2000—2020年非洲耕地资源时空格局变化分析

非洲地区面临严重的粮食安全问题,研究其耕地资源时空格局变化对于保障非洲粮食安全具有重要意义.基于2000—2020年间联合国粮农组织的统计数据,通过重心迁移、标准差椭圆及局部空间自相关等方法对非洲耕地资源时空格局的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:1)非洲耕地整体数量呈稳定上升趋势,20年间耕地面积增加了6321.92万hm^(2),增长率为53.44%,但不同国家间存在差异;2)非洲耕地在几何中心以北区域分布较多,耕地重心迁移方向先向东北后转向偏西方向,移动总距离为111.86 km,偏移速率先快后慢,从前5年的平均10.27 km/a降至后15年的平均4.00 km/a左右;3)非洲耕地分布呈西北—东南向,20年来标准差椭圆转角有向水平方向倒伏趋势,椭圆面积不断缩小,向心性不断增强;4)非洲耕地分布集聚主要出现在西非的尼日尔和尼日利亚,异常区为南非及贝宁.

2000—2021年黄河流域化肥使用量与粮食产量时空变化特征

[目的]研究黄河流域化肥使用时空变化特征及其与粮食生产的关系,为该流域化肥施用管控提供理论依据。[方法]基于2000—2021年黄河流域化肥使用量和粮食产量相关数据,采用空间自相关分析、核密度分析和标准差椭圆等方法对黄河流域化肥使用的时空变化特征进行了分析,并探讨化肥使用量和粮食产量的关系。[结果]2000—2021年黄河流域粮食产量增长49.55%,大于化肥使用量增速(24.87%),2013年后流域化肥使用量开始波动下降,粮食产量依然保持增长趋势,化肥使用效率明显提升。近22 a来黄河流域化肥使用的区域集聚态势在持续减弱,黄河流域化肥使用量在空间上具有一定的非均衡性,热点区域主要集中在河南和山东省,冷点区域集中在青海和甘肃省,22 a来黄河流域化肥使用热点区域减少,高值聚集区向西移动,冷点区域增加。近22 a来黄河流域上中下游地区化肥使用量分别增长46.52%,38.68%和9.50%,西部地区化肥使用量快速增长,推动了流域化肥使用重心向北西西方向移动57.40 km。近22 a来黄河流域粮食产量重心向北北西方向移动22.06 km,与化肥使用量重心趋于分离。[结论]黄河流域化肥减量增效行动成效显著,但整体化肥使用强度仍为超标状态,未来仍需减少化肥使用。

Correlation of pattern reversal visual evoked potential parameters with the pattern standard deviation in primary open angle glaucoma

AIM:To evaluate whether glaucomatous visual field defect particularly the pattern standard deviation(PSD)of Humphrey visual field could be associated with visual evoked potential(VEP)parameters of patients having primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS:Visual field by Humphrey perimetry and simultaneous recordings of pattern reversal visual evoked potential(PRVEP)were assessed in 100 patients with POAG.The stimulus configuration for VEP recordings consisted of the transient pattern reversal method in which a black and white checker board pattern was generated(full field)and displayed on VEP monitor(colour 14')by an electronic pattern regenerator inbuilt in an evoked potential recorder(RMS EMG EP MARK II).RESULTS:The results of our study indicate that there is a highly significant(P【0.001)negative correlation of P100 amplitude and a statistically significant(P【0.05)positive correlation of N70 latency,P100 latency and N155 latency with the PSD of Humphrey visual field in the subjects of POAG in various age groups as evaluated by Student’s t-test.CONCLUSION:Prolongation of VEP latencies were mirrored by a corresponding increase of PSD values.Conversely,as PSD increases the magnitude of VEP excursions were found to be diminished.

Impact of Different Grinding Aids on Standard Deviation in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Cement Raw Meal

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis utilizes particle size which is resulted from milling of a material. The milling ensures uniform and fine grained powder. The finer and more uniform the particle size is, the better the result and easier it is for material quality control. To ensure uniformity in particle size and finer powder, a comparative analysis was conducted with different grinding aids and pressed pellet method was used in obtaining analysis results. Pressed pellets of cement raw meal sample milled with different grinding aids (graphite, aspirin and lithium borate) were subjected to XRF. Graphite produced better particle size uniformity with a corresponding standard deviation that made quality control of raw meal easier and better than aspirin and lithium borate.

The Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Distribution: A Geometrical Framework

The current attempt is aimed to outline the geometrical framework of a well known statistical problem, concerning the explicit expression of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution. To this respect, after a short exposition, three steps are performed as 1) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation, , as a function of the errors, , which, by themselves, are statistically independent;2) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, , as a function of the errors,;3) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, , as a function of the arithmetic mean standard deviation, , and the arithmetic mean rms error, . The integration domain can be expressed in canonical form after a change of reference frame in the n-space, which is recognized as an infinitely thin n-cylindrical corona where the symmetry axis coincides with a coordinate axis. Finally, the solution is presented and a number of (well known) related parameters are inferred for sake of completeness.

Numerical investigation on the caving mechanism with different standard deviations of top coal block size in LTCC

The size distribution of the broken top coal blocks is an important factor,affecting the recovery ratio and the efficiency of drawing top coal in longwall top coal caving(LTCC)mining panel.The standard deviation of top coal block size(dt)is one of the main parameters to reflect the size distribution of top coal.To find the effect of dt on the caving mechanism,this study simulates experiments with 9 different dt by using discrete element software PFC.The dt is divided into two stages:uniform distribution stage(UDS)whose dt is less than 0.1(Schemes 1–5),and nonuniform distribution stage(NDS)whose dt is more than 0.1(Schemes 6–9).This research mainly investigates the variation of recovery ratio,drawing body shape,boundary of top coal,and contact force between particles in the two stages,respectively.The results showed that with the increasing dt,the recovery ratio of the panel increases first and then decreases in UDS.It is the largest in Scheme 3,which mainly increases the drawing volume at the side of starting drawing end.However,the recovery ratio decreases first and then increases quickly in NDS,and it is the largest in Scheme 9,where the drawing volume at the side of finishing drawing end are relatively higher.In UDS,the major size of top coal is basically medium,while in NDS,the size varies from medium to small,and then to large,with a distinct difference in shape and volume of the drawing body.When the major size of top coal is medium and small,the cross-section width of the initial boundary of top coal at each height is relatively small.Conversely,when the top coal size is large,the initial boundary of top coal has a larger opening range,the rotating angle of lower boundary is relatively small in the normal drawing stage,which is conducive to the development of drawing body and reduces the residual top coal,and the maximum particle velocity and the particles movement angle are both larger.This study lays a foundation for the prediction of recovery ratio,and suggests that the uniform top coal is more manageable and has a larger recovery ratio.

Unbiased Estimation Formula of Unit Weight Standard Deviation in Regularization Solution

Regularization method is an effective method for solving ill\|posed equation. In this paper the unbiased estimation formula of unit weight standard deviation in the regularization solution is derived and the formula is verified with numerical case of 1 000 sample data by use of the typical ill\|posed equation, i.e. the Fredholm integration equation of the first kind.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of cultivated land use eco-efficiency and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2020

Improving cultivated land use eco-efficiency(CLUE)can effectively promote agricultural sustainability,particularly in developing countries where CLUE is generally low.This study used provincial-level data from China to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of CLUE from 2000 to 2020 and identified the influencing factors of CLUE by using a panel Tobit model.In addition,given the undesirable outputs of agricultural production,we incorporated carbon emissions and nonpoint source pollution into the global benchmark-undesirable output-super efficiency-slacks-based measure(GB-US-SBM)model,which combines global benchmark technology,undesirable output,super efficiency,and slacks-based measure.The results indicated that there was an upward trend in CLUE in China from 2000 to 2020,with an increase rate of 2.62%.The temporal evolution of CLUE in China could be classified into three distinct stages:a period of fluctuating decrease(2000-2007),a phase of gradual increase(2008-2014),and a period of rapid growth(2015-2020).The major grain-producing areas(MPAs)had a lower CLUE than their counterparts,namely,non-major grain-production areas(non-MPAs).The spatial agglomeration effect followed a northeast-southwest strip distribution;and the movement path of barycentre revealed a"P"shape,with Luoyang City,Henan Province,as the centre.In terms of influencing factors of CLUE,investment in science and technology played the most vital role in improving CLUE,while irrigation index had the most negative effect.It should be noted that these two influencing factors had different impacts on MPAs and non-MPAs.Therefore,relevant departments should formulate policies to enhance the level of science and technology,improve irrigation condition,and promote sustainable utilization of cultivated land.

The Weighted Mean Standard Deviation Distribution: A Geometrical Framework

The current attempt is aimed to extend previous results, concerning the explicit expression of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, to the general case of the weighted mean standard deviation distribution. To this respect, the integration domain is expressed in canonical form after a change of reference frame in the n-space, which is recognized as an infinitely thin n-cylindrical corona where the axis coincides with a coordinate axis and the orthogonal section is an infinitely thin, homotetic (n-1)-elliptical corona. The semiaxes are formulated in two different ways, namely in terms of (1) eigenvalues, via the eigenvalue equation, and (2) leading principal minors of the matrix of a quadratic form, via the Jacobi formulae. The distribution and related parameters have the same formal expression with respect to their counterparts in the special case where the weighted mean coincides with the arithmetic mean. The reduction of some results to ordinary geometry is also considered.

一种CE102 能力验证方法及实例

文章给出了一种多样品并行传递的CE102能力验证方法及实例,自主研发并制备47套均匀性、稳定性符合要求的能力验证样品,在40家参加实验室中并行分发该样品,相比传统的单样品轮流传递的方式,极大缩短了测试时间,且消除了无备用样品带来的风险。使用稳健算法计算稳健平均值并将其作为指定值,使用GB/T 6113.402-2018中给出的测量不确定度计算能力评定标准差,并将其用于评价参加实验室是否离群。最后对离群的原因进行了分析并提出了改进意见。

Development and Parallelization of an Improved 2D Moving Window Standard Deviation Python Routine for Image Segmentation Purposes

Two additional features are particularly useful in pixelwise satellite data segmentation using neural networks: one results from local window averaging around each pixel (MWA) and another uses a standard deviation estimator (MWSD) instead of the average. While the former’s complexity has already been solved to a satisfying minimum, the latter did not. This article proposes a new algorithm that can substitute a naive MWSD, by making the complexity of the computational process fall from O(N2n2) to O(N2n), where N is a square input array side, and n is the moving window’s side length. The Numba python compiler was used to make python a competitive high-performance computing language in our optimizations. Our results show efficiency benchmars

Improved Image Contrast Enhancement Based on Local Standard Deviation and Compared with Other Algorithms

An adaptive contrast enhancement (ACE) algorithm is presented in this paper, in which the contrast gain is determined by mapping the local standard deviation (LSD) histogram of an image to a Gaussian distribution function. The contrast gain is nonlinearly adjusted to avoid noise overenhancement and ringing artifacts while improving the detail contrast with less computational burden. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated with radiological images and compared with other algorithms.

How to impute study-specific standard deviations in metaanalyses of skewed continuous endpoints?

AIM: To compare four methods to approximate mean and standard deviation(SD) when only medians and interquartile ranges are provided.METHODS: We performed simulated meta-analyses on six datasets of 15, 30, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 trials, respectively. Subjects were iteratively generated from one of the following seven scenarios: five theoretical continuous distributions [Normal, Normal(0, 1), Gamma, Exponential, and Bimodal] and two real-life distributions of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay. For each simulation, we calculated the pooled estimates assembling the study-specific medians and SD approximations: Conservative SD, less conservative SD, mean SD, or interquartile range. We provided a graphical evaluation of the standardized differences.To show which imputation method produced the best estimate, we ranked those differences and calculated the rate at which each estimate appeared as the best, second-best, third-best, or fourth-best.RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the best pooled estimate for the overall mean and SD was provided by the median and interquartile range(mean standardized estimates: 4.5 ± 2.2, P = 0.14) or by the median and the SD conservative estimate(mean standardized estimates: 4.5 ± 3.5, P = 0.13). The less conservative approximation of SD appeared to be the worst method, exhibiting a significant difference from the reference method at the 90% confidence level. The method that ranked first most frequently is the interquartile range method(23/42 = 55%), particularly when data were generated according to the Standard Normal, Gamma, and Exponential distributions. The second-best is the conservative SD method(15/42 = 36%), particularly for data from a bimodal distribution and for the intensive care unit stay variable. CONCLUSION: Meta-analytic estimates are not significantly affected by approximating the missing values of mean and SD with the correspondent values for median and interquartile range.

河西走廊2000—2020年农业碳排放时空特征及其影响因素

农业是一个较为复杂的温室气体源/汇系统,不同区域、不同种养情况导致农业系统呈现碳源或碳汇两种情况。分析农业系统中碳排放特征及其影响因素,对实现农业绿色发展具有重要的意义,也为推动实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标提供数据依据。本研究以河西走廊为例,测算了2000—2020年河西走廊地区20个县市的农业碳排放量,并分析了农业碳排放时空特征及其影响因素。结果显示:2000—2020年河西走廊地区农业碳排放呈现缓慢上升状态。农业碳排放量最大的区域为凉州区和甘州区,占河西走廊地区农业碳排放总量的31.74%。从种植业与养殖业来看,河西走廊地区种植业为碳汇,碳吸收量达1.41×10^(8)t,养殖业为碳源,碳排放量达4.17×10^(7)t。2000—2020年河西走廊地区农业净碳排放量呈现起伏变化,但总体呈下降趋势,农业系统向碳汇转变。在种植业中对农业碳排放影响最大的因子为种植规模,在规模稳定发展区域影响最大的因素为机械化程度,在规模较小的区域主要影响因素为农村用电量;在养殖业中对规模较大区域和养殖业占比较高区域影响最大的因素为养殖规模,关联度在0.90以上。2000—2020年河西走廊地区农业碳排放强度表现为从随机分布到显著聚集的过程,农业碳排放重心缓慢向东南方向转移,但仅在张掖市内迁移。

2000—2020年中国地下水开采时空演变特征

采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、重心模型和标准差椭圆法研究了2000—2020年我国地下水开采时间变化特征、空间分布特征和重心迁移过程。结果表明:2000—2020年我国地下水开采量呈现波动性减少趋势,年均递减率为0.83%;华北地区在严格的地下水开采管理、地下水超采综合治理和南水北调工程共同作用下,地下水开采量得以压减,东北地区和西北地区由于黑龙江、新疆农业经济发展,地下水开采量明显增加;我国地下水开采重心主要分布在河北、山西和内蒙古交界处,有向西北方向偏移的趋势,地下水开采空间分布格局由东北—西南方向逐渐偏转为东—西方向,方向性趋势也更为明显。

Perceptual Gradient Similarity Deviation for Full Reference Image Quality Assessment

Perceptual image quality assessment(IQA)is one of the most indispensable yet challenging problems in image processing and computer vision.It is quite necessary to develop automatic and efficient approaches that can accurately predict perceptual image quality consistently with human subjective evaluation.To further improve the prediction accuracy for the distortion of color images,in this paper,we propose a novel effective and efficient IQA model,called perceptual gradient similarity deviation(PGSD).Based on the gradient magnitude similarity,we proposed a gradient direction selection method to automatically determine the pixel-wise perceptual gradient.The luminance and chrominance channels are both took into account to characterize the quality degradation caused by intensity and color distortions.Finally,a multi-scale strategy is utilized and pooled with different weights to incorporate image details at different resolutions.Experimental results on LIVE,CSIQ and TID2013 databases demonstrate the superior performances of the proposed algorithm.

2000—2020年郑州市土地利用状态时空变化特征

以GlobeLand 30数据集、郑州市社会经济数据为基础数据,利用ArcGIS 10.7和SPSS进行统计分析,采用土地利用转移矩阵、标准差椭圆、热点分析、主成分分析等方法分析郑州市2000—2020年土地利用类型的时空变化特征以及土地利用转化的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,郑州市建设用地和耕地面积波动量最大,分别增加19.54%和减少18.67%;(2)郑州市土地利用变化以东北—西南为主轴发生倾斜,且土地利用呈现向更大区域扩张的趋势;(3)郑州市土地利用空间变化热点区域集中在郑州市的中心区域,冷点区域集中在西部和东部;(4)人口因素和经济因素是郑州市土地利用转化的主要驱动因素。

The Non-standard Characteristics of Functional SpacesK(X) and C_0(X)

In this paper,the non standard characteristics of functional spaces K(X) and C 0(X) are presented and proved.

2000-2019年中国航空客运格局演变及其影响因素研究

基于2000—2019年的全国机场区位、旅客及地区经济等数据,考虑航空运输需求和供给的差异,采用标准差椭圆方法对比分析了全国航空客运和机场格局演变特征,并探究了地区层面航空客运格局演变特征,通过空间格局相似性分析方法,识别了中国航空客运空间格局演变的影响因素。研究发现:①2000—2019年,中国航空客运格局表现出空间扩张和向西北方向移动的趋势,相较于中国民用机场格局,空间集聚特征显著,主要分布于中国东部和中部地区。②中部、西部和东北地区的航空客运演化对全国航空客运空间格局的扩张和重心北移具有促进作用,而东部地区起了一定抑制作用。③中国航空客运格局演变主要受旅游、经济、收入、规模等因素影响,但航空客运格局相较于影响因素的格局呈偏南分布,表明航空客运格局仍有较大的优化发展空间。最后,依据研究结果提出了促进航空客运健康发展的建议。