Stair climbing,genetic predisposition,and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes:A large population-based prospective cohort study

Background:Cross-sectional evidence and small-scale trials suggest positive effects of stair climbing on cardiometabolic disease and glucose regulation.However,few studies have examined the long-term association between stair climbing and the incidence of type 2 diabetes(T2D).We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association of stair climbing with T2D and assess modifications by genetic predisposition to T2D.Methods:We included 451,699 adults(mean age=56.3±8.1 years,mean±SD;55.2%females)without T2D at baseline in the UK Biobank and followed up to March 31,2021.Stair climbing information was collected through the touchscreen questionnaire.Genetic risk score for T2D consisted of 424 single nucleotide polymorphisms.Results:During a median follow up of 12.1 years,14,896 T2D cases were documented.Compared with participants who reported no stair climbing,those who climbed stairs regularly had a lower risk of incident T2D(10-50 steps/day:hazard ratio(HR)=0.95,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.89-1.00;60-100 steps/day:HR=0.92,95%CI:0.87-0.98;110-150 steps/day:HR=0.86,95%CI:0.80-0.91;>150 steps/day:HR=0.93,95%CI:0.87-0.99,p for trend=0.0007).We observed a significant interaction between stair climbing and genetic risk score on the subsequent T2D risk(p for interaction=0.0004),where the risk of T2D showed a downward trend in subjects with low genetic risk and those who reported stair climbing activity of 110-150 steps/day appeared to have the lowest overall T2D risk among those with intermediate to high genetic risk.Conclusion:A higher number of stairs climbed at home was associated with lower T2D incidence risk,especially among individuals with a low genetic predisposition to T2D.These findings highlight that stair climbing,as incidental physical activity,offers a simple and low-cost complement to public health interventions for T2D prevention.

基于Stair模式的大学生创新创业教育实践探索

萨提亚模式作为一种积极向上、自信统一、内外和谐的心理学模式,非常适合融入大学生创新创教育及训练指导,帮助大学生迈向身心统一、充满信心地创新实践锻炼,激发学生的创新创业热情,促进了大学生创新创业意识、创新创业能力的提高,帮助学生在创新创业实践活动中寻找到属于自己内心的力量、勇气、喜悦,建立更和谐的团队关系,为大学生职业规划及未来职业发展奠定了基础。

Stair evacuation simulation based on cellular automata considering evacuees' walk preferences

As a physical model, the cellular automata （CA） model is widely used in many areas, such as stair evacuation. However, existing CA models do not consider evacuees＇ walk preferences nor psychological status, and the structure of the basic model is unapplicable for the stair structure. This paper is to improve the stair evacuation simulation by addressing these issues, and a new cellular automata model is established. Several evacuees＇ walk preference and how evacuee＇s psychology influences their behaviors are introduced into this model. Evacuees＇ speeds will be influenced by these features. To validate this simulation, two fire drills held in two high-rise buildings are video-recorded. It is found that the simulation results are similar to the fire drill results. The structure of this model is simple, and it is easy to further develop and utilize in different buildings with various kinds of occupants.

Analyzing floor-stair merging flow based on experiments and simulation

In most situations,staircase is the only egress to evacuate from high-rise buildings.The merging flow on the stair landing has a great influence on the evacuation efficiency.In this paper,we develop an improved cellular automaton model to describe the merging behavior,and the model is validated by a series of real experiments.It is found that the flow rate of simulation results is similar to the drills,which means that the improved model is reasonable and can be used to describe the merging behavior on stairs.Furthermore,some scenarios with different door locations and building floor numbers are simulated by the model.The results show that(i)the best door location is next to the upward staircase;(ii)the total evacuation time and the building floor number are linearly related to each other;(iii)the pedestrians on upper floors have a negative influence on the evacuation flow rate.

Comparison of gait properties during level walking and stair ascent and descent with varying loads

This study aimed to compare gait properties during level walking and during stair ascent and descent with varying loads. Fifteen healthy young men (mean age: 22.1 ± 1.6 years) walked while holding four different loads relative to each subject’s body mass (0, 20, 40 and 60% of body mass: BM) on their backs. Stance time, swing time, and double support times were selected as gait parameters. All parameters showed a maximal value during stair ascent and a minimum value during level walking. Stance and double support times increased significan- tly with each load during level walking and during stair ascent and descent. In conclusion, st- air ascent and descent creates more unstable movement than level walking regardless of the weight of the load. The effect of loads on gait increases with the weight of the load and becomes obvious once the load exceeds 60% of BM.

A Comparison of Pound's Poetic Ideas and Some Chinese Poetic Principles-Using the Translation of "The Jewel Stairs' Grievance" as a Case in Point

The prominent features of Li Bai's "The Jewel Stairs'Grievance" are precise diction;implicit meaning;an absent narrator;and a seamless unity of images and feelings.Pound's translation of it in Cathay reveals some kind of connections between some Chinese poetic principals and Pound's individual poetics.

The Jewel Stair’s Grievance(《玉阶之怨》)视觉意象的美学解读

视觉意象是诗歌中最常见的一种意象,是诗人对所见之景象的语言描述,是外在之象与内在之意的一种有机联系,逼真地反映诗人的内心世界和作品的主题。文章从视觉意象出发,对英诗TheJewelStair’sGrievance(《玉阶之怨》)进行美学解读,以帮助学习者更好地欣赏诗歌,领会作品主题,增强诗歌的审美情趣。

APPLICATIONS OF STAIR MATRICES AND THEIR GENERALIZATIONS TO ITERATIVE METHODS

Stair matrices and their generalizations are introduced. The definitions and some properties of the matrices were first given by Lu Hao. This class of matrices provide bases of matrix splittings for iterative methods. The remarkable feature of iterative methods based on the new class of matrices is that the methods are easily implemented for parallel computation. In particular, a generalization of the accelerated overrelaxation method （GAOR） is introduced. Some theories of the AOR method are extended to the generalized method to include a wide class of matrices. The convergence of the new method is derived for Hermitian positive definite matrices. Finally, some examples are given in order to show the superiority of the new method.

A New Copper(Ⅰ) Iodide Coordination Polymer Incorporating Cu_2I_2 Double-stranded Stair: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Luminescent Property

A new coordination compound, [（CuI）（Btd）]n （1, Btd = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole）, was obtained at room temperature by the reaction of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with CuI and KI saturated aqueous solution. It was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and photoluminescence. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic Pi space group, with a = 4.1620（6）, b = 10.4590（15）, c = 10.5052（15） A, a = 69.310（2）, β = 83.608（2）, γ = 78.873（2）°, V = 419.30（10） A3, Z = 2, C6H4N2SCuI, Mr = 326.61, Dc = 2.587 g/cm^3, F（000） = 304 and/^（MoKa） = 6.464 mm-1. The final R = 0.0418 and wR = 0.0936 for 1451 observed reflections with 1 〉 2σ（I） and R = 0.0422 and wR = 0.0939 for all data. In the complex, the Cu atoms are coordinated by one nitrogen atom and three iodine atoms to form a double-stranded stair, and such stairs are further linked to build a 2D framework via C-H…I interactions.

Practical Use of Stairs to Assess Fitness, Prescribe and Perform Physical Activity Training

Aim: Evaluating climbing stairs for prescription and implementation of physical activity regimes. Methods: Healthy females (F, n = 14), and males (M, n = 15) participated. By climbing 100 steps of stairs with 0.173 m height, Heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake were measured throughout the floors;Blood pressure (BP) was measured at ground and the 5th floors only. Results: Energy increased from 2 to 7.6 was metabolic equivalents (METs = 3.5 ml O2/min.kg) at 17.3 m elevation in 2 min. at the 5th floor, and percent Heart Rate Reserve (%HRR) was 66.17% in F and 48.7% in M, proportional to their aerobic efforts. Average climbing efficiency was 15.8 ± 2.3% (n = 29). Aerobic capacity estimated dividing the highest work rate (17.3 Kg.m/2min.Kg × 0.00239 = 0.0207 Kcal/min.Kg), by fractional effort (F = 0.6617, M = 0.487) and fractional efficiency (0.158), at 5 Kcal/L O2 was 0.040 in F and 0.054 L O2/Kg.min in M. Minimum training intensity reached at the 3rd floor by F. In M the highest %HRR reached was 48.7% at the 5th floor, insufficient for training. Conclusions: Stairs used for submaximal evaluation of aerobic capacity and for target intensity prescription. Training, levels climbed, repetitions per day (if 5, 100 Kcal per day, ascending) and number of days/week are adjusted. Full regime requires up to 7.6 METs, a total of 532 and 140 MET.min/week ascending and descending, respectively. Intensities >7.6 MET, climbing rate should be >8.65 m/min. Limiting ascent to 1 (3.5 METs) or 2 (5.5 METs) floors or only descents (2 - 3 METs) may be used for unfit subjects. This method is useful for those with no access to sophisticated facilities.

Form Art and Function Analysis of Outdoor Stairs

Stairs are an important structural component in the architectural space design.It not only serves as a link between landscapes,but also a highlight of the space.Interpretation of stairs can be carried out from the form and function of stairs.This paper mainly takes the outdoor stairs as the research object,which is a building component to solve the vertical traffic function of the building,and selects some stairs designs worldwide for the analysis.Focusing on architectural design,the study investigates the expression form of each component of the outdoor stairs,and explores the diversified designs of the stairs.The paper urges designers to pay close attention to the problems of stair design in essence,to deeply understand the forms and methods of stair expression,to expand the breadth of architectural design thinking,to pursue in-depth understanding of the inherent laws of building generation,and to improve the quality of architecture.

A Star-Wheel Stair-Climbing Wheelchair

In order to achieve a wheelchair climb stairs function, this paper designs a star-wheel stair-climbing mechanism. Through the effect of the lock coupling, the star-wheel stair-climbing mechanism is formed to be fixed axis gear train or planetary gear train achieving flat-walking and stair-climbing functions. Crossing obstacle analysis obtains the maximum height and minimum width of obstacle which the wheelchair can cross. Stress-strain analysis in Solidworks simulation is performed to verify material strength.

Oxygen uptake response to switching stairs exercise by non-parametric modeling

Oxygen uptake plays a crucial role in the evaluation of endurance performance during exercise and is extensively utilized for metabolic assessment. This study records the oxygen uptake during the exercise phase (i.e., ascending or descending) of the stair exercise, utilizing an experimental dataset that includes ten participants and covers various exercise periods. Based on the designed experiment protocol, a non-parametric modeling method with kernel-based regularization is generally applied to estimate the oxygen uptake changes during the switching stairs exercise, which closely resembles daily life activities. The modeling results indicate the effectiveness of the non-parametric modeling approach when compared to fixed-order models in terms of accuracy, stability, and compatibility. The influence of exercise duration on estimated fitness reveals that the model of the phase-oxygen uptake system is not time-invariant related to respiratory metabolism regulation and muscle fatigue. Consequently, it allows us to study the humans’ conversion mechanism at different metabolic rates and facilitates the standardization and development of exercise prescriptions.

Obstacle detection and autonomous stair climbing of a miniature jumping robot

Miniature jumping robots(MJRs)have difficulty executing autonomous movements in unstructured environments with obstacles because of their limited perception and computing resources.This study investigates the obstacle detection and autonomous stair climbing methods for MJRs.We propose an obstacle detection method based on a combination of attitude and distance detections,as well as MJRs’motion.A MEMS inertial sensor collects the yaw angle of the robot,and a ranging sensor senses the distance between the robot and the obstacle to estimate the size of the obstacle.We also propose an autonomous stair climbing algorithm based on the obstacle detection method.The robot can detect the height and width of stairs and its position relative to the stairs and then repeatedly jump to climb them step by step.Moreover,the height,width,and position are sent to a control terminal through a wireless sensor network to update the information regarding the MJR and stairs in a control interface.Furthermore,we conduct stair detection,modeling,and stair climbing experiments on the MJR and obtain acceptable precisions for autonomous obstacle negotiation.Thus,the proposed obstacle detection and stair climbing methods can enhance the locomotion capability of the MJR in environmental monitoring,search and rescue,etc.

基于政府信任视角的政府绩效评估创新及STAIR模型的引介

政府信任是公民对政府或政治体系将实现符合他们预期结果的一种信心,是政治支持的重要组成部分之一,构成了政治制度的合法性基础。政府绩效是政府在运行过程中自身效率与效能的体现,也是政府在政治、经济、社会与文化等各方面采取行动的结果。政府绩效与政府信任两者之间关系密切,前者构成了后者的利益基础和重要来源。STAIR模型即"战略—目标—指标—执行—结果"模型以战略为导向,探讨如何整合绩效评估过程的各个环节,实现政府绩效评估的战略化和系统化,改善政府绩效,提高公众信任度。

The Whole Theory of This Universe—A Step Forward to Einstein. Part-4: “Concept Map of Rotating Universe”

The article collectively proposes a revolutionary perspective on the universe, intertwining concepts of time, spatial positioning, and cosmic dynamics. We introduce the idea of a rotating universe centered around Mega Central Energy Pools (MCEPs), where time varies relative to the distance from the universe’s center, potentially enabling time travel. This model challenges conventional notions of time and cosmology, suggesting that black holes and white holes act as cosmic recycling factories. Additionally, this model unveils a novel theory of dark matter, positing photons as its constituents and highlighting their role in energy transfer across the cosmos. Furthermore, the investigation into Venus’s unique day-length-to-year-length ratio unveils a microscopic mechanism involving swirling energy droplets, charged particles, and field interactions, offering insights into planetary dynamics on both micro and macro scales.

偏瘫患者下台阶过程下肢生物力学特征分析

目的对比分析偏瘫患者以不同方式下台阶过程中下肢生物力学特征,为降低患者下台阶过程中的跌倒风险提供理论依据。方法选取10名正常人和20名符合要求的偏瘫患者,使用Qualisys动作捕捉系统和Kistler三维测力台对受试者下台阶过程中的运动学和动力学数据进行收集,分析其在下台阶过程中的生物力学特征和跌倒风险。结果相较于正常人和先用健足下台阶(steps on the healthy side,SHS),先用患足下台阶(steps on the affected side,SAS)时,患侧下肢各关节屈伸活动幅度较小;SHS降低了健侧膝关节屈伸活动幅度,患侧下肢各关节屈伸活动幅度较SAS大;SAS下台阶左右方向地面反作用力(ground reaction force,GRF)曲线变化与正常人较为一致,患侧落地瞬间垂直GRF最大为1.05倍体重,健侧为1.25倍体重,低于正常人(1.5倍体重);SHS下台阶健侧落地瞬间最大垂直GRF为1.85倍体重,高于SAS和正常人。结论相较于SAS,患者使用SHS下台阶患侧关节活动幅度和落地瞬间垂直GRF较大,更难掌握。SAS更符合偏瘫患者下台阶的生物力学特征。

美国STAIR会议对国内急性缺血性脑卒中临床试验研究的启示

本文介绍了美国由脑卒中临床研究者、药物和医疗器械研发相关人士以及政府监管人员组成的三方代表召开卒中治疗圆桌会议(Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable,STAIR),此会议就急性缺血性脑卒中临床试验研究进行商讨,并提出推荐意见。推荐意见每两年在《Stroke》杂志发表1次。迄今,该会议共召开了8次,其推荐意见对近年来缺血性脑血管病治疗的临床前及临床试验研究起到了重要的指导作用。

老年人上下楼梯肌肉激活特征与跌倒风险的关系

背景:在楼梯步行中,不同肌肉协同工作、相互代偿,衰弱的肌肉力量是否真正影响老年人楼梯跌倒风险尚不清楚。利用实时老年人楼梯步行的肌电信号来反映老年人楼梯步行中跌倒风险高低,或许可以进一步提升预测方法的准确性。目的:探究楼梯行走过程中老龄化对老年人下肢肌肉激活的影响,并分析其肌肉激活特征与楼梯跌倒风险的关系。方法:受试者按年龄分为老年组(n=19)和青年组(n=18),要求以自然速度上下10个台阶的楼梯,结合表面肌电技术采集楼梯步行肌电信号计算均方根(RMS),分析肌肉激活程度的差异。利用logistic回归分析,纳入股外侧肌和腓肠肌RMS建立老年人楼梯跌倒风险预测模型,通过受试者工作特征曲线及曲线下面积评价模型的区分度,采用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评价模型的拟合度。结果与结论:(1)老年人上、下楼梯时股直肌(Z=-3.464,P=0.001;t=3.379,P=0.002)和腓肠肌外侧(Z=-2.978,P=0.003;Z=-3.555,P <0.001)激活程度高于年轻人;(2)老年人上楼梯胫骨前肌(Z=-2.350,P=0.019)和腓肠肌内侧(Z=2.321,P=0.020)、外侧(t=3.158,P=0.004)激活程度高于下楼梯时;(3)有跌倒风险的老年人上楼梯股外侧肌(Z=-2.613,P=0.009)、腓肠肌内侧(Z=-2.286,P=0.022)和下楼梯股外侧肌(Z=-2.368,P=0.018)激活程度小于没有跌倒风险的老年人;(4)基于肌电信号建立的老年人楼梯跌倒预测模型预测能力、拟合度和区分度良好,模型系数的Omnibus检验的P值为0.010,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验P值为0.214,曲线下面积上楼梯股外侧肌RMS=0.856,P=0.009;(5)模型以上楼梯股外侧肌RMS值38.64为分界值,老年人上楼梯股外侧肌RMS每减小一个单位,楼梯跌倒风险增加0.952倍。