability failure of the interbed for gas storage cavern in bedded salt in solution mining.We can calculate initial fracture drawi...Cusp displacement catastrophe theory can be introduced to propose a new method about instability failure of the interbed for gas storage cavern in bedded salt in solution mining.We can calculate initial fracture drawing pace of this interbed to obtain 2D and 3D gas storage shapes at this time.Moreover,Stability evaluation of strength reduction finite element method(FEM)based on this catastrophe theory can used to evaluate this interbed stability after initial fracture.A specific example is simulated to obtain the influence of the interbed depth,cavern internal pressure,and cavern building time on stability safety factor(SSF).The results indicate:the value of SSF will be lower with the increase of cavern building time in solution mining and the increase of interbed depth and also this value remains a rise with the increase of cavern internal pressure Especially,we can conclude that the second-fracture of the interbed may take place when this pressure is lower than 6 MPa or after 6 days later of the interbed after initial fracture.According to above analysis,some effective measures,namely elevating the tube up to the top of the interbed,or changing the circulation of in-and-out lines,can be introduced to avoid the negative effects when the secondfracture of the interbed may occur.展开更多
In this paper,a physical base friction test model of a slope is established.The model is based on similarity principles and the geological conditions of a complicated bridge slope during construction,deformation and f...In this paper,a physical base friction test model of a slope is established.The model is based on similarity principles and the geological conditions of a complicated bridge slope during construction,deformation and failure.The behavior of the slope in both its natural state and during excavation loading is qualitatively analyzed through base friction tests.The base friction test results are then subjected to comparison and analysis using finite element numerical simulation.The findings show that the whole engineered slope tends to stabilize in its natural state,whereas instabilities will arise at faulted rock masses located near bridge piers during excavation loading.Therefore,to ensure normal construction operation of bridge works,it is suggested that pre-reinforcement of faulted rock masses be performed.展开更多
基金financially supported by the fund from the KeyArea Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(2020B020223004)the Innovation Team Project in Guangdong Provincial Department of Education(2017KCXTD018)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Projects,China(201704020190,201805010008 and 201904010135)。
文摘Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)is a reliable and widely used technique for analyzing the expression profiles of target genes in different species,and reference genes with stable expressions have been introduced for the normalization of the data.Therefore,stability evaluation should be considered as the initial step for qPCR experiments.The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a polyphagous pest that consumes many plant species and seriously threatens corn production around the world.However,no studies thus far have examined the stability of reference genes in this pest.In this study,the expression profiles of the eight candidate reference genes of Actin,elongation factor 1 alpha(EF1α),elongation factor 2(EF2),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),ribosomal protein L3(RPL3),ribosomal protein L13(RPL13),alpha-tubulin(α-TUB),and beta-1-tubulin(β-1-TUB)were obtained from S.frugiperda in different samples and the stability was evaluated byΔCt,BestKeeper,geNorm,NormFinder,and RefFinder methods.The results of pairwise variation(V)calculated by GeNorm indicated two reference genes could be selected for normalization.Therefore,the combinations of the most stable reference genes for different experimental conditions of S.frugiperda were shown as follows:EF2 and RPL13 for developmental stages,RPL3 andβ-1-TUB for larval tissue samples,EF2 and EF1αfor the larval samples treated with different temperatures,RPL3 and EF1αfor the larval samples under starvation stress,and RPL13 and EF1αfor all the samples.Our results lay the foundation for the normalization of qPCR analyses in S.frugiperda and could help guarantee the accuracy of subsequent research.
基金supported by the Chongqing Administration of Science and Technology(Grants No.cstc2021jxjl20008,cstc2020jcyj-msxm X1068)the Chongqing Administration of Planning and Natural Resources(Grant No.KJ-2019018)。
文摘Rock slide is one of the common geohazard in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and it affects the shipping of the Yangtze River and the safety of people living on the banks. In order to investigate the internal fracturing mechanism of rock mass, distributed microseismic monitoring network was arranged with 15 three component geophones(3C geophones), deployed at borehole and out of the sliding mass in the unstable Dulong slope. Stein Unbiased Risk Estimation(SURE) method was used to noise suppression for the microseismic record, and decomposition parameters of the Continuous Wavelet Transform(CWT) were determined with maximum energy of correlation coefficient(MECC) method. The signal-to-noise ratio was tripled after the process, and source parameters are obtained with full waveform inversion. The rupture volume model was counted by the irregular grid statistics with the events’ density. It shows that the rock slide is of a small scale and composed of a single block. Moreover, the relationship among microseismicity, displacement and rainfall were discussed in the paper. The deformation rate was dramatically changed in the period of intensive events. There is a good consistency especially in the rainfall period. Although there is a time delay, continuous rainfall is more likely to cause the increase of microseismic events. The results show that the Dulong slope is a shallow rock slide in the state of creep deformation, and the rupture mechanism of the rock mass is left-lateral normal fault with shear failure. The research provides more key information for the early warning and prevention of rock slides and helps to reduce the risk of geohazards.
文摘In nature, a slope stability is determined by the ratio of a sliding resistance to a slide force. The slide force of a marine deep-water continental slope is mainly affected by sediment mechanics properties, a topography, and a marine seismic. However, the sliding resistance is mainly affected by sedimentary patterns and a sedimentary stress history. Both of these are different from case to case, and their impact can be addressed when the data are organized in a geographic information system(GIS). The study area on the continental slope in Zhujiang River Mouth Basin in South China Sea provides an excellent opportunity to apply GIS spatial analysis technology for the evaluation of the slope stability. In this area, a continental slope topography and a three-dimension(3-D) topography mapping show a sea-floor morphology and the distribution of a slope steepness in good detail, and the sediment analysis of seabed samples and an indoor appraisal reveals the variability of a sediment density near the sea-floor surface. On the basis of the results of nine geotechnical studies of submarine study areas, it has worked out that an equivalent cyclic shear stress ratio is roughly between 0.158 and 0.933, which is mainly depending on the initial water content of sediment. A regional density, slope and level of anticipated seismic shaking information are combined in a GIS framework to yield a map that illustrates a continental slope stability zoning under the influencing factors in Zhujiang River Mouth Basin in the South China Sea. The continental slope stability evaluation can contribute to north resources development in the South China Sea, the marine functional zoning, the marine engineering construction and adjust measures to local conditions, at the same time also can provide references for other deep-water slope stability analysis.
文摘Yima Coal Corporation is considering to adopt highwall mining method withauger machine to recover coal from north surface pit that has reached final highwall position. Themajor geomechanical issues associated with auger mining are highwall and pillar stability. Based onthe field investigation and laboratory test results of mechanical parameters, numerical modeling iscarried out to assess the stability of highwall and pillar. Field measurements of highwalldeformation have been used to validate and ensure the confidence for the development of realisticmodels. The results of numerical modeling show that the mining method is feasible for mining theseam of 10 m thickness in north surface coal mine.
基金theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No .40 0 72 0 85 )
文摘The optimum design of the highway excavation slope angle is one of the most important problems to the highway construction and to the slope improvement. The Dawu Section of Jingzhu (Beijing Zhuhai) Highway is taken as an example to illustrate the study method for excavation slope angle design. The analysis of the engineering condition from different angles with different factors shows that the stability of the slope is calculated by using residual pushing force and the Sarma method. Then the sensitive analysis of the slope stability is conducted by using residual pushing force method. Finally, the optimum angle of design is presented on the precondition of ensuring the whole stability of slope and the economic reasonability. The study results show that the most sensitive factors are the shear strength parameter and the seismic force, and that the optimum excavation slope angle is 60°.
文摘Buoy is the structure which is floated on sea surface in order to indicate the presenting obstacle such as reef and shallow sea and to show the direction of sea route to ship during sailing. Generally, the conventional material of buoy is steel and it has some problems. Firstly this steel light buoy has safety risk in case of collision between ship and steel buoy. Secondly steel buoy revealed high corrosion environment of salted water and oxide and corrosion of steel can lead to marine pollution. Thirdly it needs too much maintain cost because of its heavy weight. In this study, in order to overcome these problems we changed the buoy material from conventional steel body to polyethylene body. Polymer buoy body was designed with module type part and it can reduce total weight up to 43.12%. To evaluate the strength of that part, the structure analysis simulation was carried out with respect to stress, displacement, and strain. Maximum stress was 1.667 × 107 N/m2 and it was 25% of yielding stress of base material. Maximum displacement and strain were 3.164 mm and 0.00433353 and they are too small value and in safe range with comparing to total length of body. The stability of polymer buoy body was compared with conventional buoy with respect to center of gravity, center of buoyancy, metacenter, oscillation period, and tilt angle by wind, tidal current, and wave. Every value was improved comparing conventional one and we can get more stable buoy. Therefore the new polymer buoy body could prove its safety and stability.
基金Financial support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104155)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(8212032)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(2023M733778)an Open Research Grant of Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining(EC2022012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023ZKPYNY03).
文摘The stability of inclined shaft lining structure (ISLS) in complex water-rich strata is affected by many factors, suchas water pressure, joint, soft rock, lining corrosion and so on. The instability of the ISLS will affect the safe andefficient coal mine production. Bathe sed on the geological conditions of the Xiaobaodang coal mine, this papertested the evolution characteristics of concrete composition in long-term water seepage areas and revealed theinfluence mechanism of corrosion weakening of shaft lining (SL) in water-rich strata. Meanwhile, transientelectromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and infrared monitoring are used to detect the water-rich zones, anddamage zones of surrounding rock and lining water seepage zones, and a three-level safety evaluation model forthe instability risk of ISLS is constructed. Water abundance of the surrounding rock, surrounding rock deterioration, and shaft lining seepage were the specific indicators in the model. The main inclined shaft (MIS) in thestudied coal mine is divided into three levels: non instability risk zone, potential instability risk zone, and highinstability risk zone. According to the evaluation results, comprehensive prevention and control measures of“hydrophobic hole drainage” and “back-lining grouting” are adopted for the water inrush source and the surrounding rock micro-crack water channel. The precise prevention and control of ISLS is realized. The researchresults also provide a reference for the stability evaluation of ISLS and the accurate prevention and control undersimilar conditions.
基金supported by Sinoprob-Deep Exploration Program in China sponsored by Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China (No.0819011A90)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.D0408/4097409)
文摘The distribution of Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change in the steep excavation slope is calculated by finite element method in this paper, and the failure mechanics under different conditions have been investigated. Comparing the CFSs before and after the slope excavation (stress loading and unloading processes), the dangerous internal zone and the most likely failure external area are attained. Given the shear cracks on the top surface while tensile stress or cracks along the toe of the slope, we analyze the high cutting-angle steep slope in Kaixian county of the Three Gorges Reservoir region. We bring forward that the peak value of CFS after excavation can reach to the order of 0.1 MPa, which is greatly higher than that of before. Our preliminary results are useful for optimizing the reinforcement structure during the steep slope stabilization engineering.
文摘Cusp displacement catastrophe theory can be introduced to propose a new method about instability failure of the interbed for gas storage cavern in bedded salt in solution mining.We can calculate initial fracture drawing pace of this interbed to obtain 2D and 3D gas storage shapes at this time.Moreover,Stability evaluation of strength reduction finite element method(FEM)based on this catastrophe theory can used to evaluate this interbed stability after initial fracture.A specific example is simulated to obtain the influence of the interbed depth,cavern internal pressure,and cavern building time on stability safety factor(SSF).The results indicate:the value of SSF will be lower with the increase of cavern building time in solution mining and the increase of interbed depth and also this value remains a rise with the increase of cavern internal pressure Especially,we can conclude that the second-fracture of the interbed may take place when this pressure is lower than 6 MPa or after 6 days later of the interbed after initial fracture.According to above analysis,some effective measures,namely elevating the tube up to the top of the interbed,or changing the circulation of in-and-out lines,can be introduced to avoid the negative effects when the secondfracture of the interbed may occur.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work,which was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41172260 and 51108393)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20110184110018)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2008CB425801).
文摘In this paper,a physical base friction test model of a slope is established.The model is based on similarity principles and the geological conditions of a complicated bridge slope during construction,deformation and failure.The behavior of the slope in both its natural state and during excavation loading is qualitatively analyzed through base friction tests.The base friction test results are then subjected to comparison and analysis using finite element numerical simulation.The findings show that the whole engineered slope tends to stabilize in its natural state,whereas instabilities will arise at faulted rock masses located near bridge piers during excavation loading.Therefore,to ensure normal construction operation of bridge works,it is suggested that pre-reinforcement of faulted rock masses be performed.