Surface integrity and flexural strength improvement in grinding partially stabilized zirconia

Zirconia has been used in medical applications since last few years and an optimum and cost-effective condition in grinding zirconia has drawn industrial attention.This paper aimed to improve and control the surface integrity,flexural strength and grinding cost in grinding partially stabilized zirconia(PSZ)using a diamond grinding wheel.The phase transition and grindability of PSZ were also evaluated.Ground surfaces analysis shows that all samples subjected to the grinding presented an increase in surface integrity,and the subsurface damages 100 m below the surface were reduced from 3.4%to 0.9%.The flexural strength using 3 point bending test(3PB)shows that grinding increased the flexural strength more than 29%which is the result of higher surface integrity.The ground surfaces were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and the results shows that T-M phase transition trend is in accordance with the surface integrity.In other words,XRD analyses prove that T-M phase transition results in higher flexural strength and surface integrity.It was also observed that in the best condition,the grinding cost was reduced by 72%.It can be concluded that controlling the grinding condition in grinding PSZ will result in the increase of the surface integrity and flexural strength.A mathematical model was created to find an optimum condition using response surface method(RSM).It is observed that feed rate has greater effect on the outputs rather than depth of cut.

Degration of Partially Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics underan Applied Stress

Partially stabilized zirconia ceramics were sintered using fine powder of ZrO 2 3mol%Y 2O 3 prepared by the chemical co precipitation method.The tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation in ZrO 2 ceramics during the aging in boiling water and the effect of an applied stress of 100MPa were mainly investigated.The degradation of ZrO 2 ceramics is considered to be caused by the reaction between Y 2O 3 and H 2O,which leads to a decreasing in the stability of tetragonal phase of ZrO 2.It is found that the tensile stress improves the driving force of the phase transformation and accelerates the degradation while the compressive stress has no obvious effect on the degradation.

Composite ceramics thermal barrier coatings of yttria stabilized zirconia for aero-engines

Composite ceramics thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) are widely used in the aero-engines field due to their excellent thermal insulation, which improves the service life and durability of the inherent hot components. The most typical, successful and widely used TBCs material is yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ). In this paper, fabrication methods, coating structures, materials, failure mechanism and major challenges of YSZ TBCs are introduced and reviewed. The research tendency is put forward as well. This review provides a good understanding of the YSZ TBCs and inspires researchers to discover versatile ideas to improve the TBCs systems.

Microstructure and thermal cycling behavior of nanostructured yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings

Nanostructured yttria partially stabilized zirconia(YSZ) coatings were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying(APS) using the conglomeration made by zirconia nanoparticle as the raw materials.The measurement methods,which consisted of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and thermal cycling behavior,were used to character the morphology,composition and thermal oxidation behavior of the powder and the coatings.From the results,it was shown that the YSZ coating was the laminar structure,and the elements distribution in the bond and top coat were well-proportioned.The YSZ coatings were composed of fine grains with size ranging from 30 to 110 nm.The laminar layers with columnar grains were surrounded with unmelted parts of the nanostructured powder and some equiaxed grains.In the as-sprayed nanostructured zirconia coatings,there existed pores that were less than 1 μm.The cracks were observed on some of the crystal border.The cyclic oxidation experiment showed that the nanostructured coating had longer thermal cycling lifetime to exhibit the promising thermal cyclic oxidation resistance.The failure of the nanostructured TBC was similar to the failure of conventional APS TBC.

Preparation of scandia stabilized zirconia powder using microwave-hydrothermal method

Scandia stabilized zirconia powder （ScSZ） was first synthesized by a microwave-hydrothermal method. The crystalline and aggregated particle sizes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Weakly agglomerated and well crystallized ScSZ powder was prepared by microwave-heating to 150 ℃ and 2.5 h. The structure of the ScSZ powder changed from a tetragonal to a cubic phase, and accordingly, the powder conductivity was increased from 90.55 to 120.56 ms/cm by the introduction of the mineralizer solutions （KOH＋K2CO3） during the microwave-hydrothermal processing.

Blister defect formation within partially stabilized zirconia film during constrained sintering

Yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ)film has been screen printed and sintered on a rigid substrate.The constrained sintering caused the formation of multiple microcracks and most critically large“blister”defects.The morphology of such defects has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).It was revealed that the film surface exhibits noticeable roughness.Microhardness testing revealed little variation in green density distribution.Rheological measurement,however,showed that some agglomerations are present in the YSZ ink.The existence of agglomerations in the screen printing ink in combination with debonding at the film/substrate interface is potentially the cause for the formation of blister defects.

Advanced Ramming Mix Based on Fused Zirconia Stabilized by Com-bined Additives of CaO and MgO for Lining of Carbon Black Production Reactor

Fused materials from ZrO2 stabilized by CaO or MgO, or the combined additive consisting of CaO and MgO are made. With using chemical, petrographic, X-ray phase and electron microscopic researches the main characteristics of these materials are determined. It is shown that, the materials of all compositions have low water absorption; they are characterized by equal struc-ture. The materials stabilized by the combined additive consisting of CaO and MgO are presented by generally the cubic phase and a small amount of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases. Depending on CaO： MgO ratio in the materials the tetragonal ZrO2 phase settles down in a cubic matrix in the form of separate grains, and sites of net like structure in the form of a ＂woven＂ interlacing （2.9% of CaO and 2. 6% of MgO ）. An influence of the above mentioned fused stabilized ZrO2 materials and quantity of monoclinic zirconia, on the forming of zirconia mix on a phosphate bond and properties of＂ .fired samples is studied. The samples from mix based on ZrO2 stabilized by the combined additive consisting of 2.9% CaO and 2.6% MgO with 20% of monoclinic Zr02 are characterized by the highest properties： after .firing at 1 580 ~C open porosity of 14. 3% - 14. 8%, apparent density of 4. 67 -4. 69 g · cm^-5, cold crushing strength of 62 - 68 MPa, thermal shock resistance （ 1 300℃←→air） of 15 thermal cycles, linear growth of 0. 2%. The manufacturing technology of powders mix-ture for ramming mix based on the new fused material .from ZrO2 stabilized by the combined additive is developed and its production is mastered. From this mixture the large-size, shaped products on the phosphate bond are made at one carbon black production plant, which are installed in the combustion chamber of the carbon black production reactor.

Theoretical Aspects on Doped-Zirconia for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells:from Structure to Conductivity

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are regarded to be a key clean energy system to convert chemical energy(e.g.H_(2) and O_(2))into electrical energy with high efficiency,low carbon footprint,and fuel flexibility.The electrolyte,typically doped zirconia,is the"state of the heart"of the fuel cell technologies,determining the performance and the operating temperature of the overall cells.Yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ)have been widely used in SOFC due to its excellent oxide ion conductivity at high temperature.The composition and temperature dependence of the conductivity has been hotly studied in experiment and,more recently,by theoretical simulations.The characterization of the atomic structure for the mixed oxide system with different compositions is the key for elucidating the conductivity behavior,which,however,is of great challenge to both experiment and theory.This review presents recent theoretical progress on the structure and conductivity of YSZ electrolyte.We compare different theoretical methods and their results,outlining the merits and deficiencies of the methods.We highlight the recent results achieved by using stochastic surface walking global optimization with global neural network potential(SSW-NN)method,which appear to agree with available experimental data.The advent of machine-learning atomic simulation provides an affordable,efficient and accurate way to understand the complex material phenomena as encountered in solid electrolyte.The future research directions for design better electrolytes are also discussed.

Effects of the precipitation of stabilizers on the mechanism of grain fracturing in a zirconia metering nozzle

The mechanism of grain fracturing in a zirconia metering nozzle used in the continuous casting process was studied. The phase composition, microstructure, and chemical composition of the residual samples were studied using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and electron probe. Results revealed that the composition, structure, and mineral phase of the original layer, transition layer, and affected layer of the metering nozzle differed because of stabilizer precipitation and steel slag permeation. The stabilizer MgO formed low-melting phases with steel slag and impure SiO2 on the boundaries（pores） of zirconia grains; consequently, grain fracturing occurred and accelerated damage to the metering nozzle was observed.

Gas separation using sol–gel derived microporous zirconia membranes with high hydrothermal stability

A microporous zirconia membrane with hydrogen permeance about 5 × 10-8mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, H2/CO2 permselectivity of ca. 14, and excellent hydrothermal stability under steam pressure of 100 k Pa was fabricated via polymeric sol–gel process. The effect of calcination temperature on single gas permeance of sol–gel derived zirconia membranes was investigated. Zirconia membranes calcined at 350 °C and 400 °C showed similar single gas permeance, with permselectivities of hydrogen towards other gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and sulfur hexa fluoride, around Knudsen values. A much lower CO2permeance（3.7 × 10-9mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1）was observed due to the interaction between CO2 molecules and pore wall of membrane. Higher calcination temperature, 500 °C, led to the formation of mesoporous structure and, hence, the membrane lost its molecular sieving property towards hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The stability of zirconia membrane in the presence of hot steam was also investigated. Exposed to 100 k Pa steam for 400 h, the membrane performance kept unchanged in comparison with freshly prepared one, with hydrogen and carbon dioxide permeances of 4.7 × 10-8and ~ 3 × 10-9mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1, respectively. Both H2 and CO2permeances of the zirconia membrane decreased with exposure time to 100 k Pa steam. With a total exposure time of 1250 h, the membrane presented hydrogen permeance of 2.4 × 10-8mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1and H2/CO2 permselectivity of 28, indicating that the membrane retains its microporous structure.

Research on sintering process of YSZ electrolyte

Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has widely been used as electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The microstructure of YSZ related to the fabrication process was discussed in the paper. With YSZ nano-powders about 40-100 nm as raw material, the YSZ adobe was manufactured by tape calendering process. The named three-step sintering process was performed at 1000 ℃ for 2 h, then raised the temperature with normal rate and as soon as up to 1400 ℃, the furnace was controlled at 1250-1300 ℃ for 10-20 h. The high dense YSZs with the relative density of 96%-99% were obtained; the grain size of YSZ could be reduced to 0.5-3 μm. The above result is benefited to co-fired in the electrode-supported SOFCs.

Effects of the Nozzle Design on the Properties of Plasma Jet and Formation of YSZ Coatings under Low Pressure Conditions

How to control the quality of the coatings has become a major problem during the plasma spraying. Because nozzle contour has a great influence on the characteristic of the plasma jet, two kinds of plasma torches equipped with a standard cylindrical nozzle and a converging-diverging nozzle are designed for low pressure plasma spraying（LPPS） and very low pressure plasma spraying（VLPPS）. Yttria stabilized zirconia（YSZ） coatings are obtained in the reducing pressure environment. The properties of the plasma jet without or with powder injection are analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy, and the electron temperature is calculated based on the ratio of the relative intensity of two Arlspectral lines. The results show that some of the YSZ powder can be vaporized in the low pressure enlarged plasma jet, and the long anode nozzle may improve the characteristics of the plasma jet. The coatings deposited by LPPS are mainly composed of the equiaxed grains and while the unmelted powder particles and large scalar pores appear in the coatings made by VLPPS. The long anode nozzle could improve the melting of the powders and deposition efficiency, and enhance the coatings＇ hardness. At the same time, the long anode nozzle could lead to a decrease in the overspray phenomenon. Through the comparison of the two different size＇s nozzle, the long anode is much more suitable for making the YSZ coatings.

The Properties of YSZ Electrolyte Sintering at 1300 ℃

The properties of yttria stabilized zirconia（YSZ） related to the sintering process were discussed.YSZ nano-powders about 40-100 nm as raw material,the sub-micrometer grain sizes such as 0.4-3 μm in YSZ were gotten by sintering process at 1300 ℃,which was performed at 1000 ℃ for 2 h,then raised the temperature at the rate of 50 ℃ / h to 1400 ℃,then decreased directly to 1300 ℃ in 30 minutes,finally at 1300 ℃ for 5-20 hours.The ratio of bigger grain size becomes larger as the holding time increasing at 1300 ℃.The grains less than 1 μm are about 50%,eg,43.2%,52.2% and 51.1% related to 1300 ℃ holding 5 hours,8 hours and 10 hours,respectively.As YSZ grain size became small,the electrical conductivities did not decrease,even increased,about 0.20 s/cm at 1000 ℃.The reduced sintering temperature and time were benefited to co-fire with the electrodes in electrode-supported SOFCs.

Thermal properties of glass-ceramic bonded thermal barrier coating system

The thermal properties of a thermal barrier coating （TBC） system comprised of BaO-MgO-SiO_2 based glass-ceramic bond coating, 8% （mass fraction） yttria stabilized zirconia （8YSZ） top coating and nimonic alloy substrate were evaluated. The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the TBC coated substrate were lower than those of bare substrate and glass-ceramic coated substrate under identical conditions. The specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the TBC coated substrate increase with the increase of the temperature. Further, it is observed that the thermal conductivity of the TBC system decreases with the increase in the top coating thickness.

Effects of Synthetic Parameters in Pechini Method on the Formation and Properties of (ZrO_2)_(0.92)(Sc_2O_3)_(0.08) Solid Solution

Homogeneous (ZrO_2)_(0.92)(Sc_2O_3)_(0.08) solid solution in fluorite cubic structure was prepared from the gels with altered molar ratios of citric acid (CA) to metal ions (M) and ethylene glycol (EG) via a polymerization route (Pechini method). Due to the enhanced chemical homogeneity (high level of mixing of metal ions and ligands) in the polymeric gels, Sc-doped zirconia can be crystallized at temperatures as low as 400 ℃. During the evolution from amorphous gel to the crystallized (ZrO_2)_(0.92)(Sc_2O_3)_(0.08) fine powder, the bonding nature between carboxylate groups and Zr/Sc cations changed: unidentate→bridging→ionic upon calcination. The molar ratios of CA/M (1～4) and CA/EG (0.2～4) were demonstrated to affect the thermal behavior of the gels and thus the particle properties of the derived nanoparticulate oxide powders (including particle size and surface area). The as-sintered sample compacted from the nanosized powders prepared by calcining the gel with the highest content of organics (CA/M=4 and CA/EG=0.2) exhibited the best sinterability and the highest oxide ion conductivity.

THE EFFECT OF SUBZERO TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Y_2O_3-ZrO_2 CERAMIC

The effect of subzero treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properites of Y_2O_3- ZrO_2 ceramic have been investigated by TEM,X-ray diffraction and test of mechanical properties.It was shown that the microstructre of 3Y-PSZ after subzero treatment by liquid nitrogen exhibits very long and parallel laths of m-phase and some microcracks around the larger and finer lath of m-phase may be discovered.Suitable subzero treatment can improve the strength and toughness of Y-PSZ efficiently because of decreasing the stability of t-phase and incresing the amount of t-m transformation when exerting a stress.However,when the time of subzero treatment exceeds,the over aging effect may arise.which can decrease the strength and toughness of the material.

Influence of Y_2O_3 Adding Method on Microstructure and Properties of Al_2O_3 Strengthened Y-TZP

The effects of Y_2O_3 adding methods (i.e.,co-precipitated and mixed) on the microstructure and properties of alumina-strengthened ytrria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (ASZ) were investigated. CYASZ and MYASZ were made by different adding method of Y_2O_3,co-precipitated and mixed,respectively. The results show that CYASZ is of uniform microstructure with fine grain size,however,MYASZ is of inhomogeneous microstructure due to the inhomogeneous distribution of ytrria. Comparing with CYASZ,the density and the strength of MYASZ are decreased,but the toughness is changed only a little. Under sliding wear test,the wear resistance of CYASZ is better than that of MYASZ.

Polysiloxane coatings on microspheres based on Multiphase Flow with Interface Exchange-Discrete Element Modelling

Polysiloxane coatings on yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ)microspheres of 500μm were simulated in a spout fluidized bed coater using Multiphase Flow with Interface Exchange-Discrete Element Modelling(MFiX-DEM).Two different coater configurations were developed to study the influence of gas velocity and its distribution on particle dynamics.The presence of the Wurster tube not only enhances the dis-tribution but also increases the overall residence time of the particles.Investigations were also carried out with different Wurster tube positions(normal,10%and 20%lowered from its initial position).Among these,20%lowered Wurster tube position demonstrated the most effective coating process.The effects of gas inlet pressure on the average gas velocity and the distribution of particles were analyzed.More than 97%of the particles can be retained.The derived results,including average gas velocity,particle retention percentage,and distribution of particles with gas velocity,are being used to guide the experimental work in obtaining defect-free coatings for YSZ microspheres.

Sintering kinetics involving grain growth and densification of Mg-PSZ nanopowders

Sintering kinetics have been found to be effective in judging the evolution of ceramics.By using magnesium oxide-partially stabilized zirconia(Mg-PSZ)powder prepared by co-precipitation as raw materials,the evolution of densification and grain growth for Mg-PSZ ceramics were investigated.The results indicated that the densification of samples was mainly controlled by grain boundary diffusion in intermediate sintering stage.During the sintering process,the grain growth mechanisms included normal grain growth,abnormal grain growth and solid solution drag-controlled grain growth.Interestingly,the apparent activation energy for grain growth of Mg-PSZ ceramics is lower than that of ZrO_(2)–Y_(2)O_(3)ceramics in the solid solution drag-controlled grain grow process,which will cause grain to grow easily.The sintering kinetics and microstructure of Mg-PSZ ceramics were studied,and the kinetic equation of grain growth at different temperatures was established.The results show that the strength difference between Mg-PSZ and yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconia is closely related to the easy grain growth of Mg-PSZ ceramics.

Optimized sintering and mechanical properties of Y-TZP ceramics for dental restorations by adding lithium disilicate glass ceramics

The novel dental ceramics can be fabricated at lower temperatures when sol-gel derived lithium disilicate glass ceramics(LDGC)was used as an additive for yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline(Y-TZP)ceramics.The effect of LDGC on the sintering,mechanical,and translucent properties of Y-TZP ceramics was investigated in the present study.The results showed that the LDGC additive effectively improved the densification of Y-TZP at 1100℃,which was much lower than the sintering temperature for pure Y-TZP.When sintered at 1100℃,the Y-TZP with 1 wt%LDGC reached a relative density of 95.45%,and prossessed a flexural strength of 482.4 MPa and a fracture toughness of 5.94 MPa-m12.Moreover,its translucency was also improved.While,the addition of LDGC could result in an escape of yttrium atoms from the grain lattice of zirconia,which induced the tetragonal-monoclinic transformation of zirconia and abnormal growth of monoclinic grains.The escaped yttrium atoms diffused into the intergranular glass phase.The results indicated that the novel Y-TZP-LDGC ceramics has a great potential to be used for all-ceramic restorations.