Effect of stabilizing elements Nb and Ti on the microstructure and properties of low carbon ferritic stainless steel

The effect of stabilizing elements, such as Nb and Ti, on the microstructure and properties of low carbon ferritic stainless steel （FSS） has been investigated. The results of the Thermo-calc simulation have shown that the interstitial elements, such as C and N, may be completely stabilized by the addition of Nb and Ti. With the increase of Nb and Ti contents ,the α ＋ γ two phases gradually transfer to a single α-phase under a high temperature condition ,and the content of the carbide M23 C6 gradually decreases. The microstructure has indicated that the combined addition of Nb and Ti can promote the recrystallization of the band structure and form more uniform equiaxed grains. Also, with the increase of Nb and Ti contents,the elongation, the r-value and the corrosion resistance of cold-rolled and annealed sheets are improved prominently. In comparison with the effect of Ti ,the addition of Nb is more beneficial to the increase of r-value and the corrosion resistance.

Site 0ccupancy of Alloying Elements and Their Effects on the D0_3 Phase Stability in Fe_3Al

The effects of ternary solutes Ti, Co, V, Cr, Ta, W and Mo on the D03 phase 5tability of Fe3Alintermetallics are investigated by tight-binding linear Muffin-tin orbitaI method. The predictedsite preference5 of these elements in Fe3AI are in agreement with the experimental observations.The calculated Iocal magnetic moment of Fe3AI is identical to the experimentaI. ln addition, itis found that the D03 phase stability of Fe3AI doped with Ti, V, Co and Cr depends on 'energygap- of energy band near Fermi level. while the D03 phase stability of Fe3AI doped with Ta, Wand Mo may be affected by Madelung energy.

Ultra-Pure Ferritic Stainless Steels-Grade,Refining Operation,and Application

The grades of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels, especially the grades used in automobile exhaust system, were reviewed. The dependence of properties on alloying elements, the refining facilities, and the mechanism of the reactions in steel melts were described in detail. Vacuum, strong stirring, and powder injection proved to be effective technologies in the melting of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels. The application of the ferritic grades was also briefly introduced.

Research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability based on a discrete element model

Wellbore instability is a key problem restricting efficient production of coal-bed methane. In order to perform thorough and systematic research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability problems, a new discrete element model which fully considers the features of cleat coal-beds is established based on the Kirsch equation. With this model, the safe pipe tripping speed, drilling fluid density window and coal- bed collapse/fracture pressure are determined; in addition, the relationships between pipe tripping speed and pipe size, cleat size, etc. and wellbore stability are analyzed in the coal-bed drilling and pipe tripping processes. The case studies show the following results： the wellbore collapses （collapse pressure： 4.33 MPa） or fractures （fracture pressure： 12.7 MPa） in certain directions as a result of swab or surge pressure when the pipe tripping speed is higher than a certain value; the cleat face size has a great influence on wellbore stability, and if the drilling fluid pressure is too low, the wellbore is prone to collapse when the ratio of the face cleat size to butt cleat size is reduced; however, if the drilling fluid pressure is high enough, the butt cleat size has no influence on the wellbore fracture; the factors influencing coal-bed stability include the movement length, pipe size, borehole size.

Finite element analysis of slope stability by expanding the mobilized principal stress Mohr's circles-Development, encoding and validation

In recent years,finite element analysis is increasingly being proposed in slope stability problems as a competitive method to traditional limit equilibrium methods(LEMs)which are known for their inherent deficiencies.However,the application of finite element method(FEM)to slope stability as a strength reduction method(SRM)or as finite element limit analysis(FELA)is not always a success for the drawbacks that characterize both methods.To increase the performance of finite element analysis in this problem,a new approach is proposed in this paper.It consists in gradually expanding the mobilized stress Mohr’s circles until the soil failure occurs according to a prescribed non-convergence criterion.The present approach called stress deviator increasing method(SDIM)is considered rigorous for three main reasons.Firstly,it preserves the definition of the factor of safety(FOS)as the ratio of soil shear strength to the mobilized shear stress.Secondly,it maintains the progressive development of shear stress resulting from the increase in the principal stress deviator on the same plane,on which the shear strength takes place.Thirdly,by introducing the concept of equivalent stress loading,the resulting trial stresses are checked against the violation of the actual yield criterion formed with the real strength parameters rather than those reduced by a trial factor.The new numerical procedure was encoded in a Fortran computer code called S^(4)DINA and verified by several examples.Comparisons with other numerical methods such as the SRM,gravity increasing method(GIM)or even FELA by assessing both the FOS and contours of equivalent plastic strains showed promising results.

Geotechnical investigations and remediation design for failure of tunnel portal section： a case study in northern Turkey

Mass movements are very common problems in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey due to its climate conditions, geological, and geomorphological characteristics. High slope angle, weathering, dense rainfalls, and anthropogenic impacts are generally reported as the most important triggering factors in the region. Following the portal slope excavations in the entrance section of Cankurtaran tunnel, located in the region, where the highly weathered andesitic tuff crops out, a circular toe failure occurred. The main target of the present study is to investigate the causes and occurrence mechanism of this failure and to determine the feasible remedial measures against it using finite element method(FEM) in four stages. These stages are slope stability analyses for pre-and postexcavation cases, and remediation design assessments for slope and tunnel. The results of the FEM-SSR analyses indicated that the insufficient initial support design and weathering of the andesitic tuffs are the main factors that caused the portal failure. After installing a rock retaining wall with jet grout columns and reinforced slope benching applications, the factor of safety increased from 0.83 to 2.80. In addition toslope stability evaluation, the Rock Mass Rating(RMR), Rock Mass Quality(Q) and New Austrian Tunneling Method(NATM) systems were also utilized as empirical methods to characterize the tunnel ground and to determine the tunnel support design. The performance of the suggested empirical support design, induced stress distributions and deformations were analyzed by means of numerical modelling. Finally, it was concluded that the recommended stabilization technique was essential for the dynamic long-term stability and prevents the effects of failure. Additionally, the FEM method gives useful and reasonably reliable results in evaluating the stability of cut slopes and tunnels excavated both in continuous and discontinuous rock masses.

GPU-based discrete element simulation on flow stability of flat-bottomed hopper

In this study, the flow stability of the flat-bottomed hopper was investigated via GPU-based discrete element method(DEM) simulation. With the material height inside the hopper reducing, the fluctuation of the flow rate indicates an unstable discharge. The flow regions of the unstable discharge were compared with that of the stable discharge, a key transformation zone, where the voidage showed the largest difference between unstable and stable discharge, was revealed. To identify the relevance of the key transformation zone and the hopper flow stability, the voidage variation of the key transformation zone with material height reducing was studied.A sharp increase in the voidage in the key transformation zone was considered to be the standard for judging the unstable hopper flow, and the ‘Top–Bottom effect' of the hopper was defined, which indicated the hopper flow was unstable when the hopper only had the top area and the bottom area, because the voidage of particles in the top area and the bottom area were both variables.

Microstructure and Properties of Ti_3Al-base Alloys

In the present paper, the relations between the microstructure and the properties of Ti-14Al-21Nb and Ti-14Al-20Nb-3.5V-2Mo alloys at different temperatures and different cooling rates of heat treatment were re-vealed by X-ray , optical microscope , HVTEM , auto-graphical-analyser and mechanical properties test at roomand high temperature. The experimental results show as follows: at 1040～1120℃ 14h WQ, the microstruc-ture of Ti-14Al-21Nb bar is primary phaseα_2+B2. With temperature increasing, the primary α_2 phase de-crease and the mechanical properties ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation(EL) at room temperature increase. When it has reduced the α_2 phase by 50% (at 1080℃/4h WQ) , the me-chanical properties at room temperature are excellent , EL being 10. 5%. Following the α_2 phase reduces contin-uously , UTS, YS are going up, but EL is going down. After heated at two phases range and cooled down tothe room temperature with furnace, the microstructure of Ti-14Al-20Nb-3.5V-2Mo alloy is the equiaxed α_2+needle-like α_2+βphase. The mechanical properties at room temperature and 700℃ are fairly good.

A STABILIZED MIXED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE NON-STATIONARY INCOMPRESSIBLE BOUSSINESQ EQUATIONS

In this study, we employ mixed finite element （MFE） method, two local Gauss integrals, and parameter-free to establish a stabilized MFE formulation for the non-stationary incompressible Boussinesq equations. We also provide the theoretical analysis of the existence, uniqueness, stability, and convergence of the stabilized MFE solutions for the stabilized MFE formulation.

A STABILIZED CRANK-NICOLSON MIXED FINITE VOLUME ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE NON-STATIONARY PARABOLIZED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

A time semi-discrete Crank-Nicolson （CN） formulation with second-order time accuracy for the non-stationary parabolized Navier-Stokes equations is firstly established. And then, a fully discrete stabilized CN mixed finite volume element （SCNMFVE） formu- lation based on two local Gaussian integrals and parameter-free with the second-order time accuracy is established directly from the time semi-discrete CN formulation so that it could avoid the discussion for semi-discrete SCNMFVE formulation with respect to spatial wriables and its theoretical analysis becomes very simple. Finally, the error estimates of SCNMFVE solutions are provided.

Lattice stability and the effect of Co and Re on the ideal strength of Ni:First-principles study of uniaxial tensile deformation

Using first-principles density functional calculations, lattice stability of γ-Ni under [001], [110], and [111] uniaxial tensions and the effect of alloying elements Co and Re on the uniaxial tensile behavior of γ-Ni were studied in this paper.With elastic constants and phonon spectra calculations, we examined the mechanical stability and phonon stability of Ni during the uniaxial tensions along the three characteristic directions. The results show that the mechanical stability and phonon stability of a lattice occurs before the maximum stress–strain point under the [001] and [111] tension, respectively.The effects of Co and Re on the ideal tensile strength of γ-Ni show a significant directivity： Co and Re have little effect on the stresses in [001] and [111] directions, but increases the ideal strength of the system in the weakest uniaxial tensile direction. Moreover, the strengthening effect of Re is significantly better than that of Co. By further analyzing electronic structure, it is found that the effect of alloying elements on the uniaxial tensile behavior of γ-Ni comes from their interactions with host atoms.

Residual effects of tobacco biochar along with different fixing agents on stabilization of trace elements in multi-metal contaminated soils

The residual effect of tobacco biochar(TB≥500°C)mono and co-application with Cahydroxide(CH),Ca-bentonite(CB)and natural zeolite(NZ)on the bio-availability of trace elements TE(s)in alkaline soils has not been deeply studied yet.A pot study that had earlier been investigated TB mono and blended with CH,CB and NZ on the immobilization of Pb,Cu Cd,and Zn by Chinese cabbage.Maize crop in the rotation was selected as test plant to assess the residual impact of amendments on stabilization of Pb,Cu Cd,and Zn in mine polluted(M-P),smelter heavily and low polluted(S-HP and S-LP,respectively)soils.The obtained results showed that stabilization of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn reached 63.84% with TB+CB,61.19% with TB+CH,83.31% with TB+CH and 35.27% with TB+CH for M-P soil,36.46% with TB+NZ,38.46% with TB+NZ,19.40% with TB+CH and 62.43% with TB+CH for S-LP soil,52.94%TB+NZ,57.65% with TB+NZ,52.94% with TB+NZ,and 28.44% with TB+CH for S-LP soil.Conversely,TB+CH and TB alone had mobilized Pb and Zn up to19.29% and 34.96% in M-P soil.The mobility of Zn reached 8.38% with TB+CB and 66.03% with TB for S-HP and S-LP soils.The uptake and accumulation of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in shoot and root were reduced in three polluted soils.Overall,the combination of TB along with CH,CB and NZ has been proven to be effective in Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn polluted mine/smelter soils restoration.

Inclusions and solidification structures of high pure ferritic stainless steels dual stabilized by niobium and titanium

As the raw materials in the post process of rolling and heat treatment, ingots have great effects on the properties of the final products. Inclusions and solidification structures are the most important aspects of the quality of ingots. Niobium and titanium are usually used to react with carbon and nitrogen to improve the properties of ferritic stainless steels. In this research, combined with thermodynamic calculation, effects of niobium and titanium on the inclusions and solidification structures in three kinds of high pure ferritic stainless steels with different titanium additions were investigated by optical microscope（OM）, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, transmission electron microscope（TEM）, and energy disperse spectrometer（EDS）. Results show that Al2O3 and a few（Nb,Ti）N particles form when titanium addition is 0.01 %.Furthermore, inclusions are mainly Ti N and Al2O3–Ti Ox–Ti N duplex inclusions when titanium addition is more than0.10 %. Those two types of inclusions are in well distribution, and can afford nuclei to the solidification process.Therefore, the ratio of equiaxed zone increases with the increase of titanium addition. The ratio increases from42.1 % to 64.0 % with the titanium addition increasing from 0.01 % to 0.10 %, and it increases to 85.7 % when the titanium addition reaches 0.34 %.

Inclusions for Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steels Containing 21% Chromium

As stabilizing elements added into ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels, niobium and titanium react with car- bon and nitrogen to form carbonitrides and have great effects on the ratio of equiaxed zone and the grain size of solidi- fication structure of ingots, which remarkably affect the quality of cold-rolled sheets. Combined with thermodynamic calculation, style and precipitation progress of inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectros- copy. The results indicate that the inclusions are mainly Ti-Al-N- O system inclusions in ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels. Al2Oa starts to precipitate firstly and then TiOx and TiN precipitates sequently. The inclusions are mainly single TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al2O3-Ti2O3 as cores and covered with TiN under the condition of 0.31% titanium addition and mainly Al2O3 under the condition of 0.01% titanium addition. A few （Nb,Ti）N parti- cles precipitate because of no enough titanium to react with nitrogen when titanium addition is 0.01 %. In addition, fine Nb（C, N） particles with size of less than 500 nm precipitate at relatively low temperature.

LOCALLY STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR STOKES PROBLEM WITH NONLINEAR SLIP BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Based on the low-order conforming finite element subspace （Vh, Mh） such as the P1-P0 triangle element or the Q1-P0 quadrilateral element, the locally stabilized finite element method for the Stokes problem with nonlinear slip boundary conditions is investigated in this paper. For this class of nonlinear slip boundary conditions including the subdifferential property, the weak variational formulation associated with the Stokes problem is an variational inequality. Since （Vh, Mh） does not satisfy the discrete inf-sup conditions, a macroelement condition is introduced for constructing the locally stabilized formulation such that the stability of （Vh, Mh） is established. Under these conditions, we obtain the H1 and L2 error estimates for the numerical solutions.

An Inf-Sup Stabilized Finite Element Method by Multiscale Functions for the Stokes Equations

In the paper,an inf-sup stabilized finite element method by multiscale functions for the Stokes equations is discussed.The key idea is to use a PetrovGalerkin approach based on the enrichment of the standard polynomial space for the velocity component with multiscale functions.The inf-sup condition for P_(1)-P_(0)triangular element(or Q_(1)-P_(0)quadrilateral element)is established.The optimal error estimates of the stabilized finite element method for the Stokes equations are obtained.

AParallel Pressure Projection Stabilized Finite Element Method for Stokes Equation with Nonlinear Slip Boundary Conditions

For the low-order finite element pair P1􀀀P1,based on full domain partition technique,a parallel pressure projection stabilized finite element algorithm for the Stokes equation with nonlinear slip boundary conditions is designed and analyzed.From the definition of the subdifferential,the variational formulation of this equation is the variational inequality problem of the second kind.Each subproblem is a global problem on the composite grid,which is easy to program and implement.The optimal error estimates of the approximate solutions are obtained by theoretical analysis since the appropriate stabilization parameter is chosen.Finally,some numerical results are given to demonstrate the hight efficiency of the parallel stabilized finite element algorithm.

Effects of Ni on austenite stability and fracture toughness in high Co-Ni secondary hardening steel

Three kinds of high Co Ni secondary hardening steels with different Ni contents were studied. The nanoscale austenite layers formed at the interface of matensite laths were observed. Both observation and diffusion kinetic simulation results showed that both Ni and Co did not obtain enough time to get the equilibrium content in this system. The Ni content in austenite layers decreased significantly, and Co content increased slightly with the decrease of Ni content in overall composition. The austenite stability was estimated by Olson-Cohen model, in which both chemical and mechanical driving force could be calculated by equilibrium thermodynamic and Mohr＇s circle methods, respectively. Simulation and mechanical test results showed that The decrease of Ni content in austenite layers would cause the change of austenite stability and decrease the fracture toughness of the steels. When the Ni content in the overall composition was lower than 7 wt. %, the Ni content in y phase would be lower than 20 wt.%. And the simulation value of M; （stress induced critical martensite transformation temperature） would be up to 80 ℃, which was about 60℃ higher than room temperature. Based on the analysis, the Ni content in the overall composition of high Co Ni secondary hardening steels should be higher than 8 wt. % in order to obtain a good fracture toughness.

Temperature stability of magnetic field for periodic permanent-magnet focusing system

In this study, finite element analysis based on an Ansoft Maxwell software was used to reveal the temperature stability of a magnet ring and the equivalent structural periodic permanent-magnet（PPM） focusing system. It is found that with the temperature increasing, the decrease rate of magnetic induction peak（Bz）maxof single magnet ring is greater than that of remanence Brof magnet in the range from room temperature to 200 °C, however,the PPM focusing system do have the same temperature characteristics of permanent-magnet materials. It indicates that the magnetic temperature properties of the PPM system can be effectively controlled by adjusting the temperature properties of the magnets. Moreover, the higher permeability of the magnets indicates the less Hcb, giving rise to lower magnetic induction peak （Bz）′max： Finally, it should be noted that the magnetic orientation deviation angle θ（／15°） of permanent magnets has little effect on the focusing magnetic field of the PPM system at different temperatures and the temperature stability. The obtained results are beneficial to the design and selection of permanent magnets for PPM focusing system.

Large eddy simulation for wind field analysis based on stabilized finite element method

In this paper,a stabilized finite element technique,actualized by streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) stabilized method and three-step finite element method(FEM),for large eddy simulation(LES) is developed to predict the wind flow with high Reynolds numbers.Weak form of LES motion equation is combined with the SUPG stabilized term for the spatial finite element discretization.An explicit three-step scheme is implemented for the temporal discretization.For the numerical example of 2D wind flow over a square rib at Re=4.2×105,the Smagorinsky's subgrid-scale(SSGS) model,the DSGS model,and the DSGS model with Cabot near-wall model are applied,and their results are analyzed and compared with experimental results.Furthermore,numerical examples of 3D wind flow around a surface-mounted cube with different Reynolds numbers are performed using DSGS model with Cabot near-wall model based on the present stabilized method to study the wind field and compared with experimental and numerical results.Finally,vortex structures for wind flow around a surface-mounted cube are studied by present numerical method.Stable and satisfactory results are obtained,which are consistent with most of the measurements even under coarse mesh.