Optimum Density of Standings and Schemes of Tomato Plants Placement in Uzbekistan

This article reports the results of researches by definition of optimum schemes of accommodation and density standings of tomatoes in 2009-2011 in conditions of Tashkent area of Republic Uzbekistan. Experiences were spent with domestic sorts Uzbekistan and Shark Yulduzi. The following schemes of accommodation and plants of density standing were tested： 70×30 cm and 90×23 cm at density of standing of 47,619 plants/hectares; 70×35 cm and 90×27 cm, 40,816 plants/hectares; 70×40 cm and 90×31 cm, 35,774 plants/hectares. The area of one plant feeding was 0.21, 0.245 and 0.28 ms. Schemes of accommodation and the area of plant feeding within the limits of the tested parameters do not render essential effect upon speed of plant development. Some acceleration （for 1-2 days） introductions into flowering are noted only at increase in the area of plant feeding with 0.21 ms up to 0.28 m^2. It was established that granting to plants of the greater feeding area as due to increase in distance between plants in the lines, and increases in row width strengthens growth of an elevated vegetative part of plants, especially due to increase amount of lateral branches. The greatest general and commodity harvest and the largest fruits sort ＂Uzbekistan＂ forms at density of standing in 40,816 plants/hectares, at schemes 90×27 cm and 70×35 cm, and more compact sort ＂Shark Yulduzi＂ at density of standing of 47,619 plants/hectares and the scheme 90×23 cm.

Impact of cattle density on the structure and natural regeneration of a turkey oak stand on an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy

On an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy where Maremmana cattle graze in Turkey oak forests,we evaluated the impact of different livestock densities on stand structure,tree diversity and natural regeneration in four types of grazed areas based on the grazing regime adopted:calf-grazed,high-intensity-grazed,low-intensity-grazed,ungrazed control.For each area,we set up three permanent circular plots(radius of 15 m)to survey the structural and dasometric characteristics of the overstorey,understorey,and regeneration layer.The results showed that grazing negatively affected the complexity of the forest structure and its potential to regenerate and maintain a high level of biodiversity.The differences in stand structure observed between the grazing areas were closely related to livestock density.The most sensitive components of the system were the understorey and the regeneration layers.Contrarily,the current grazing management did not affect the dominant tree structure or its composition.Our findings identified medium-term monitoring and regeneration management as the two significant aspects to consider when assessing sustainable livestock.New forests can be established by excluding graz-ing for about 20–25 years.

Soil properties and not plant factors affect both abundant and rare microbial taxa after thinning in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu

Thinning is an effective management step for sustainable forest development,yet less attention is paid to the restoration of soil microbiota after thinning.In this study,both abundant and rare soil microbial communities(i.e.,bacterial,fungal),were evaluated under various thinning treatments in a mixed stand of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tzumu using Mi Seq sequencing.Thinning did not significantly change either abundant or rare bacterial and fungal community composition,but affected their alpha diversity.The Shannon–Wiener indexes of rare fungal taxa under medium thinning were significantly lower than in the light thinning(P<0.05 level).Xanthobacteraceae dominated the abundant bacterial taxa,and Saitozyma and Mortierlla the abundant fungal taxa.The most common rare bacterial taxa varied;there was no prevalent rare fungal taxa under different thinnings.In addition,soil available nitrogen,total phosphorus,and p H had significant effects on rare bacterial taxa.Nutrients,especially available phosphorus,but not nitrogen,affected abundant and rare soil fungi.The results indicate that soil properties rather than plant factors affect abundant and rare microbial communities in soils of mixed stands.Thinning,through mediating soil properties,influences both abundant and rare bacterial and fungal communities in the mixed C.lanceolata and S.tzumu stand.

Afforestation with an age-sequence of Mongolian pine plantation promotes soil microbial residue accumulation in the Horqin Sandy Land, China

Land use change affects the balance of organic carbon(C)reserves and the global C cycle.Microbial residues are essential constituents of stable soil organic C(SOC).However,it remains unclear how microbial residue changes over time following afforestation.In this study,16-,23-,52-,and 62-year-old Mongolian pine stands and 16-year-old cropland were studied in the Horqin Sandy Land,China.We analyzed changes in SOC,amino sugar content,and microbial parameters to assess how microbial communities influence soil C transformation and preservation.The results showed that SOC storage increased with stand age in the early stage of afforestation but remained unchanged at about 1.27-1.29 kg/m2 after 52 a.Moreover,there were consistent increases in amino sugars and microbial residues with increasing stand age.As stand age increased from 16 to 62 a,soil pH decreased from 6.84 to 5.71,and the concentration of total amino sugars increased from 178.53 to 509.99 mg/kg.A significant negative correlation between soil pH and the concentration of specific and total amino sugars was observed,indicating that the effects of soil acidification promote amino sugar stabilization during afforestation.In contrast to the Mongolian pine plantation of the same age,the cropland accumulated more SOC and microbial residues because of fertilizer application.Across Mongolian pine plantation with different ages,there was no significant change in calculated contribution of bacterial or fungal residues to SOC,suggesting that fungi were consistently the dominant contributors to SOC with increasing time.Our results indicate that afforestation in the Horqin Sandy Land promotes efficient microbial growth and residue accumulation in SOC stocks and has a consistent positive impact on SOC persistence.

What diameter?What height?Influence of measures of average tree size on area-based allometric volume relationships

Volume is an important attribute used in many forest management decisions.Data from 83 fixed-area plots located in central New Brunswick,Canada,are used to examine how different measures of stand-level diameter and height influence volume prediction using a stand-level variant of Honer's(1967)volume equation.When density was included in the models(Volume=f(Diameter,Height,Density))choice of diameter measure was more important than choice of height measure.When density was not included(Volume=f(Diameter,Height)),the opposite was true.For models with density included,moment-based estimators of stand diameter and height performed better than all other measures.For models without density,largest tree estimators of stand diameter and height performed better than other measures.The overall best equation used quadratic mean diameter,Lorey's height,and density(root mean square error=5.26 m^3·ha^(-1);1.9%relative error).The best equation without density used mean diameter of the largest trees needed to calculate a stand density index of 400 and the mean height of the tallest 400 trees per ha(root mean square error=32.08 m^(3)·ha^(-1);11.8%relative error).The results of this study have some important implications for height subsampling and LiDAR-derived forest inventory analyses.

Tree species identity and interaction determine vertical forest structure in young planted forests measured by terrestrial laser scanning

Vertical forest structure is closely linked to multiple ecosystem characteristics,such as biodiversity,habitat,and productivity.Mixing tree species in planted forests has the potential to create diverse vertical forest structures due to the different physiological and morphological traits of the composing tree species.However,the relative importance of species richness,species identity and species interactions for the variation in vertical forest structure remains unclear,mainly because traditional forest inventories do not observe vertical stand structure in detail.Terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),however,allows to study vertical forest structure in an unprecedented way.Therefore,we used TLS single scan data from 126 plots across three experimental planted forests of a largescale tree diversity experiment in Belgium to study the drivers of vertical forest structure.These plots were 9–11years old young pure and mixed forests,characterized by four levels of tree species richness ranging from monocultures to four-species mixtures,across twenty composition levels.We generated vertical plant profiles from the TLS data and derived six stand structural variables.Linear mixed models were used to test the effect of species richness on structural variables.Employing a hierarchical diversity interaction modelling framework,we further assessed species identity effect and various species interaction effects on the six stand structural variables.Our results showed that species richness did not significantly influence most of the stand structure variables,except for canopy height and foliage height diversity.Species identity on the other hand exhibited a significant impact on vertical forest structure across all sites.Species interaction effects were observed to be site-dependent due to varying site conditions and species pools,and rapidly growing tree species tend to dominate these interactions.Overall,our results highlighted the importance of considering both species identity and interaction effects in choosing suitable species combinations for forest management practices aimed at enhancing vertical forest structure.

Study on Free-Standing Riser Under Different Working Conditions Based on 3D Co-Rotational Beam Element

When the free standing riser(FSR)is in service in the ocean,its mechanical properties are affected by various factors,including complex ocean current forces,buoyancy of the buoyancy can,and torque caused by the deflection of the upper floating body.These loads have a great influence on the deformation and internal force of the FSR.The static performance of FSR is investigated in this research under various working conditions.The finite element model of FSR is established based on the co-rotational method.The arc length approach is used to solve the model.The load is exerted in increments.The current load on the riser changes with the configuration of the riser.The accuracy of the numerical method is verified by Abaqus software.The calculation time is also compared.Then,the effects of uniform current,actual current and floating body yaw motion on FSR are studied by parameter analysis.Additionally,the influence of the FSR on the ocean current after the failure of part of the buoyancy can chamber is analyzed.The results show that the numerical model based on the co-rotational method can effectively simulate the large rotation and torsion behavior of FSR.This method has high computational efficiency and precision,and this method can quickly improve the efficiency of numerical calculation of static analysis of deep-water riser.The proposed technology may serve as an alternative to the existing proprietary commercial software,which uses a complex graphical user interface.

The effects of data aggregation on long-term projections of forest stands development

Forest management planning often relies on Airborne Laser Scanning(ALS)-based Forest Management Inventories(FMIs)for sustainable and efficient decision-making.Employing the area-based(ABA)approach,these inventories estimate forest characteristics for grid cell areas(pixels),which are then usually summarized at the stand level.Using the ALS-based high-resolution Norwegian Forest Resource Maps(16 m×16 m pixel resolution)alongside with stand-level growth and yield models,this study explores the impact of three levels of pixel aggregation(standlevel,stand-level with species strata,and pixel-level)on projected stand development.The results indicate significant differences in the projected outputs based on the aggregation level.Notably,the most substantial difference in estimated volume occurred between stand-level and pixel-level aggregation,ranging from-301 to+253 m^(3)·ha^(-1)for single stands.The differences were,on average,higher for broadleaves than for spruce and pine dominated stands,and for mixed stands and stands with higher variability than for pure and homogenous stands.In conclusion,this research underscores the critical role of input data resolution in forest planning and management,emphasizing the need for improved data collection practices to ensure sustainable forest management.

Assessing cutter-rock interaction during TBM tunnelling in granite:Large-scale standing rotary cutting tests and 3D DEM simulations

The widespread utilisation of tunnel boring machines(TBMs)in underground construction engineering requires a detailed investigation of the cutter-rock interaction.In this paper,we conduct a series of largescale standing rotary cutting tests on granite in conjunction with high-fidelity numerical simulations based on a particle-type discrete element method(DEM)to explore the effects of key cutting parameters on the TBM cutter performance and the distribution of cutter-rock contact stresses.The assessment results of cutter performance obtained from the cutting tests and numerical simulations reveal similar dependencies on the key cutting parameters.More specifically,the normal and rolling forces exhibit a positive correlation with penetration but are slightly influenced by the cutting radius.In contrast,the side force decreases as the cutting radius increases.Additionally,the side force shows a positive relationship with the penetration for smaller cutting radii but tends to become negative as the cutting radius increases.The cutter's relative effectiveness in rock breaking is significantly impacted by the penetration but shows little dependency on the cutting radius.Consequently,an optimal penetration is identified,leading to a low boreability index and specific energy.A combined Hertz-Weibull function is developed to fit the cutter-rock contact stress distribution obtained in DEM simulations,whereby an improved CSM(Colorado School of Mines)model is proposed by replacing the original monotonic cutting force distribution with this combined Hertz-Weibull model.The proposed model outperforms the original CSM model as demonstrated by a comparison of the estimated cutting forces with those from the tests/simulations.The findings from this work that advance our understanding of TBM cutter performance have important implications for improving the efficiency and reliability of TBM tunnelling in granite.

Gravitation and the Unified Nature of All Kinds of Motion in Non-Empty Space (Part 1)

The presented work examines the mechanism and conditions of self-motion in bodies as systems of interacting elements. It is shown how the oscillation parameters of these elements determine the mode of motion of the system (body). In this case, the motion is considered as a consequence of symmetry breaking of forces in the systems themselves, and not as a reaction of individual elements to external influences. It is shown that such a violation takes place both in the gravitational field and when the system moves by inertia. Examples of the influence of changes in phase (φ) and frequency (f) parameters of the system elements on the velocity mode of its motion in space are considered. The identity of the causes of self-motion is revealed both in the case of gravitation and inertial motion.

Runoff Characteristics of Different Stands in Dongjiang Lake Reservoir Area

Different forest stands in the Dongjiang Lake Reservoir area of Zixing were selected as the research objects to study the characteristics of runoff generation in different forest stands.The results showed that there was no significant difference in annual runoff among M3,M1,and M5,and no significant difference between each forest stand and the control.The order was M3(22.75 mm)>M1(21.77 mm)>M5(20.14 mm).Forest vegetation generates less runoff through vegetation restoration compared to the control,indicating that forest vegetation reconstruction and restoration are beneficial for soil and water conservation.

Simulation of Haloxylon Ammodendron Stand Basic Diameter Structure Based on Fuzzy Distribution Function

Based on the investigation data of 12 Haloxylon ammodendron plots in the south edge of Gurbantunggut Desert, Fuzzy distribution was introduced into the study of Haloxylon ammodendron base diameter structure fitting according to the consistency between the characteristics of Fuzzy distribution function and the distribution series of cumulative percentage of stand base diameter, and the fitting precision and effect of Fuzzy distribution function were discussed. The root mean square error RMSE and determination coefficient R2 values showed that Fuzzy-Γ1, Fuzzy-Γ2, Fuzzy-Γ3, Fuzzy-Γ4 had good fitting performance, among which Fuzzy-Γ1 had relatively high fitting precision, and its parameters were closely related to stand age and density, Fuzzy-Γ2 distribution function was the second, and Fuzzy-Γ4 distribution function had the worst fitting effect. By introducing a parameter c from the similarity of four distribution function formulas, a generalized Fuzzy distribution function Fuzzy-Γ5 is obtained. This function shows the highest fitting accuracy. Most of the values of parameter c are near 1 or 2, which shows that the diameter distribution is mainly approximate to Fuzzy-Γ1 and Fuzzy-Γ2.

Fabrication of Free Standing Nanocellulose Film via Spray Coating and its Biomedical Application: A Review

Spraying nanocellulose onto films provides a quick and scalable way to create free-standing films with exceptional consistency and customizable thickness. This method increases the application of nanocellulose films in various industries and satisfies the requirements of large-scale production. In the field of biomedicine, spray-coated free-standing nanocellulose films hold great promise for applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, device coatings, and biosensing. They are excellent nanomaterials for a variety of biomedical applications due to their special qualities, including biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, porous structure, large surface area, and adaptability. This paper reviewed the detailed exposure of the spray coating process of nanocellulose suspension onto free- standing films and its biomedical applications.

坚持不懈的旅程

如何在逆境中坚持不懈,将失败转化为通往成功的阶梯?让我们一起到文章中寻找答案!Life is like a big picture, and every part of it stands for a choice, a hard time,or a win. Making your own way isn't just about getting where you want to go;it's about keeping on trying, even when things get tough.

Effects of Standing Time during Pretreatment on the Nitrite Concentration Detected by Spectrophotometric Method

Food safety problems caused by excessive nitrite addition have been frequently reported and the detection of nitrite in food is particularly important. The standing time during the pretreatment of primary sample has a great influence on the concentration of nitrite tested by spectrophotometric method. In this context, three kinds of food samples are prepared, including canned mustard, canned fish and home-made pickled water. A series of standing times are placed during the sample pretreatments and the corresponding nitrite contents in these samples are detected by spectrophotometric method based on N-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. This study aims to find out a reasonable standing time during the pretreatment of food sample, providing influence factor for precise detection of nitrite.

Between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.

Existence and Stability of Standing Waves for the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Combined Nonlinearities and a Partial Harmonic Potential

In this paper, we study the existence of standing waves for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with combined power-type nonlinearities and a partial harmonic potential. In the L2-supercritical case, we obtain the existence and stability of standing waves. Our results are complements to the results of Carles and Il’yasov’s artical, where orbital stability of standing waves have been studied for the 2D Schrödinger equation with combined nonlinearities and harmonic potential.

Plant functional trait diversity and structural diversity co-underpin ecosystem multifunctionality in subtropical forests

Tree species diversity is assumed to be an important component in managing forest ecosystems because of effects on multiple functions or ecosystem multifunctionality.However,the importance of tree diversity in determining multifunctionality in structurally complex subtropical forests relative to other regulators(e.g.,soil microbial diversity,stand structure,and environmental conditions)remains uncertain.In this study,effects of aboveground(species richness and functional and structural diversity)and belowground(bacterial and fungal diversity)biodiversity,functional composition(community-weighted means of species traits),stand structure(diameter at breast height and stand density),and soil factors(pH and bulk density)on multifunctionality(including biomass production,carbon stock,and nutrient cycling)were examined along a tree diversity gradient in subtropical forests.The community-weighted mean of tree maximum height was the best predictor of ecosystem multifunctionality.Functional diversity explained a higher proportion of the variation in multifunctionality than that of species richness and fungal diversity.Stand structure-played an important role in modulating the effects of tree diversity on multifunctionality.The work highlights that species composition and maximizing forest structural complexity are effective strategies to increase forest multifunctionality while also conserving biodiversity in the management of multifunctional forests under global environmental changes.

Soil respiration in a natural forest and a plantation during a dry period in the Philippines

Climate change is forecast to increase the frequency of extreme hot temperatures and dryer days and is anticipated to have profound impacts on the global carbon budget.Droughts are expected to alter soil respiration(R_(s))rates,but the scarcity of data preclude a reliable estimate of this response and its future trajectory.A field experiment using an automated soil respiration machinery(LI-8100A)was conducted in a natural forest and a plantation during a dry period in the Philippines,with the goal of quantifying Rsrates and their relationship with soil temperature and moisture,and air temperature.The natural forest(5.81μmol m^(-2)s^(-1))exhibited significantly higher Rsrates(p<0.0001)compared with the plantation(1.82μmol m^(-2)s^(-1))and control(3.23μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)).Rsrates showed significant negative relationships with air(-0.71)and soil temperatures(-0.62),indicating that as temperatures increase,the R_(s)rates decrease.In contrast,the R_(s)rates exhibited a significant positive relationship with soil moisture(0.65).Although the low R_(s)rates in the plantation and high Rsrates in the natural forest are indicators of sensitivities of these two types of tropical forests to warm,dry soil,this observation is only conclusive during the dry period,but not necessarily during wet periods.Further studies are needed to determine the trend of Rsrates during wet periods,considering different site conditions and types of vegetation.