Effects of thinning and understory removal on water use efficiency of Pinus massoniana:evidence from photosynthetic capacity and stable carbon isotope analyses

Understanding the relationship between forest management and water use efficiency(WUE)is important for evaluating forest adaptability to climate change.However,the effects of thinning and understory removal on WUE and its key controlling processes are not well understood,which limits our comprehension of the physiological mechanisms of various management practices.In this study,four forest management measures(no thinning:NT;understory removal:UR;light thinning:LT;and heavy thinning:HT)were carried out in Pinus massoniana plantations in a subtropical region of China.Photosynthetic capacity and needle stable carbon isotope composition(δ^(13)C)were measured to assess instantaneous water use efficiency(WUE_(inst))and long-term water use efficiency(WUE_(i)).Multiple regression models and structural equation modelling(SEM)identified the effects of soil properties and physiological performances on WUE_(inst)and WUE_(i).The results show that WUE_(inst)values among the four treatments were insignificant.However,compared with the NT stand(35.8μmol·mol^(-1)),WUE_(i)values significantly increased to 41.7μmol·mol^(-1)in the UR,50.1μmol·mol^(-1)in the LT and 46.6μmol·mol^(-1)in HT treatments,largely explained by photosynthetic capacity and soil water content.Understory removal did not change physiological performance(needle water potential and photosynthetic capacity).Thinning increased the net photosynthetic rate(A_n)but not stomatal conductance(g_s)or predawn needle water potential(ψ_(pd)),implying that the improvement in water use efficiency for thinned stands was largely driven by radiation interception than by soil water availability.In general,thinning may be an appropriate management measure to promote P.massoniana WUE to cope with seasonal droughts under future extreme climates.

ULTIMATE LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF CYLINDER DERIVED FROM AUTOFRETTAGE UNDER IDEAL CONDITION

According to the basic theory on autofrettage and according to the 4th strength theory, several parameters and their relations are studied under ideal condition, including σej/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei/σy, the equivalent stress of total stresses at inside surface; σej＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at elastoplastic juncture; σei＇/σy, the equivalent stress of residual stresses at inside surface; and p/σy, load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder. By theoretical study on relations between the parameters, noticeable results and laws are achieved： to satisfy ｜σei＇｜=σy. the relation between kj and k is, k^2lnkj^2-k^2-kj^2＋2=0, when k→∞, kj = √e = 1.648 72, as based on the 3rd strength theory, where k is the outside/inside radius ratio of a cylinder, kj is the ratio of elastoplastic juncture radius to inside radius of a cylinder; If the plastic region covers the whole wall of a cylinder, for compressive yield not to occur after removing autofrettage pressure, the ultimate k is k=-2.218 46 as based on the 3rd strength theory; With k=2.218 46, a cylinder＇s ultimate load-bearing capacity equals its entire yield pressure, or p/σy=21nk/√3; The maximum and optimum load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is just 2 times the loading which an unautofrettaged cylinder can bear elastically, or p/σy=2（k^2-1）/√3 k^2, and the limit of the load-bearing capacity of an autofrettaged cylinder is also just 2 times that of an unautofrettaged cylinder. The conclusions are the same as based on the 3rd strength theory, but some equations are different from each other.

Effect of Optimum Plastic Depth on Stresses and Load-bearing Capacity of Autofrettaged Cylinder

Autofrettage is an effective measure to even distribution of stresses and raise load-bearing capacity for （ultra-）high pressure apparatus. Currently, the research on autofrettage has focused mostly on specific engineering problems, while general theoretical study is rarely done. To discover the general law contained in autofrettage theory, by the aid of the authors’ previous work and according to the third strength theory, theoretical problems about autofrettage are studied including residual stresses and their equivalent stress, total stresses and their equivalent stress, etc. Because of the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone which is presented in the authors’ previous work, the equations for the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress are simplified greatly. Thus the law of distribution of the residual stresses and their equivalent stress as well as the total stress and their equivalent stress and the varying tendency of these stresses are discovered. The relation among various parameters are revealed. The safe and optimum load-bearing conditions for cylinders are obtained. According to the results obtained by theoretical analysis, it is shown that if the two parameters, namely ratio of outside to inside radius, k, and depth of plastic zone, kj, meet the equation of optimum depth of plastic zone, when the pressure contained in an autofrettaged cylinder is lower than two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent residual stress and the equivalent total stress at the inside surface as well as the elastic-plastic juncture of a cylinder are lower than yield strength. When an autofrettaged cylinder is subjected to just two times the initial yield pressure of the unautofrettaged cylinder, the equivalent total stress within the whole plastic zone is just identically equal to the yield strength, or it is a constant. The proposed research theoretically depicts the stress state of ultra-）high pressure autofrettaged cylinder more accurately and more reasonably and provides the reference for design of （ultra-）high pressure apparatus.

Highly stable aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion battery:The synergistic effect between NaV_(6)O_(15) and V_(2)O_(5) in skin-core heterostructured nanowires cathode

The aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries based on the safe,low cost and environmental benignity aqueous electrolytes are one of the most compelling candidates for large scale energy storage applications.However,pursuing suitable insertion materials may be a great challenge due to the strong electrostatic interaction between Zn^(^(2+))and cathode materials.Hence,a novel NaV_(6)O_(15)/V_(2)O_(5) skin-core heterostructure nanowire is reported via a one-step hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination for high-stable aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs).The NaV_(6)O_(15)/V_(2)O_(5) cathode delivers high specific capacity of 390 m Ah/g at 0.3 A/g and outstanding cycling stability of 267 m Ah/g at 5 A/g with high capacity retention over 92.3%after 3000 cycles.The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the synergistic effect of skin-core heterostructured NaV_(6)O_(15)/V_(2)O_(5),in which the sheath of NaV_(6)O_(15) possesses high stability and conductivity,and the V_(2)O_(5) endows high specific capacity.Besides,the heterojunction structure not only accelerates intercalation kinetics of Zn^(2+)transport but also further consolidates the stability of the layers of V_(2)O_(5) during the cyclic process.This work provides a new perspective in developing feasible insertion materials for rechargeable aqueous ZIBs.

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing phase Ⅲ rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial (with video)

Objective:To explore the effectiveness and safety of cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise in stable coronary artery disease(CAD)patients undergoing phaseⅢrehabilitation.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial.A total of 59 stable CAD patients undergoing phaseⅢrehabilitation treated in Sports Medicine Hospital from March 2017 to September 2017 were enrolled after meeting the inclusion criteria and then divided into cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise group(n=30)receiving a 12-week intervention and control group(n=29).All participants were assessed at baseline and at 12-week intervention for the primary outcome,that was treadmill test parameter and the secondary outcomes including physical fitness,body composition,bone mineral density,and cardiac ultrasound B-mode imaging.Results:There were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the two groups.After a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise intervention,compared with the control group,ΔV02(initial 1352.63±340.95 vs 12 weeks 1594.57±467.14)vs(initial 1363.83±322.90 vs 12 weeks 1323.76±318.92)(P=.003),ΔVO2/kg(initial 21.23±3.56 vs 12 weeks 24.75±5.11)vs(initial 21.01±3.71 vs 12 weeks 20.35±3.66)(P=.002),ΔMETS(initial 6.19±1.12 vs 12 weeks 7.16±1.60)vs(initial 6.00±1.19 vs 12 weeks 5.86±1.23)(P=.001),ΔVO2/HR(P=.027),ΔSV(P=.014),ΔOUES(P=.012),Δhand-grip strength(P=.002),Δflexibility(P=.001),Δbalance(P=.002),ΔT-score(P=.042),ΔBQI(P=.018).However,Δresting systolic blood pressure(P=.004)andΔresting diastolic pressure(P=.012)decreased in the cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise group.Conclusion:Cardiac rehabilitation qigong exercise can improve cardiopulmonary aerobic capacity,physical fitness,bone mineral density in patients with stable CAD,suggesting that certain effect and safety for stable CAD patients undergoing phaseⅢrehabilitation can be obtained.

A Bio-inspired Mutual-hook Strategy for the Soft Finger to Improve Load-bearing Capacity and Grasping Stability

Soft grippers have great potential applications in daily life,since they can compliantly grasp soft and delicate objects.However,the highly elastic fingers of most soft grippers are prone to separate from each other while grasping objects due to their low stiffness,thus reducing the grasping stability and load-bearing capacity.To tackle this problem,inspired from the venus flytrap plant,this work proposes a mutual-hook mechanism to restrain the separation and improve the grasping performance of soft fingers.The novel soft gripper design consists of three modules,a soft finger-cot,two Soft Hook Actuators(SHAs)and two sliding mechanisms.Here,the soft finger-cot covers on the soft finger,increasing the contact area with the target object,two SHAs are fixed to the left and right sides of the finger-cot,and the sliding mechanisms are designed to make SHAs stretch flexibly.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed design can restrain the separation of soft fingers substantially,and the soft fingers with the finger-cots can grasp objects three times heavier than the soft fingers without the proposed design.The proposed design can provide invaluable insights for soft fingers to restrain the separation while grasping,thus improving the grasping stability and the load-bearing capacity.

Influence of cyclic loading on the fracture toughness and load bearing capacities of all-ceramic crowns

The purpose of this study was to investigate how cyclic loading influenced the fracture toughness of hot-press lithium disilicate and zirconia core materials and whether there was an increase in the propensity for crown failure. Two types of all-ceramic crowns including the IPS e.max Press system （n=24） and the Lava zirconia system （n=24）, were selected. Sectioned specimens were subjected to cyclic loading with the maximum magnitude of 200 N （R=0.1） until two million cycles. The material properties including Young＇s modulus （E） and hardness （H） and the fracture toughness （K,c） of the core materials were evaluated using indentation methods （n= 12 each）. The load-bearing capacities of the specimens were examined by means of monotonic load to fracture （n=12 each）. It was found that the material properties, including E, Hand Knc, of the two types of dental ceramics, were reduced. Statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant influences of fatigue loading on material properties E and H for both types of dental ceramics or Kgc for zirconia, while for the IPS e.max Press core, K,c, which was parallel to the direction of the lithium disilicate crystals, was significantly reduced （P-0.001）. A conclusion was drawn that zirconia possesses high mechanical reliability and sustainable capacity to resist fatigue loading, while fatigue loading remarkably degraded the anisotropic mechanical behaviour of hot-press lithium disilicate ceramics.

大跨度混凝土钢筋框架梁挠度超限研究

根据大量的工程实践,大跨度钢筋混凝土框架梁由于设计不合理引起大跨度梁超限的工程案例很少,大多数是施工原因导致挠度超限。以某工程挠度超限的大跨度钢筋混凝土梁为例,根据设计资料和现场检测资料,从设计和施工两方面,利用数值计算和有限元模拟,验证分析大跨度钢筋混凝土框架梁挠度超限的原因。验证分析表明,梁板混凝土实际浇筑厚度超限与梁模板起拱高度不足可能引起梁挠度增加。当梁下立杆稳定承载力不足时,梁也易随立杆屈曲变形产生较大挠度。

考虑硫沉积影响的水平井稳产能力预测

水平井是高效开发高含硫气藏的主要井型。高含硫气藏在开发过程中,井筒附近压力下降,导致水平井井筒周围形成不规则的硫沉积区,严重的可能导致部分井筒单元没有气体流入。为了更好地对该类气藏进行气井稳产能力预测,构建了水平井分段渗流双区复合物理模型,建立了不稳定渗流数学模型,并采用Laplace积分变换、边界元和压降叠加对井底压力进行了求解。结合不稳定渗流数学模型与高含硫气藏物质平衡方程,构建气井稳产能力预测模型,分析了不同参数对稳产时间和井底压力的影响。研究结果表明:含硫饱和度、堵塞段与渗流段长度比值和水平段长度等对稳产时间和井底压力有着非常明显的影响,含硫饱和度和水平段长度与气井稳产时间呈指数变化关系。通过对元坝气藏某水平井进行实例分析,验证了该方法的准确性,该模型和方法的建立为高含硫气藏水平井稳产能力预测提供了理论依据。

矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土叠合长柱轴压性能研究

目的 研究矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土叠合长柱的轴压性能,提出轴压稳定承载力实用计算方法。方法 基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土叠合长柱有限元模型,分析其在不同参数下的工作机理;采用叠加原理并结合现行相关规范,给出适用于矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土叠合长柱的轴压稳定承载力计算公式。结果 矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土叠合长柱的破坏形态表现为在构件的中间位置产生侧向挠曲,最终因丧失稳定而破坏;长细比λ和外围混凝土强度fcu, out是影响叠合长柱轴压峰值荷载的关键参数;当λ由29增加到42和55时,峰值荷载分别降低7.3%和15.3%;当fcu, out由40 MPa提高到60 MPa和80 MPa时,峰值荷载分别提高21.4%和44.8%;轴压承载力简化计算公式与有限元模拟所得结果之比的均值和变异系数分别为0.927和0.017。结论 矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土叠合长柱具有良好的抗压性能和初始刚度,所提出的简化计算公式可为实际工程应用提供计算依据。

黑土物理特性变化及改善途径

东北黑土区位于世界四大黑土区之一,因其高肥力和有机质含量而闻名。作为我国主要的粮食生产基地之一,在保障国家粮食安全方面具有重要地位。然而,随着东北黑土地的开垦,养分的失调导致了黑土物理特性的变化和功能的退化,从而使得黑土肥力下降,威胁着该地区的粮食安全和生态安全。黑土物理特性发生变化,主要体现在黑土层土壤容重增加,孔隙度降低,水稳性团聚体减少,田间持水量下降等。采用合理的耕作方式和施肥制度能在不同程度上改善土壤物理特性,从而遏制土壤肥力的不断下降。本文总结了自黑土开垦以来土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、田间持水量和饱和导水率的变化,分析了耕作和有机物料等对土壤物理特性的重要调节作用,讨论了不同保护途径如何通过改善土壤物理特性达到提升土壤肥力的目的,最后从制定合理的耕作体系和有机培肥机制,优化作物种植模式等展望了未来黑土重点研究的方向。

空间异形桥塔的稳定极限承载力计算方法

空间异形桥塔几何构形复杂,存在非规则截面和非理想边界特征,利用现有方法难以获得其稳定极限承载力,无法准确感知结构安全性,保守设计思维引发材料浪费。而这类桥塔形式发展快、规模大,朝着结构高耸化、材料高强化、构件薄壁化的趋势发展,稳定问题突出,需重点关注其稳定极限承载力。本研究剖析了桥塔稳定问题的实质,从非线性稳定安全系数入手,系统考虑构件长细比、双重非线性、初始缺陷的影响,寻求稳定安全系数与稳定折减系数的内在映射关系,提出了空间异形桥塔稳定极限承载力计算方法。采用矩形和圆形钢筋混凝土、纯钢箱、钢箱混凝土等典型理想压杆算例,将稳定承载力结果与规范值比对,验证了所提计算方法的可行性和准确性。最后,以一座典型的空间异形桥塔斜拉桥为工程依托,构建了精细化非线性有限元模拟策略,获得其稳定极限承载力。结果表明:该工程的弹性稳定安全系数为18.56,非线性稳定安全系数为4.125,稳定折减系数为0.899,考虑双重非线性和初始缺陷后,非线性稳定安全系数仅为弹性稳定安全系数的0.22,稳定极限承载力大幅降低。对于长细比较大的异形压杆索塔结构,设计上应充分考虑非线性对结构稳定承载力的影响。

Analysis model for damage of reinforced bars in RC beams under contact explosion

The load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete(RC) beams primarily relies on internal reinforced bars.However, limited research has been conducted on the dynamic response of these bars. To address this gap, this study has established an analytical model using dimensional analysis for calculating the deformation of reinforced bars within RC beams subjected to contact explosion. Comparison with experimental data reveals that the model has a relative error of 5.22%, effectively reflecting the deformation of reinforced bars. Additionally, based on this model, the study found that while concrete does influence the deformation of reinforced bars, this influence can be disregarded in comparison to the material properties of the bars themselves. The findings of this study have implications for calculating the residual load-bearing capacity of damaged RC beams, evaluating the extent of damage to RC beams after blast loading, and providing guidance for the blast-resistant design of RC structures.

大跨结构变截面钢斜柱稳定承载力试验研究

杭州亚运电竞馆大跨建筑的外围立面结构采用变截面薄壁箱形斜柱钢框架体系。为探讨变截面钢斜柱的稳定承载力,对模拟复杂边界的1∶4斜柱缩尺模型进行了竖向荷载下的全过程加载试验,获得了斜柱的位移和变形发展过程、极限承载力及最终的破坏形式。研究表明,随荷载增大此类钢斜柱会在截面较小的下部区段首先进入屈服,进而引发不利截面处翼缘的塑性屈曲;该现象逐渐向腹板扩展,从而形成抗弯能力显著下降的塑性屈曲铰,致使柱子因变形过大而失效;但柱子失效前在屈曲铰部位经历了较充分的塑性变形,具有良好的延性。研究可为同类钢斜柱的设计和工程应用提供参考。

基于未来水量预测的污水处理厂旱天平稳运行策略研究

随着城市发展,大型排水设施的运行模式趋于复杂,对于多节点入流污水处理厂,传统人工调度模式难以满足精细化调度的需求,难以保障各节点污水处理厂处理水量均衡稳定。以上海某区域大型排水系统为例,通过对历史数据和实时数据进行类卡尔曼滤波协同傅立叶变换的方式获得未来瞬时水量的估计,同时结合污水处理厂的处理能力和调蓄设施规模,制定多节点入流污水处理厂水量调配和运行策略,实现污水处理厂旱天稳定运行。运行策略应用后,该大型排水系统末端污水处理厂处理量波动值削减幅度超过80%,相较于传统调度方式,稳定性大幅度提高。

减少硅氧烷裂解装置真空机组堵塞频率的措施

分析真空机组堵塞措施、确定最佳解决措施并进行实施。

盘扣式模板支架安全承载试验及数值模拟研究

模板支架是建筑工程中一个危险性较高的分项工程,它的结构安全性直接影响着整个建筑工程的质量和安全。盘扣式模板支架以其轻质高强、适用性广、操作方便等优点成为国家大力提倡的新型模板支架。设置不同斜杆布设形式与立杆对接构建模型,进行了三种盘扣式模板支架安全承载试验并进行了有限元模拟分析。试验结果显示,斜杆布设形式为对角布置时,模板支架承载性能最好。究其原因:对角布置荷载传递路径明确,不易使架体发生水平倾倒及竖向屈曲失稳。对单元架体进行非线性的后屈曲分析,与实际的试验结果相当接近,误差都在8%以内。数值计算与试验结果的相互验证为建立正确的模板支架有限元计算模型奠定了基础,可为进一步进行实际工程项目模板支架的数值分析研究提供参考。

六字诀养生功结合刮痧疗法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者心肺功能和活动耐力的影响

目的探讨六字诀养生功结合刮痧疗法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者心肺功能、活动耐力的影响。方法选取2021年5月—2023年6月就诊的158例COPD稳定期为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为2组,各79例。对照组给予常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予六字诀养生功结合刮痧疗法治疗,疗程均为3个月。比较2组临床疗效、不良反应,以及治疗前后中医证候积分、肺功能[呼气峰值流速(PEF)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比(FEV1%)、用力肺活量(FVC)]、活动耐力[6 min步行距离(6MWD)、30 s坐立次数]、血清免疫-炎性指标[降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、IgG]、圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评分。结果观察组总有效率92.41%(73/79)高于对照组81.01%(64/79)(P<0.05)。治疗1、3个月后,观察组PCT、IL-8、SGRQ评分、各中医证候积分及总分均低于对照组,PEF、FEV1%、FVC、IgA、IgG、6MWD及30 s坐立次数均高于对照组(P<0.05)。不良反应总发生率2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论六字诀养生功结合刮痧疗法治疗COPD稳定期患者效果显著,可提升患者肺功能、减轻临床症状、增强活动耐力、抑制炎症反应、提升免疫功能,从而有效改善预后,且安全性高。

承插型盘扣式钢管支架稳定承载力研究

为了研究分析承插型盘扣式钢管支架在不同搭设参数时的承载性能的变化规律。依托于实际工程,采用MidasGen有限元分析软件计算分析了该承插型盘扣式钢管支架的位移和应力变化;通过对实体钢管支架预加载,监测获取各个测点的位移,并与模拟结果作比较分析,验证承插型盘扣式钢管支架结构的安全性以及有限元分析参数设置的合理性。在此基础上,重点探讨了抗弯刚度、高宽比2个主要设计参数对承插型盘扣式钢管支架的承载性能影响。结果表明:节点抗弯刚度增加,架体的稳定性越好,步数对节点抗弯刚度和支架的整体稳定性之间的规律影响明显;当高宽比大于3时,支架的稳定承载力减幅明显,降低20%左右,并得出承插型盘扣式钢管支架的不同高度不同高宽比下的立杆计算长度附加系数取值。

扣件式钢管模板支架剪刀撑研究

剪刀撑为扣件式钢管模板支架体系中一个重要的构造因素。以5个整架试验为基础,根据现场模板支架的实际构造,建立了扣件式钢管模板支架三维有限元模型,采用线性屈曲和非线性屈曲分析方法计算支模架稳定承载力,对两种分析结果进行对比,讨论了水平和竖直剪刀撑对稳定承载力的影响。分析发现剪刀撑仅在失稳瞬间具有较大应力而在正常使用情况下受力很小,但其对整架稳定承载力的影响十分明显,尤其是对底层和顶层水平剪刀撑的影响尤为显著,试验与模拟结果具有较好的一致性。给出了水平和竖直剪刀撑的安全间距。