Comparison between Glass and Stainless-Steel Vessels in Differential Scanning Calorimetry Estimation

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provides easy screening for thermal hazard evaluation. Here, we investigate the difference between using glass and stainless-steel vessels on the DSC measurement of exothermic decomposition energy (QDSC) for 41 chemical substances (containing nitro, halogen, peroxide, and sulfur groups, and hydrazine bonds). Two borosilicate glass vessels (capillary and ampule) and one stainless-steel vessel were used. All QDSC values obtained were investigated with reference to the permissible fluctuation range specified by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) international Both glass vessels produced very similar QDSC values, despite different sample scales. The QDSC values obtained with the glass vessels were generally roughly within the variation tolerance range of the stainless-steel vessel. Notable exceptions were halogen- or sulfur-containing compounds;these exhibited smaller QDSC values with glass vessels in almost all cases. We will investigate whether certain structures in compounds react with stainless steel. The vessel material choice is crucial in evaluating the true reactivity of a substance.

Stainless-Steel Thin Film as Passive Radiative Cooling Materials

Spectrally selective glazing system attracts great attention for energy efficient radiator applications. The present work reports the possibility of a specific shield (Stainless steel/Borosilicate glass) to provide passive cooling for the purpose of reducing the use of classical active method. Radiative cooling devices require a convective shield that blocks all incoming solar radiation, but should selectively reemit radiation in the “atmospheric-window” region. In this study, borosilicate glass substrate coated with a stainless steel thin film was prepared by thermal evaporation and low pressure (6.3 × 10-3 bar) DC plasma sputtering, in order to achieve the radiative cooling effect. The optical properties of the optimal thickness thin film were measured in the wavelength range of 0.3-20 μm by an OL-750 double-beam spectroradiometer. The thin film has high visible band reflectance with high infrared band emissivity across the full 8-13 μm;which indicates that stainless steel thin film can be used as good radiative cooling material.

Overview of stainless-steel clad-plate welding

Types of bimetal clad plate, manufacturing methods, and their fields of application were summarized. In particular,key aspects of the welding of clad-rolled stainless steel were described, including the weldability of the base and clad metals, design criteria for the transition layer, the selection of the type of welding process and consumables used, types of blanking and welding bevels, preparation and assembly prior to welding, welding procedure requirements, post-weld cleaning and heat treatment, and welding quality inspection. This paper will serve as a reference for the welding technology used in future consumer applications in related fields.

<i>In Vitro</i>Evaluation of Bacterial Adhesion to Dental and Stainless-Steel Surfaces

This study aimed to describe the factors associated with biofilms formation in dental pathology by comparison of bacterial growth on dental and stainless-steel surfaces. We studied in vitro the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus Métis in order to observe the capacity of adhesion, to evaluate quantitatively the potential of proliferation and to compare the behavior of this germ in contact with the two surfaces. The biomaterials used were cylinders in Stainless steel (AISI 316L), dental fragments and stainless-steel fragments, all were disinfected for 15 minutes and then sterilized in a wet autoclave at 120˚C for 30 min. Macroscopic observation with a binocular magnifier of bacterial proliferation was carried out regularly after 6 h and 24 h of incubation. Observation by optical microscope based on GRAM staining made it possible to visualize the presence or absence of bacteria and to differentiate them. The adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus Méti S on dental fragments was compared to the one obtained on stainless steel fragments. We also carried a Bacterial count by optical dosing. The results show that the ability of this germ to colonize and develop biofilms on surfaces depends mainly on the characteristics of the surface. Rough surfaces as dental surface are more likely to developing biofilms than smooth surfaces like stainless-steel surface.

Application of an acrylic vessel supported by a stainless-steel truss for the JUNO central detector

After the success of the Daya Bay experiment, the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory （JUNO） was launched to measure neutrino-mass hierarchy and oscillation parameters and to study other neutrino physics. Its central detector is set for antineutrinos from reactors, the Earth, the atmosphere, and the Sun. The main requirements of the central detector are con- tainment of 20 kt of liquid scintillator, as the target mass, and 3% energy resolution. It is about a ball-shape detector of 38.5 m with -75% coverage of PMT on its inner surface. The design of such a huge detector is a big challenge because it must meet the requirements for several different types of physics measurement and possess the feasibility and reliability in its structure and engineering, all at reasonable time and cost. One option for the JUNO central detector is a hyper-scale acrylic ball sub- merged in the water to shield the background. This paper proposes a structural scheme for such an acrylic ball that is supported by a stainless-steel truss, inspired by point-supported glass-curtain walls in civil engineering. The preliminary design of the scheme is completed and verified by finite element （FE） method using ABAQUS. FE analysis shows that the scheme can con- trol the stress level of the acrylic ball within the limit of 5 to 10 MPa, in accordance with the demand of the design objective of the central detector. The scheme is of outstanding global stability and allows various chocces on local connections. We prove that the scheme is of good feasibility and should be a reasonable option for the central detector.

Stretch bending defect control of L-section SUS301L stainless-steel components with variable contour curvatures

The stretch bending of L-section variable-curvature SUS301L stainless-steel roof bending beams for metro vehicles was numerically simulated.The causes of defects such as wrinkling,section distortion,and poor contour accuracy were analysed,and the corresponding control methods were proposed.The simulation results demonstrated that wrinkling in the small-arc segment could be eliminated by setting the die clearance and adjusting the elongation reasonably.Owing to the sidewall shrinkage of the profile in the process of stretch bending,the die groove depth was correspondingly reduced.Each section of the profile was effectively supported by the bottom of the die groove,and the section distortion could be controlled.Springback was the main reason for the poor contour accuracy,which could be compensated by modifying the die surface based on the springback value.Using the above defect control methods,forming experiments were performed on a new type of stretch bending die with variable die clearance and groove depth developed in this work.Finally,high-quality components were obtained,which verified the efficacy of the defect control methods.

Preparing a wettability-controllable stainless-steel mesh and its oil-water separation performance

The ability to regulate and apply surface wettability has attracted much attention in the surface engineering field.In this study,a simple chemical etching method was used to construct a rough micro/nano structure on 304 stainless steel mesh;this rough surface was subsequently decorated with fatty acids of varying chain length to regulate wettability.The wettability,composition,and morphology of the surface were characterized and ana-lyzed by measuring contact angles,and by atomic force microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.The superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties of the mesh modified with long-chain fatty acids were examined for oil-water separation performance and reusability.The surface had a micro/nano hierarchical morphology with ordered carbon chains,and the hydrophilic-to-superhydrophobic transformation was achieved by adjusting the chain length of the fatty acid to deliver contact angles in the range of 30°~154°.The oil contact angle was always 0°,irrespective of the chain length fatty acid,and oil drops quickly penetrated the mesh surface.A fatty acid with a longer chain afforded a more hydrophobic and oleophilic mesh surface and better oil-water separation efficiency(up to 96%),which still exceeded 85%after 50 cycles of oil-water separation testing.Consequently,the prepared surface with controllable wettability has excellent prospects for use in intelligent response interfaces and oil-water separation applications.

Grain boundary and microstructure engineering of Inconel 690 cladding on stainless-steel 316L using electron-beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

This research explores the prospect of fabricating a face-centered cubic(fcc) Ni-base alloy cladding(Inconel 690) on an fcc Fe-base alloy(316 L stainless-steel) having improved mechanical properties and reduced sensitivity to corrosion through grain boundary and microstructure engineering concepts enabled by additive manufacturing(AM) utilizing electron-beam powder bed fusion(EPBF). The unique solidification and associated constitutional supercooling phenomena characteristic of EPBF promotes[100] textured and extended columnar grains having lower energy grain boundaries as opposed to random, high-angle grain boundaries, but no coherent {111} twin boundaries characteristic of conventional thermo-mechanically processed fcc metals and alloys, including Inconel 690 and 316 L stainless-steel.In addition to [100] textured grains, columnar grains were produced by EPBF fabrication of Inconel 690 claddings on 316 L stainless-steel substrates. Also, irregular 2–3 μm diameter, low energy subgrains were formed along with dislocation densities varying from 108 to 109 cm^2, and a homogeneous distribution of Cr_(23)C_6 precipitates. Precipitates were formed within the grains(with ~3 μm interparticle spacing),but not in the subgrain or columnar grain boundaries. These inclusive, hierarchical microstructures produced a tensile yield strength of 0.527 GPa, elongation of 21%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 2.33 GPa for the Inconel 690 cladding in contrast to a tensile yield strength of 0.327 GPa, elongation of 53%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 1.78 GPa, respectively for the wrought 316 L stainlesssteel substrate. Aging of both the Inconel 690 cladding and the 316 L stainless-steel substrate at 685?C for50 h precipitated Cr_(23)C_6 carbides in the Inconel 690 columnar grain boundaries, but not in the low-angle(and low energy) subgrain boundaries. In contrast, Cr_(23)C_6 carbides precipitated in the 316 L stainless-steel grain boundaries, but not in the low energy coherent {111} twin boundaries. Consequently, the Inconel690 subgrain boundaries essentially serve as surrogates for coherent twin boundaries with regard to avoiding carbide precipitation and corrosion sensitization.

热处理对2205双相不锈钢显微组织及性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计和电化学工作站等研究了2205双相不锈钢经不同温度保温不同时间后的显微组织及性能,并分析了其经不同工艺热处理后的γ和α两相比例和析出相的变化。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢初始状态下α和γ相含量分别为41.2%和58.8%。保温时间相同时,随着热处理温度的升高,γ相含量减少,σ相含量先增加后减少,硬度增加,腐蚀电位先降低后增加。保温温度相同时,随着保温时间的延长(0.5~2 h),γ相和σ相含量增加,γ相含量增幅为2.43%~3.87%,σ相含量增幅为0.05%~0.08%,晶粒有长大趋势,硬度逐渐降低,腐蚀电位总体呈降低趋势。当加热温度为950和1000℃时,硬度随保温时间增加而降低的幅度较明显。σ相含量及α/γ比例增加是造成2205双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能下降的主要原因。

S32101双相不锈钢U形坡口激光填充焊接修复工艺

文中采用开设坡口的方式去除裂纹、通过坡口填充焊接修复的方式进行维修,在空气环境中开展了S32101双相不锈钢激光填丝焊接修复工艺试验研究,焊接工艺及相关参数可以作为水下焊接研究的参考依据.为避免过高激光功率输入损坏焊接辅助装置,在5000~6000 W激光功率的工艺窗口下,对开设的坡口进行了3次填充修复及4次填充修复,对焊缝截面、显微组织、力学性能以及耐腐蚀性能分别进行了研究.在试验过程中,采用了光学显微镜和扫描电镜等,分析了焊接过程中热输入对微观组织转变的影响.同时通过对比不同激光功率下焊缝的拉伸性能和显微硬度,进一步揭示了工艺参数对焊缝力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的具体影响,从而优化了修复工艺的稳定性和可靠性.结果表明,3次填充修复后的焊缝存在气孔以及冶金熔合不良等问题,4次填充修复后的焊缝截面未见气孔缺陷,拉伸试件断在母材位置.层间焊道的预热和再热促使焊缝中奥氏体析出,焊缝中奥氏体含量略高于铁素体含量,平均硬度略低于母材.焊缝中较高含量的Ni元素和Mo元素使得焊缝的耐腐蚀性能优于母材,4次填充修复得到的焊缝满足空气环境中修复质量标准要求.

σ相对S32205双相不锈钢力学性能和耐蚀性的影响

通过JMatPro软件模拟计算和试验结合的方式研究了S32205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出行为及对其力学性能和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:通过JMatPro软件模拟计算得到的S32205双相不锈钢σ相析出鼻尖温度为875℃。当S32205双相不锈钢在875℃保温0~90 min,σ相含量快速增加,当保温时间增加至90~120 min时,σ相含量缓慢上升,而当保温时间为120~240 min时σ相含量达到饱和,最大为6.1%,与模拟计算结果基本符合。随着保温时间逐渐增加,S32205双相不锈钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度及显微硬度先快速增加后逐渐保持稳定,而伸长率呈下降趋势,强度和硬度与σ相体积含量成正比关系,σ相强化机理由Orowan强化机制转变为σ相的高弹性应变能强化机制。不同σ含量的S32205双相不锈钢的电化学试验结果表明随着σ相的含量逐渐增多,基体越容易贫Cr, S32205双相不锈钢越容易产生腐蚀,耐蚀性逐渐降低。

MoSe_(2)/石墨烯-不锈钢自润滑材料的减摩机理

为克服不锈钢摩擦副零件摩擦因数大、易磨损的不足,利用粉末冶金不锈钢基体贯通孔隙特征和异质结纳米润滑剂超滑效应,采用真空浸渍和水热合成两步法工艺制备出了MoSe_(2)/石墨烯-不锈钢自润滑材料,并对其摩擦学特性与减摩机理进行了研究。研究发现:摩擦过程中,加入到基体孔隙的MoSe_(2)/石墨烯异质结润滑剂在摩擦表面形成了均匀润滑膜,显著减小了摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨损率。在常温、载荷40 N、转速100 r/min工况下,MoSe_(2)/石墨烯-不锈钢自润滑材料的摩擦因数低至0.106,磨损率降至6.45×10^(-5)mm^(3)/(N·m),与不锈钢基体相比,其摩擦因数和磨损率分别降低了86%和93%。

316L不锈钢掺杂SiC环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆层组织结构与性能

TIG熔覆是经济高效的表面修复方法,与传统的预置粉末法相比,同轴送粉法具有优良的适应性,但是试验研究相对较少.自主设计制造了环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆焊枪,与管状同轴送粉TIG熔覆焊枪相比,制造的熔覆层不存在熄弧位置凹坑、焊缝不够平直以及焊缝熔宽不一致等问题,而且具有更高的熔覆效率.结果表明,采用优化的焊接热输入、送粉量和SiC含量参数匹配,在316L不锈钢表面进行环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆,获得了外观优良的单层单道熔覆层、单层多道熔覆层.对熔覆层进行显微硬度测量、微观组织及元素成分分析、宏观电化学腐蚀试验、微区电化学腐蚀试验以及耐磨性能测试,并与母材进行了比对,环状同轴送粉TIG熔覆导入的SiC粉末有效地提升了熔覆层的耐蚀性与耐磨性.

钝化膜对304不锈钢裂纹尖端应力腐蚀的影响

建立了一个包含物质扩散与固体力学的二维数值模型,模型中假设氧在金属中以菲克定律扩散形成Fe_(3)O_(4)保护膜,并采用吸湿膨胀的方法计算膜致应力,该模型可以模拟裂纹尖端钝化膜的形成与膜致应力。基于该模型,在COMSOL中建立了含单边裂纹的平板试样的有限元模型,研究了在外加位移载荷的作用下,钝化对裂尖应力、等效塑性应变以及裂纹扩展的影响,并研究了钝化膜再破裂时的应力分布。结果表明,钝化膜在一定程度上减弱了外加载荷对裂纹尖端的应力腐蚀,降低了裂纹扩展的可能性。在裂纹开始扩展初期,钝化膜减弱了裂尖的应力,当裂纹扩展较长时,钝化膜对裂纹尖端基本没有影响。

基于激光重熔的SLM成形316L不锈钢温度场仿真及工艺优化

SLM成形过程中激光重熔可改善冶金质量和提高性能,但是目前激光重熔对温度场的影响尚不清楚。本工作利用有限元方法建立316L不锈钢模型,对比未重熔与激光重熔的温度场特征,分析不同重熔工艺参数下的温度结果和不同重熔工艺参数下所制备样品的致密度和孔隙尺寸。结果表明,激光重熔有较好的预热效果,单层成形最低温度提高了约69%,多层成形因热量扩散影响预热效果仅将温度提高10%。激光重熔工艺对激光第一次扫描的最高温度没有影响,但可提高第二次扫描的温度。重熔激光能量密度从29 J/m升至117 J/m,最高温度上升了36.40%,最低温度上升了12%。致密度的改善不明显,但孔隙尺寸有明显的减小。当激光重熔能量密度为50 J/m时,致密度高达99.95%,孔隙的深度和宽度下降了64.9%和35.2%。

超级13Cr不锈钢在油田模拟液中的应力腐蚀研究

为延长超深井超级13Cr不锈钢油管的生命周期,降低生产过程中复杂钻完井工作液及地层产出流体导致的应力腐蚀,开展了应力腐蚀产生机理分析,并提出了应对策略;基于聚合成膜缓蚀机理研发了缓蚀剂;在模拟工况和标准工况下,评价了超级13Cr不锈钢在酸液及加/未加缓蚀剂的返排液中的应力腐蚀情况。结果表明,加入缓蚀剂的酸液达到缓蚀要求;在返排液中,超级13Cr不锈钢的宏观腐蚀速率较大;在酸液及返排液中,超级13Cr不锈钢发生应力腐蚀,且在返排液中应力腐蚀较严重;在实验温度为140℃、压力为10 MPa的条件下,超级13Cr不锈钢在返排液中7 d后的应力腐蚀裂纹宽度为3~5μm,而加入体积分数为1%的缓蚀剂后测试72 h,超级13Cr不锈钢试片未产生应力腐蚀,说明该缓蚀剂可抑制超级13Cr不锈钢在高温环境中的应力腐蚀开裂。研究结果对超深井钻完井安全施工及安全生产具有借鉴意义。

奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化预测模型建立及验证

奥氏体不锈钢因具有较高的断裂韧性,是反应堆内重要的结构材料。在长期服役过程中,奥氏体不锈钢会遭受中子辐照引起微观结构变化,从而导致断裂韧性下降,影响其服役行为。在反应堆延寿时需考虑奥氏体不锈钢的辐照脆化行为,即断裂韧性降低行为。辐照后断裂韧性实验数据较少,而辐照后拉伸性能实验数据较多,根据断裂韧性与拉伸性能的关系,可以用辐照后拉伸性能数据实现对辐照后断裂韧性的行为预测。为预测奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化性能,首先根据辐照硬化和辐照后微观结构信息关联模型,利用辐照后微观结构信息实现对辐照后拉伸屈服应力的预测;再根据辐照硬化和断裂韧性的关联模型,利用辐照前的均匀延伸率、屈服应力/流体应力和断裂韧性,结合拟合获得的辐照后流体应力、均匀延伸率,实现奥氏体不锈钢辐照后断裂韧性预测,即实现对奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化的预测。通过以上步骤,可基于辐照后微观结构信息直接预测奥氏体不锈钢辐照后的断裂韧性。利用文献中获得的奥氏体不锈钢辐照后微观结构实验数据对辐照后断裂韧性进行预测,断裂韧性预测值与文献中报道的奥氏体不锈钢断裂韧性实验值基本吻合,验证了模型的有效性。研究表明,辐照后出现的位错环是引起奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化的主要微观结构。未来可根据实验测得或模拟计算获得的辐照后微观结构信息,实现对奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化的预测,为反应堆延寿提供理论指导。

一种Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti-Al系高强度不锈钢的凝固偏析行为

采用差示扫描量热分析、高温共聚焦显微镜原位观察和定向凝固的方法研究了冷却速率对一种Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti-Al系高强度不锈钢元素偏析的影响规律。结果表明:试验钢的凝固顺序为:L→L+δ→L+δ+γ→L+δ+γ+TiN→δ+γ+TiN→γ+TiN;随着冷却速率的提高,凝固组织的二次枝晶间距逐渐降低,枝晶组织得到细化,二次枝晶间距与冷却速率之间的函数关系为λ2=86.7(GLR)-1/3;铸态组织中Mo、Ni、Al和Ti元素属于正偏析,Cr元素属于负偏析,其中Ni和Ti元素偏析程度较大,主要富集于枝晶间,Mo、Cr和Al元素偏析程度较轻,在铸锭中分布较均匀。凝固末期残余液相中Ti元素的富集导致形成AlN夹杂的倾向增加。冷却速率增加,Ni和Ti等元素偏析现象显著降低。

通气孔对新型不锈钢芯管平压性能影响分析

不锈钢芯管作为不锈钢桥面芯板的重要传力构件,其平压力学性能与桥面板承载能力息息相关。因钎焊工艺要求,不锈钢芯管壁上开设有双通气圆孔。为研究双通气圆孔对不锈钢芯管平压性能的影响,开展2组不同厚度不锈钢芯管平压性能试验与有限元非线性屈曲分析。通过试验结果验证采用Riks弧长法进行不锈钢芯管非线性屈曲分析方法的正确性。并考虑圆孔直径d、偏心距e、芯管壁厚t等因素,建立不同规格不锈钢芯管模型,开展非线性屈曲分析,探究多参数协同作用下对不锈钢芯管平压性能的影响分析。研究结果表明:不锈钢芯管平压试验曲线表现出明显的非线性特征,分为弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段与塑性破坏阶段;通气孔、管端扳边处转角及管脚10 mm处易优先出现局部屈曲破坏;不锈钢芯管极限荷载Pu及其对应的压缩位移δ_(u)随孔径d、偏心距e的增加而减小,随壁厚t增加而增大;芯管极限荷载Pu受孔径d的影响大于受偏心距e的影响,增大孔径使芯管极限荷载Pu下降6.00%~15.51%,而增大偏心距使芯管极限荷载Pu下降0.64%~9.22%,芯管应规避在管身中部(e/H=0.5)开孔;当孔径比d/D≯0.04、偏心比e/H≯0.3时,通气孔对芯管极限承载力影响较小,对极限荷载下的压缩位移δ_(u)不产生影响,建议将其作为通气孔设计取值。研究中获得的临界值及变化规律可用于新型不锈钢桥面芯板结构设计与优化研究。

焊接方法对奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头低温冲击性能的影响

为了研究奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头的低温冲击性能对低温压力容器的安全性影响,本文通过-196℃的低温冲击试验,对比研究了钨极气体保护焊(GTAW)、熔化极气体保护电弧焊(GMAW)、埋弧焊(SAW)3种焊接方法对S30408和S31608两种奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头低温冲击性能的影响。对于S30408焊接接头,热影响区的低温冲击性能小于母材与焊缝区,成为薄弱位置;3种焊接方法中,GTAW获得的焊接接头在热影响区的冲击性能处于最优水平。对于S31608焊接接头的低温冲击性能,焊缝、热影响区与母材的差异较小;3种焊接方法中,SAW获得的焊接接头在冲击吸收能量上与母材结果相近,能够获得焊接接头较好的综合冲击性能。通过对比不同焊接工艺下焊接接头断口形貌特征表明,焊接接头不同区域冲击断口形貌特征与低温冲击性能的结果相吻合。本文研究工作对于奥氏体不锈钢低温压力容器焊接工艺的选择具有参考意义。