Estimating the Metallicity of Old Star Clusters in M33

Based on the method proposed by Kong et al. and on the multi-color spectrophotometry by Ma et al., we estimate the metallicities of 16 old star clusters in the nearby spiral galaxy M33, ten of which are halo globular clusters. These old clusters are all metal poor, the range of metallicity ([Fe/H]) is from-0.14 to-2.12. In general, our results are consistent with those derived by other methods, such as integrated spectra and photometry, and our study confirms the reliability of the method of Kong et al.

Positions and Spectral Energy Distributions of 41 Star Clusters in M33

We present accurate positions and multi-color photometry for 41 starclusters detected by Melnick & D'odorico in the nearby spiral galaxy M33 as a partof the BATC Color Survey of the sky in 13 intermediate-band filters from 3800to 10000A. The coordinates of the clusters are found from the HST Guide StarCatalog. By aperture photometry, we obtain the spectral energy distributions ofthe clusters. Using the relations between the BATC intermediate-band system andUBVRI broadband system, we derive their V magnitudes and B - V colors andfind that most of them are blue, which is consistent with previous findings.

Age and Mass Estimates for 41 Star Clusters in M33

In this second paper of our. series, we estimate the age of 41 star clusters,which were detected by Melnick & D'odorico in the nearby spiral galaxy M33, by comparing the integrated photometric measurements with theoretical stellar population synthesis models of Bruzual & Charlot. Also, we calculate the mass of these star clusters using the theoretical M/Lv ratio. The results show that, these star clusters formed continuously in M33 from ～ 7 × 106 - 1010 years and have masses between ～ 103 and 2 × 106 M . M33 frames were observed as a part of the BATC Multicolor Survey of the sky in 13 intermediate-band filters from 3800 to 10 000A.The relation between age and mass confirms that the sample star cluster masses systematically decrease from the oldest to the youngest.

The NGC 7742 star cluster luminosity function： a population analysis revisited

We re-examine the properties of the star cluster population in the circumnuclear starburst ring in the face-on spiral galaxy NGC 7742, whose young cluster mass function has been reported to exhibit significant deviations from the canonical power law. We base our reassessment on the clusters' luminosities(an observational quantity) rather than their masses(a derived quantity), and confirm conclusively that the galaxy's starburst-ring clusters—and particularly the youngest subsample, log(t yr^(-1)) ≤ 7.2—show evidence of a turnover in the cluster luminosity function well above the 90% completeness limit adopted to ensure the reliability of our results. This confirmation emphasizes the unique conundrum posed by this unusual cluster population.

The Long-term Survival Chances of Young Massive Star Clusters

We review the long-term survival chances of young massive star clusters (YMCs), hallmarks of intense starburst episodes often associated with violent galaxy interactions. We address the key question as to whether at least some of these YMCs can be considered proto- globular clusters (GCs), in which case these would be expected to evolve into counterparts of the ubiquitous old GCs believed to be among the oldest galactic building blocks. In the absence of significant external perturbations, the key factor determining a cluster's long-term survival chances is the shape of its stellar initial mass function (IMF). It is, however, not straightforward to assess the IMF shape in unresolved extragalactic YMCs. We discuss in detail the promise of using high-resolution spectroscopy to make progress towards this goal, as well as the numerous pitfalls associated with this approach. We also discuss the latest progress in worldwide efforts to better understand the evolution of entire cluster systems, the disruption processes they are affected by, and whether we can use recently gained insights to determine the nature of at least some of the YMCs observed in extragalactic starbursts as proto-GCs. We conclude that there is an increasing body of evidence that GC formation appears to be continuing until today; their long-term evolution crucially depends on their environmental conditions, however.

Candidate members of star clusters from LAMOST DR2

In this work, we provide 2189 photometrically- and kinematically-selected candidate members of 24 star clusters from the LAMOST DR2 catalog. We perform two-step membership identification: selection along the stellar track in the colormagnitude diagram, i.e., photometric identification, and selection from the distribution of radial velocities, i.e. the kinematic identification. We find that the radial velocities from the LAMOST data are very helpful in the membership identification. The mean probability of membership is 40% for the sample selected with radial velocity. With these 24 star clusters, we investigate the performance of the radial velocity and metallicity estimated with the LAMOST pipeline. We find that the systematic offsets in radial velocity and metallicity are 0.85 ± 1.26 km s-1and-0.08 ± 0.04 dex, with dispersions of 5.47+1.16-0.71 km s-1and 0.13+0.04-0.02 dex, respectively. Finally, we propose that the photometrically-selected candidate members of the clusters covered by the LAMOST footprint should be assigned higher priority so that more candidate stars can be observed.

Astrophysical parameters of ten poorly studied open star clusters

We present the fundamental parameters of ten open star clusters,nominated from Kronberger et al.who presented some newly discovered stellar groups on the basis of the Two Micron All Sky Survey photometry and Digitized Sky Survey visual images.Star counts and photometric parameters(radius,membership,distance,color excess,age,luminosity function,mass function,total mass,and dynamical relaxation time) have been determined for these ten clusters for the first time.In order to calibrate our procedures,the main parameters(distance,age,and color excess) have been reestimated for another five clusters,which are also studied by Kronberger et al.

Stellar populations in star clusters

Stellar populations contain the most important information about star cluster formation and evolution. Until several decades ago, star clusters were believed to be ideal laboratories for studies of simple stellar populations(SSPs). However, discoveries of multiple stellar populations in Galactic globular clusters have expanded our view on stellar populations in star clusters. They have simultaneously generated a number of controversies, particularly as to whether young star clusters may have the same origin as old globular clusters. In addition, extensive studies have revealed that the SSP scenario does not seem to hold for some intermediate-age and young star clusters either, thus making the origin of multiple stellar populations in star clusters even more complicated. Stellar population anomalies in numerous star clusters are well-documented, implying that the notion of star clusters as true SSPs faces serious challenges. In this review, we focus on stellar populations in massive clusters with different ages. We present the history and progress of research in this active field, as well as some of the most recent improvements, including observational results and scenarios that have been proposed to explain the observations. Although our current ability to determine the origin of multiple stellar populations in star clusters is unsatisfactory, we propose a number of promising projects that may contribute to a significantly improved understanding of this subject.

LISC Catalog of Open ClustersⅢ.83 Newly Found Galactic Disk Open Clusters Using Gaia EDR3

As groups of coeval stars born from the same molecular cloud,an open cluster(OC)is an ideal laboratory for studying the structure and dynamical evolution of the Milky Way.The release of high-precision Gaia Early Data Release 3(Gaia EDR3)and modern machine-learning methods offer unprecedented opportunities to identify OCs.In this study,we extended conventional HDBSCAN(e-HDBSCAN)for searching for new OCs in Gaia EDR3.A pipeline was developed based on the parallel computing technique to blindly search for OCs from Gaia EDR3within Galactic latitudes∣b∣<25°.As a result,we obtained 3787 star clusters,of which 83 new OCs were reported after cross-match and visual inspection.At the same time,the main star cluster parameters are estimated by color-magnitude diagram fitting.The study significantly increases the sample size and physical parameters of OCs in the catalog of OCs.It shows the incompleteness of the census of OCs across our Galaxy.

A study of variable stars in the open cluster NGC 1582 and its surrounding field

This paper presents Charge-Coupled Device time-series photometric observations of the open cluster NGC 1582 and its surrounding field with Johnson B,V and R filters by using the Nanshan 1 m telescope administered by Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory.19 variable stars and three variable candidates were detected in a 45′×48.75′ field around the cluster.12 of the variable stars are newly-discovered variable objects.The physical properties,classifications and memberships of these 22 objects are studied through their light curves,their positions on the color-magnitude diagram and with archival data from the Naval Observatory Merged Astrometric Dataset.Among these objects,five are eclipsing binary systems,six are pulsating variable stars including one known S Scuti star and one newly-discovered RR Lyrae star.The distance to the RR Lyrae star is estimated to be 7.9 ± 0.3 kpc,indicating that the star is located far behind the cluster.Four variable stars are probable members of the cluster,and 13 of the 22 objects are confirmed to be field stars.

Studies of a possible new Herbig Ae/Be star in the open cluster NGC 7380

We present a study of the star 2MASS J22472238+5801214 with the aim of identifying its true nature which has hitherto been uncertain.This object,which is a member of the young cluster NGC 7380,has been variously proposed to be a Be star,a D-type symbiotic and a Herbig Ae/Be star in separate studies.Here we present optical spectroscopy,near-IR photometry and narrow band Hα imaging of the nebulosity in its environment.Analysis of all these results,including the spectral energy distribution constructed from available data,strongly indicate the source to be a Herbig Ae/Be star.The star is found to be accompanied by a nebulosity with an interesting structure.A bow-shock shaped structure,similar to a cometary nebula,is seen very close to the star with its apex oriented towards the photoionizing source of this region (i.e.the star DH Cep).An interesting spectroscopic finding,from the forbidden [SII] 6716,6731  and [OI] 6300  lines,is the detection of a blue-shifted high velocity outflow (200 ±50 km s-1) from the star.

Variable stars in the open cluster NGC 2141

We report the results of a search for variable stars in the open cluster NGC 2141. Ten variable stars are detected, among which nine are new variable stars and they are classified as three short-period W UMa-type eclipsing binaries, two EAtype eclipsing binaries, one EB-type eclipsing binary, one very short-period RS CVntype eclipsing binary, one d-type RR Lyrae variable star, and one unknown type of variable star. The membership and physical properties are discussed, based on their light curves, positions in the color magnitude diagrams, spatial locations and periods.A known EB-type eclipsing binary is also identified as a blue straggler candidate in the cluster. Furthermore, we find that all eclipsing contact binaries have prominent asymmetric eclipses and display the O'Connell effect, which increases with a decrease in orbital periods. This suggests that the O'Connell effect is probably related to the evolution of the orbital period in short period eclipsing binary systems.

Discovery of 13 New Variable Stars in the Field of the Open Cluster NGC 2168 (M35)

A wide-field time-series CCD photometric survey of variable stars in the field of the open cluster NGC 2168 was carried out using the BATC Schmidt telescope. In total 13 new variable stars are discovered with three W UMa systems,one EA type and two EB type eclipsing binaries (one of them could be a W UMa system), and seven pulsating stars including three candidates of δ Scuti stars.

Variable stars in the field of open cluster NGC 2126

We report the results of a time-series CCD photometric survey of variable stars in the field of open cluster NGC 2126. In about a one square degree field covering the cluster,a total of 21 variable candidates are detected during this survey,of which 16 are newly found. The periods,classifications and spectral types of 14 newly discovered variables are discussed,which consist of six eclipsing binary systems,three pulsating variable stars,three long period variables,one RS CVn star,and one W UMa or δ Scuti star. In addition,there are two variable candidates,the properties of which cannot be determined. By a method based on fitting observed spectral energy distributions of stars with theoretical ones,the membership probabilities and the fundamental parameters of this cluster are determined. As a result,five variables are probably members of NGC 2126. The fundamental parameters of this cluster are determined as: metallicity to be 0.008Z , age log(t) = 8.95,distance modulus (m M)0 = 10.34 and reddening value E(B V ) = 0.55 mag.

Binary star detection in the open cluster King 1 field

A rarely studied open cluster,King 1 is observed using the 1.3-m telescope equipped with a 2 k×4 k CCD at Vainu Bappu Observatory,India.We analyze the photometric data obtained from CCD observations in both B and V bands.Out of 132 detected stars in the open cluster King 1 field,we have identified four stellar variables,and two among them are reported as newly detected binary systems.The parallax values from Gaia DR2 suggest that the open cluster King 1 is in the background of these two detected binary systems,falling along the same line of sight,giving rise to different parallax values.Periodogram analysis was carried out using Phase Dispersion Minimization(PDM)and the Lomb-Scargle(LS)method for all the detected variables.PHysics Of Eclipsing Binari Es(PHOEBE)is extensively employed to model various stellar parameters of both the detected binary systems.Based on the modeling results obtained from this work,one of the binary systems is reported for the first time as an Eclipsing Detached(ED)and the other as an Eclipsing Contact(EC)binary of W-type W UMa.

Searching for Variable Stars in and around Open Clusters

We present a snapshot of our recent results of a variable star survey in1 degree fields around three open clusters: NGC 188, NGC 7789 and M67. A totalnumber of 39 variable stars are newly discovered, including 22 W UMa stars, 10EA (Algol) type binaries, one RR-lyr and one RRd pulsator, and five unclassifiedvariables.

p-capture reaction cycles in rotating massive stars and their impact on elemental abundances in globular cluster stars: A case study of O, Na and Al

Elemental abundance patterns of globular cluster stars can provide important clues for understanding cluster formation and early chemical evolution.The origin of the abundance patterns,however,still remains poorly understood.We have studied the impact of p-capture reaction cycles on the abundances of oxygen,sodium and aluminium considering nuclear reaction cycles of carbon-nitrogenoxygen-fluorine,neon-sodium and magnesium-aluminium in massive stars in stellar conditions of temperature range 2×10~7 to 10×10~7K and typical density of 10~2gm cc^(-1).We have estimated abundances of oxygen,sodium and aluminium with respect to Fe,which are then assumed to be ejected from those stars because of rotation reaching a critical limit.These ejected abundances of elements are then compared with their counterparts that have been observed in some metal-poor evolved stars,mainly giants and red giants,of globular clusters M3,M4,M13 and NGC 6752.We observe an excellent agreement with[O/Fe]between the estimated and observed abundance values for globular clusters M3 and M4 with a correlation coefficient above 0.9 and a strong linear correlation for the remaining two clusters with a correlation coefficient above 0.7.The estimated[Na/Fe]is found to have a correlation coefficient above 0.7,thus implying a strong correlation for all four globular clusters.As far as[Al/Fe]is concerned,it also shows a strong correlation between the estimated abundance and the observed abundance for globular clusters M13 and NGC 6752,since here also the correlation coefficient is above 0.7 whereas for globular cluster M4 there is a moderate correlation found with a correlation coefficient above 0.6.Possible sources of these discrepancies are discussed.

星型区块链架构的TKM分片算法

区块链系统的通量严重不足,而解决此问题最有效的一类方案是并行化处理,并行化方案主要为星型架构,当前星型架构对系统中节点的分片方式多为账户随机分片,这种分片方式的系统通量仍然不足。针对此问题,提出了一种基于星型结构的TKM分片算法,该算法将原始K-means聚类算法进行改进,并运用在节点分片上。TKM分片算法将聚类算法与区块链的网络分片技术相结合,使节点根据地理位置进行分片,极大提高邻近节点发生的交易为片内交易的概率,从而提高系统通量,同时在原始算法的基础上引入了时间戳,减少了恶意节点的攻击。仿真实验表明该算法与传统的随机分片算法相比,最大系统通量提高了20%。根据上述通量模型,通过实验得出基于TKM算法的星型区块链系统的最优分片数量。

基于因子分析和聚类分析的科创板公司综合评价——来自科创板前50家上市公司的经验证据

文章以首批和第二批上市的前50家科创板公司为样本,通过16项财务指标,采用因子和聚类分析方法对其进行了实证研究和综合评价。提取出四类公共因子,并将全部样本归为四类。最后结合因子和聚类结论,从优先考虑偿债和盈利能力、重视发展能力、适度提升周转能力及关注现金流量等四个方面提出了优化科创板公司综合绩效并提高其竞争力的建议。

A binary study of color-magnitude diagrams of 12 globular clusters

Binary stars are common in star clusters and galaxies, but the detailed effects of binary evolution are not taken into account in some color-magnitude diagram (CMD) studies. This paper studies the CMDs of twelve globular clusters via binarystar stellar populations. The observational CMDs of the star clusters are compared to those of binary-star populations, and then the stellar metallicities, ages, distances and reddenings of these star clusters are obtained. The paper also tests the different effects of binary and single stars on CMD studies. It is shown that binaries can better fit the observational CMDs of the sample globular clusters compared to single stars. This suggests that the effects of binary evolution should be considered when modeling the CMDs and stellar populations of star clusters and galaxies.