Sulfated Sterols Isolated from Starfish Asterias amurensis Lutken

Aim To study the chemical constituents of starfish Asterias amurensis. Methods The constituents were separated and purified by different chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated by MS and NMR. Results Six compounds were isolated from Asterias amurensis Lutken. Their structures were identified as 3β-O-sulfated-cholest-5-en sodium salt （1）, 3β-O-sulfated-6α-ol- pregn-9（ 11 ） -en-20-one sodium salt （ 2 ）, 3β-O-sulfated-6α-ol-cholest-9 （ 11 ） -en-23-one sodium salt （3）, 3β-O-sulfated-6α, 20β-diol-cholest-9 （ 11 ）-en-23-one sodium salt （ 4 ）, 3β-O-sulfated-6α-ol- cholesta-9 （ 11 ）, 20 （ 22 ） -dien-23-one sodium salt （ 5 ）, and 3β-O-sulfated-6ct-ol-ergost-9 （ 11 ） -en-23- one sodium salt （6）. Conclusion Compounds 1 - 6 were obtained from this species for the first time.

Comparison of Lipids in Organs of the Starfish Asterias amurensis Associated with Different Treatments

Lipids were extracted from organs of the starfish Asterias amurens＆ associated with different treatments （raw-control, boiling and heating）, and then analyzed for lipid content, lipid oxidation index, lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Results showed that boiling softened the hard starfish shells, thus facilitating the collection of starfish organs. As compared with raw organs, the boiled organs had lower water content and higher lipid content, possibly due to the loss of water-holding capacity caused by pro- tein denaturation. Both boiling and heating increased the peroxide value （PV）, thiobarbituric acid （TBA） value and carbon value （CV） of lipids. Despite slight increases in the content of complex lipids, associated lipid composition had no substantial variations upon boiling and heating. For simple lipids, the content of 1, 2-diglyceride decreased in boiled and heated organs, with free fatty acids observed on thin layer chromatography （TLC）. However, neither boiling nor heating significantly changed the fatty acid composi- tions of simple or complex lipids in starfish organs, suggesting that these two treatments had no significant effects on complex lipids in starfish organs. Together, our results indicated that boiling of starfish soon after capture facilitated the handling and extraction of useful complex lipids consisting of abundant glucosylceramide and eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA）-bounded phospholipids.

Chemical Constituents from Starfish Asterias rollestoni

Aim To investigate novel bioactive and structural metabolites from marineorganisms. Methods Column chromatography in association with semi-preparative HPLC were used for theisolation of compounds. 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV, and MS were employed for structure elucidation.Results From the butanol fraction of the 95% EtOH extract of the starfish Asterias rollestoni, a newcompound N^7 -2'-deoxypseudoxanthosine (1), along with sixteen known compounds, 2'-0-methyl-inosine(2), 2'-deoxyinosine (3), 2'-0-methylguanosine (4), inosine (5); thymine (6), uracil (7), thymidine(8), deoxyuridine (9), 2'-0-methyluridine (10), ( ― )-(1S, 3S)-1-methyl-1, 2, 3,4-terrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxyl-ic acid (11), ( ― )-(1R, 3S)-1-methyl-1, 2, 3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (12) , ( ― )-(3S)- 1, 2, 3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (13), L-tryptophan (14), L-phenylalanine (15), 3-carboxyindole (16), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (17) , have been isolated. Conclusion Compound 1 is a newnatural product, and compounds 8, 9 and 10 are isolated from natural sources for the first time, andthe known compounds except 14 and 15 are first reported from starfish Asterias rollestoni.

多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对5种双壳贝类的摄食选择性及摄食节律

研究了多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula)、贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)5种双壳贝类的摄食选择性和对栉孔扇贝的摄食节律。结果显示,在有或无日本蟳、刺参等干扰饵料的条件下,多棘海盘车对于5种双壳贝类均可摄食,且表现出明显的摄食选择性。其中,多棘海盘车对菲律宾蛤仔的摄食选择性均显著高于其他4种贝类(P<0.05),分别为5.7、5.0、5.7、5.3、6.0只/d,干扰饵料的加入并没有对多棘海盘车的摄食选择性造成显著影响。同时,采用定时投喂饵料的方式,每隔4 h投喂一次栉孔扇贝,多棘海盘车表现出显著地昼夜摄食节律。其18:00–翌日06:00的摄食量显著高于06:00–18:00的摄食量(P<0.05),分别为60%和40%,多棘海盘车的摄食高峰出现在18:00–22:00,摄食频率达到58%,显著高于其他时段(P<0.05)。

Patterns and Cellular Mechanisms of Arm Regeneration in Adult Starfish Asterias rollestoni Bell

To understand the mechanisms of starfish regeneration, the arms of adult starfish Asterias rollestoni Bell were amputated and their regeneration patterns and cellular mechanisms were studied.It was found that cells in the outer epidermis and inner parietal peritoneum near the end of the stump began to dedifferentiate 4 d after amputation. The dedifferentiated cells in the outer epidermis proliferated,migrated to the wound site and formed a thickened pre-epidermis which would then re-differentiate gradually into ma-ture epidermis.The new parietal peritoneum formed on the coelomic side of wound might be from the curvely elongated parietal peritoneum, resulting from the dedifferentiated and proliferated cells by extension. Afterwards, the proliferated cells made the outer epidermis and inner parietal peritoneum invaginate into the interior dermis and formed blastema-like structures together with induced dedifferentiated dermal cells. Most interestingly, the arm regeneration in A. rollestoni was achieved synchronously by de novo arm-bud formation and growth, and arm-stump elongation. The crucial aspects of arm-bud formation included cell dedifferentiation, proliferation and migration, while those of arm-stump elongation included cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, invagination, and arm-wall-across blastema-like structure formation. The unique pattern and cellular mechanisms of amputated arm regeneration make it easier to understand the rapid regeneration process of adult starfish. This study may lay solid foundations for the research into mo-lecular mechanisms of echinoderm regeneration.

A preliminary study on food consumption, preference and day-night predatory difference of Asterias amurensis on Scapharca broughtonii

In order to study the food consumption, preference and day-night predatorydifference of Asterias amurensis on Scapharca broughtonii, the experiments werecarried out at the temperatures ranging from 16 ℃ to 20 ℃, salinity of 28.2 ± 2.1,dissolved oxygen of 7.5±0.7 mg/L and pH of 8.0 ± 0.3.The results provided basic datafor promoting steady and healthy development of the multiplication and cultivation of S.broughtonii. The results of food consumption suggested that the food intake of starfishincreased with the density of S. broughtonii at all conditions. The food consumption ofstarfish in different sizes on S. broughtonii in the same size had no significant difference(p>0.05), but it was significantly different among S. broughtonii in different sizes. Thestarfish had the highest feeding rate on the smallest S. broughtonii. Our findings alsoverified the positive relation between the weight of food intake of starfish in differentsizes on the density and size of S. broughtonii. The feeding rhythm of starfish onS. broughtonii in different sizes showed a certain day-night difference, higher at nightthan in the day. The maximum food consumption occurred when the size of S.broughtonii became larger. The results showed that 30 ind/m2 was the suitable seabottom sowing density for S. broughtonii. Our data indicated that the ability to avoidpredators and rivals increased as the shell length rose. Based on prey selectivity,bivalves that have a lower commercial value may be used to clear away A. amurensis.

Genetic diversity and population structure of the sea star Asterias amurensis in the northern coast of China

The sea star Asterias amurensis is widely viewed as a severe“marine pest”because of its broad feeding habits.Over the past few decades,A.amurensis undergoes massive and sporadic population outbreaks worldwide,causing extensive economic and ecological losses to the local aquaculture industry and marine ecosystem.Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of A.amurensis can provide vital information for resource management.By analyzing the polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I(COI)gene and ten simple sequence repeat(SSR)microsatellites markers,the genetic diversity and population structure of A.amurensis of four populations along the northern coast of China was uncovered.A total of 36 haplotypes were identified,and a main haplotype was found in four populations.The Qingdao(QD)population displayed the highest genetic diversity among all the populations.The AMOVA and pairwise F_(st)showed that there was small but statistically significant population differentiation among the four populations,especially between QD and Weihai(WH).Moreover,the principal component analysis(PCA)and admixture analysis showed that several individuals in Yantai(YT)and Dalian(DL)had little genetic association with other individuals.Overall,this study provided useful information of the genetic diversity and population structure of A.amurensis and will contribute to the resource management of A.amurensis in China.

罗氏海盘车(Asterias rollestoni)中几种化合物的提取分离和结构鉴定

罗氏海盘车的 95 %EtOH提取物用大孔吸附树脂柱、凝胶柱和硅胶柱进行反复分离得到 4个化合物 ,用NMR、MS和IR分析技术分别鉴定为苯丙氨酸、2′- 脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷、2′- 脱氧次黄嘌呤核苷- 5′- 单磷酸盐和 5 - 甲氧基 -1- 十三醇。

Feeding Broodstocks Different Starfish Diets Affect Growth and Survival of Larvae of Trumpet Shell(Charonia lampas sauliae Reeve 1844)

Trumpet shell(Charonia lampas sauliae)(Mollusca, Heterogastropoda, Cymatidae) has extensive economic value. Studies on the artificial larval development of C. lampas sauliae for aquaculture utilization have become especially important due to the finite natural resources. In the present study, the growth and survival rate of the larvae of C. lampas sauliae broodstocks fed three types of starfish diets, Asterina pectinifera Müller & Troschel 1842, A. amurensis Lütken 1871 and their mixture were compared. The larval size increased gradually between day 10 and day 20 after hatching at 15℃ and 20℃. No difference was found in body size and specific growth rate(SGR)(two-way ANOVA; P > 0.05). However, during transition from trochophore to veliger stage 20 days after hatching, significant increases in larval survival and growth rates were observed. The maximum survival rate was observed on day 10. The mean survival rate was 0.463, 0.730 and 0.515 at 15℃, and 0.369, 0.713 and 0.444 at 20 when ℃ A. pectinifera, A. amurensis and their mixture were fed, respectively. The SGR and survival rate of the larvae were definitely influenced by the diets(P < 0.05), and the effect of A. amurensis alone was higher than that of A. pectinifera alone and their mixture.

基于原位图像观测技术的海星监测方法研究

海星(Asteroidea)暴发是近年来备受关注的生态灾害事件,给海洋生态和养殖经济造成巨大损失。目前针对海星的调查多采用底拖网或潜水员下潜采集的方法,环保性和观测效率都非常低,缺少针对海星的高效、环保的监测方法。本研究以胶州湾多发的多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)为研究对象,建立了基于腕长的海星个体生物量估算方法和基于水下原位图像的海星监测方法,首次获取到胶州湾多棘海盘车的原位分布数据,为海星的监测提供了新的手段和方法。

多棘海盘车的化学成分

目的:研究多棘海盘车正丁醇萃取部位的化学成分。方法:利用溶媒萃取和多种色谱法,对多棘海盘车的正丁醇萃取部位化学成分进行分离,根据理化性质和现代波谱技术鉴定化合物的化学结构,并测试了其中5个化合物的生物活性。结果:分离并鉴定了5个化合物,分别为多羟基甾体皂苷amurensoside D(Ⅰ)、色氨酸(Ⅱ)和3个硫酸甾醇,包括3β-O-硫酸酯化-6α,23β-二羟基-胆甾-9(11)-23-羰基-硫酸盐(Ⅲ)、3β-O-硫酸酯化-6α-羟基-胆甾-9(11),20(22)-二双键-23-羰基-硫酸盐(Ⅳ)和3β-O-硫酸酯化-6α-羟基-麦角甾-9(11)-双键-23-羰基-硫酸盐(Ⅴ)。结论:化合物Ⅱ是首次从多棘海盘车中得到,化合物Ⅲ和Ⅴ对稻瘟霉菌P-2b显示较强的药理活性。

多棘海盘车用作新型海洋食品原料的可行性研究

多棘海盘车（ Ａｓｔｅｒｉａｓ ａｍｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ） 在中国沿海居民中有长期食用的历史，其可食部为生殖腺（ 海星黄） ，但有麻辣感。海星黄含蛋白质达１５ ．４６ ％ ，其氨基酸组成齐全，必需氨基酸间比例合理。海星黄还富含微量元素、维生素、脂肪等营养元素，脂质中不饱和脂肪酸含量尤为丰富。海星黄麻辣味可能由硫酸酯甾体皂甙引起，大部分可通过脱麻辣味及脱毒操作除去。急性毒性试验中，小鼠灌胃８ 和１２ ｇ／ｋｇ 脱毒的海星黄，未见毒性反应；短期喂养试验（１２ ｇ／ｋｇ ，３０ ｄ） 也未见毒性反应。两项试验中，小鼠肝、心、肾、肺和脾均未见异常。建议人的最大无毒剂量１ ｇ／ｋｇ ，最大允许摄入剂量０ ．５ ｇ／ｋｇ 。海星黄经脱麻辣味及脱毒、调味等步骤，制得２ 种食品，具有较好的感观且营养丰富。海星壳所含蛋白质主要为胶原蛋白，以胃蛋白酶促溶蛋白为主，具有典型胶原蛋白氨基酸组成特点，可在食品工业用作明胶。初步结论为，多棘海盘车可用作高营养、无毒、加工利用性好的新型海洋食品原料。

温度对魁蚶稚贝潜沙能力及对多棘海盘车捕食魁蚶稚贝能力的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了温度变化（10、15、20、25和30℃）对魁蚶稚贝（壳长2～3 cm）潜沙能力,及多棘海盘车对魁蚶稚贝捕食速率的影响。结果发现,水温10℃时,魁蚶稚贝的初次潜沙时间（初潜时间）最长,潜沙率最低,分别为28.87 min、21.25%,且与其他温度处理组差异显著（P〈0.05）。20℃时,魁蚶稚贝初潜时间最短、潜沙率最高,分别为7.49 min、55.63%,可视为魁蚶稚贝的最适潜沙温度。多棘海盘车对魁蚶稚贝的捕食速率受温度影响显著,水温20℃时捕食速率最大,为5.28个/d,且与10℃、25℃处理组间存在明显差异（P〈0.05）。水温15～20℃时,多棘海盘车的捕食温度系数Q10为2.22,可视为其最适捕食温度。魁蚶稚贝的最适潜沙温度与多棘海盘车的最适捕食温度范围重叠。因此,在水温20℃左右进行魁蚶稚贝底播增殖时,也是多棘海盘车捕食速率的最高时期,应加强底播海区多棘海盘车的清除。

两种海星对三种双壳贝类的捕食选择性和摄食率

在实验室条件下,研究了多棘海盘车和海燕这两种海星对栉孔扇贝、菲律宾蛤仔和贻贝三种双壳贝类的捕食选择性和摄食率及温度的影响,测定了捕食Q10温度系数。结果显示:多棘海盘车和海燕对三种贝类均可捕食,且表现出明显的捕食选择性,选择顺序依次为菲律宾蛤仔、贻贝和栉孔扇贝。海星对菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率显著高于其他两种贝类,分别为0.50和0.37个/d;对扇贝的摄食率最低,分别为0.05和0.07个/d。海星摄食率随水温升高而呈上升的趋势,总平均摄食干重分别为0.69和0.79 g/d。水温从4.3℃升高到7.8℃多棘海盘车和海燕捕食Q10系数分别为6.38和2.33,而水温从7.8℃升高至13.3℃时,Q10系数没有显著升高,分别为1.13和1.22。说明水温从4.3℃升高时,海星捕食强度显著升高,是防御海星的重点时期。根据海星对贝类捕食的选择性,可在养殖笼内放入贻贝等低值贝类来保护扇贝,缓冲海星对扇贝的捕食,并在缓冲期间对养殖笼内的海星进行清除。

GC-MS测定海龙与海星中甾醇类化合物的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱 (GC-MS) 联用，对两种常见海洋中药粗吻海龙 ( Trachyrhaphus serratus ) 与多棘海星 ( Asterias amurensis ) 中的甾醇化合物进行了分析。经鉴定，海龙的甾醇成分主要为胆甾醇类，海星甾醇主要为△7－脱氢胆甾醇、麦角甾醇与豆甾醇类化合物。研究结果对于探索海龙与海星的活血补益的物质基础具有一定的意义。

多棘海盘车的化学成分研究进展

国内外对多棘海盘车的化学成分进行大量的研究,从中分离得到多种独特的化学成分及新成分,包括海星皂苷、甾体硫酸盐、甾体、氨基酸、多糖等,其中很多化合物具有促进抑菌和溶血等方面的药理活性,查阅和收集国内外相关文献进行归纳、分析和综述,为多棘海盘车的进一步开发研究提供依据。

多棘海盘车体壁胶原蛋白肽的制备及其抗氧化活性

以多棘海盘车体壁为材料提取胶原蛋白,制备多棘海盘车胶原蛋白肽(AACPs),并研究其体内、外抗氧化活性。方法:酶法提取胶原蛋白,选取木瓜蛋白酶、无花果蛋白酶等6种酶,在最适温度和pH下水解胶原蛋白,通过比较各种酶水解物体外清除自由基能力和对兔肝的过氧脂质化的抑制作用,确定多棘海盘车胶原蛋白的适宜水解酶,及酶解工艺,选取体外活性最高的样品进行小鼠体内抗氧化实验(ig,7d),建立小鼠急性乙醇肝氧化模型,测定肝组织中MDA含量及SOD、GSH-Px活力,考察胶原蛋白肽的体内抗氧化活性。结果:木瓜蛋白酶酶解物清除自由基活性最高,对脂质过氧化的抑制作用最明显。中、高剂量AACPs能够显著降低急性酒精肝氧化小鼠肝组织中的MDA含量(P<0.01),显著提高SOD(P<0.05)、GSH-Px活力(P<0.01)。结论:制备多棘海盘车胶原蛋白肽(AACPs)的最佳酶为木瓜蛋白酶,AACPs具有明显的体内外抗氧化作用。

多棘海盘车体壁胶原蛋白的研究

采用两种不同的方法从海盘车体壁中提取出酸溶性胶原蛋白（ＡＳＣ）和胃蛋白酶促溶的胶原蛋白（ＰＳＣ），得率分别为１０．９０％、６１．４３％。将ＡＳＣ、ＰＳＣ的氨基酸组成、理化性质与脊椎动物及其它无脊椎动物胶原蛋白进行比较，结果表明，ＡＳＣ、ＰＳＣ是典型的胶原蛋白。在此基础上对ＡＳＣ、ＰＳＣ进行了ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳，进一步表明制品的纯度较高，并且它们在分子大小、构型及性质上没有显著差异。

水溶性海星皂苷的分离纯化及其抗真菌活性研究

为了分离纯化出具有强抗真菌活性的水溶性海星皂苷,以罗氏海盘车(Asterias rollestoni)腕为实验材料,利用水抽提方法获得水溶性海星皂苷粗品,依次利用大孔树脂和硅胶柱层析对水溶性海星皂苷进行了纯化,并对其抗真菌活性进行了测定。研究结果发现,在30%、50%、70%、80%、95%乙醇溶液的大孔树脂柱层析洗脱组分中,70%乙醇溶液洗脱组分对白色念珠菌和裂殖酵母菌的抗真菌活性最强。70%乙醇溶液洗脱组分经硅胶柱层析进一步纯化后,得到了SF-1、SF-2、SF-3和SF-4四种纯化样品,其中SF-1纯化样品没有抗真菌活性,SF-2纯化样品具有极弱的抗真菌活性,SF-3和SF-4纯化样品均具有很强的抗真菌活性。SF-3纯化样品在高压液相柱层析(HPLC)图谱中仅显示单一洗脱峰,表明其纯度很高,可应用于高效抗真菌药物的研制。研究结果为利用水溶性海星皂苷研制高效抗真菌药物奠定了基础。

多棘海盘车对四种贝类摄食率和选择性的初步研究

在水温为22～24℃,盐度29.6,溶解氧6.9 mg/L,pH 8.01的条件下,研究了多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对4种贝类栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、贻贝(Mytilus edulis)、东方缝栖蛤(Hiatella orientalis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的摄食与食物选择性,以期了解多棘海盘车摄食生理生态学特性。结果表明:当只有一种贝类作为饵料时,多棘海盘车对不同贝类的摄食率差异极显著(P<0.01)。其中,对东方缝栖蛤的摄食率最大,为0.005 7～0.008 0 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为7～20 mm),其次是贻贝为0.003 5～0.004 9 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为10～21 mm),对栉孔扇贝的摄食率最小,为0.001 4～0.002 8 g干重/(h.只)(壳长为14～31 mm)。同时,多棘海盘车的摄食率还表现出一定的昼夜差异,夜间的摄食率大于白天,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。当4种贝类同时作为饵料存在时,多棘海盘车对东方缝栖蛤的摄食率最大,为0.003 0 g干重/(h.只),其次是贻贝为0.001 7 g干重/(h.只),以摄食率评价摄食选择,多棘海盘车对于该4种贝类具有明显的选择性(P<0.05),其摄食选择性的顺序为:东方缝栖蛤,贻贝,菲律宾蛤仔,栉孔扇贝。