Machine learning models for predicting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the general United States population:NHANES database

BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,affecting over 30% of the United States population.Early patient identification using a simple method is highly desirable.AIM To create machine learning models for predicting NAFLD in the general United States population.METHODS Using the NHANES 1988-1994.Thirty NAFLD-related factors were included.The dataset was divided into the training(70%)and testing(30%)datasets.Twentyfour machine learning algorithms were applied to the training dataset.The bestperforming models and another interpretable model(i.e.,coarse trees)were tested using the testing dataset.RESULTS There were 3235 participants(n=3235)that met the inclusion criteria.In the training phase,the ensemble of random undersampling(RUS)boosted trees had the highest F1(0.53).In the testing phase,we compared selective machine learning models and NAFLD indices.Based on F1,the ensemble of RUS boosted trees remained the top performer(accuracy 71.1%and F10.56)followed by the fatty liver index(accuracy 68.8% and F10.52).A simple model(coarse trees)had an accuracy of 74.9% and an F1 of 0.33.CONCLUSION Not every machine learning model is complex.Using a simpler model such as coarse trees,we can create an interpretable model for predicting NAFLD with only two predictors:fasting C-peptide and waist circumference.Although the simpler model does not have the best performance,its simplicity is useful in clinical practice.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B among the Population at Algamosi Locality, Gezira State, Sudan

Background: The local population in developing countries is at higher risk of contracting hepatitis B (HBV) due to some of the factors they practice which promote its establishment and distribution within their communities and may constitute a burden for them. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the hepatitis B virus in populations of the Algamosi region, Gezira State, central Sudan. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 492 people, populations of the Algamosi region, Gezira state in central Sudan. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis B infections. As well, blood samples were taken from each participant, and serum was used for rapid tests for HBsAg. Positive samples were then tested by the ELISA method for confirmation. Data were obtained using SPSS version 21 and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis B was 16.10% and was higher in men than in women (05.7 - 1.00). People aged 31 to 45 had the highest prevalence of 27 (20,600%) for HBV infection. There was a significant association between HBV and age groups (X2 = 7.816 and P value = 0.05). This study also found that there was a significant association between viral hepatitis and knowledge about transmission and prevention (P value Conclusion: Although most people who live in developing countries are at high risk for transmission of hepatitis B, this indicates the need to implement the screening policy and integrate it with other health services and create awareness such as proper treatment and surveillance for hepatitis infection in all nations.

Population Distribution of Excited States in Cs Electrodeless Discharge Lamp

We measure the intensity of fluorescence spectral lines of Cs atoms in an electrodeless discharge lamp from visible light to the near-infrared region of 400-100Ohm. To build an excited state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter, the population ratios between the excited states are calculated by rate equations and the spontaneous transition probabilities. The electrodeless discharge lamp with populations in the excited states can be used to realize the frequency stabilization reference for lasers at multiwavelength and the excited state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter for submarine communication applications in blue-green wavelengths to simplify the system.

Enhanced population of excited single state strategy:Irradiation and ultrasound dual-response and host tumor-driven nanosensitizers construction in triple synergistic therapy

Phototheranostics is an emerging field in synergistic antitumor therapy in which irradiation and sensitizers are combined to produce reactive oxygen species(ROS),bio-images,and high temperatures.All of these are arrived from the energy of sensitizers,which located in excited single state(S_(1)).Undeniably,the decentralization of the S_(1)population indirectly decreases the effect of each individual treatment.In this study,a strategy was proposed for enhancing the S_(1)population,and a sensitizer with mitochondrial targeting property,1,4-indolyl iodinated pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole derivative(2I-TPIS),was assembled into adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-responsive nanoparticles(DPA-2I NPs)to achieve dual responses to irradiation and ultrasonication(US)for application to photo-sonodynamic therapy(PSDT).Compared with monotherapies,2I-TPIS generated more ROS in PSDT,inducing mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis,which in turn triggered immunogenic cell death(ICD).Subsequently,DPA-2I NPs were constructed and self-assembled with the chemotherapeutic agents DPA-Cd and 2I-TPIS to achieve a triple synergistic strategy involving chemotherapy(CT)and PSDT.DPA-2I NPs exhibited absolute sensitization,intra-tumoral overexpression of ATP,and disassembly.Importantly,the biosafety and potent antitumor efficiency of the DPA-2I NP-based“PSDT+CT”therapy were revealed using a 4T1 tumor model.The study results provide insights into the design of sensitizers possessing a sufficient S_(1)population and a highly efficient tumor ablation capacity derived from molecular structural modulation,further enabling triple synergistic antitumor therapies,and expanding the clinical application of sensitizers.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and the risk of myocardial infarction: Apopulation-based national study

BACKGROUNDNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a systemic disease with bidirectionalrelationships with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) is a more severe subtype of NAFLD. Patients with NASH exhibit moreintra and extrahepatic inflammation, procoagulant imbalances andproatherogenic lipid profiles. Whether NASH increases the risk of ischemic heartdisease is currently unclear.AIMTo investigate the relationship between acute myocardial infarction (MI) andNASH in a large cohort of subjects in the United States.METHODSWe reviewed data from a large commercial database (Explorys IBM) thataggregates electronic health records from 26 large nationwide healthcare systems.Using systemized nomenclature of clinical medical terms (SNOMED CT), weidentified adult with the diagnosis of NASH from 1999-2019. We includedpatients with the diagnosis of acute MI from 2018-2019. Comorbidities known tobe associated with NASH and MI such as obesity, diabetes mellitus,hyperlipidemia, smoking, male gender, and hypertension were collected.Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to investigate whetherNASH is independently associated with the risk of MI.RESULTSOut of 55099280 patients, 43170 were diagnosed with NASH (0.08%) and 107000(0.194%) had a MI within 2018-2019. After adjusting for traditional risk factors,NASH conferred greater odds of MI odds ratio (OR) 1.5 [95% confidence interval(CI): 1.40-1.62]. Hyperlipidemia had the strongest association with MI OR 8.39(95%CI: 8.21-8.58) followed by hypertension OR 3.11 (95%CI: 3.05-3.17) andsmoking OR 2.83 (95%CI: 2.79-2.87). NASH had a similar association with MI asthe following traditional risk factors like age above 65 years OR 1.47 (95%CI: 1.45-1.49), male gender OR 1.53 (95%CI: 1.51-1.55) diabetes mellitus OR 1.89 (95%CI:1.86-1.91).CONCLUSIONMI appears to be a prevalent disease in NASH. Patients with NASH may needearly identification and aggressive cardiovascular risk modification.

Coherent Assembly of Ultracold Polyatomic Molecules: Two-Channel Interference

The evidences of three-body and four-body bound states have been reported in a series of very recent experiments with ultracold atoms.Here we study coherent creation of polyatomic molecules via a generalized atom-molecule dark-state technique.By keeping the intermediate trimer or tetramer state essentially unpopulated,the constructive quantum two-channel interference is shown to play an important role in,e.g.coherent atom-pentamer conversion at ultracold temperature.

Regulated polarization degree of upconversion luminescence and multiple anti-counterfeit applications

Polarization upconversion luminescence(PUCL)of lanthanide ions(Ln^(3+))has been widely used in single particle tracking,microfluidics detection,three-dimensional displays,and so on.However,no effective strategy has been developed for modulating PUCL.Here we report a strategy to regulate PUCL in Ho^(3+)-doped NaYF4single nanorods based on the number of upconversion photons.By constructing a multiphoton upconversion system for Ho^(3+),we regulate the degree of polarization(DOP)of PUCL from 0.590 for two-photon luminescence to 0.929 for three-photon upconversion luminescence(UCL).Furthermore,our strategy is verified from cross-relaxation between Ho^(3+)and Yb^(3+),excitation wavelength,excitation power density,and local site symmetry.And this regulation strategy of PUCL has also been achieved in Tm^(3+),with the DOP ranging from 0.233 for two-photon luminescence to 0.925 for four-photon UCL Besides,multi-dimensional anti-counterfeiting display has been explored with PUCL.This work provides an effective strategy for regulating PUCL and also provides more opportunities for the development of polarization display optical encoding,anti-counterfeiting,and integrated optical devices.

Atomic population distribution of excited states in He electrodeless discharge lamp

Population ratios between excited states are measured to build the excited state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter(ESFADOF). We calculate these values between the excited states according to the spontaneous transition probabilities using rate equations and the measured intensities of fluorescence spectral lines of He atoms in an electrodeless discharge lamp in the visible spectral region from 350 to 730 nm. The electrodeless discharge lamp with populations in excited states can be used to realize the frequency stabilization reference of the laser frequency standard. This lamp can also build ESFADOFs for submarine communication application in the blue-green wavelength to simplify the system without the use of a pump laser.

Rotational dephasing of the molecular alignment by centrifugal distortion [Invited]

The dephasing of molecular alignment can lead to the deformation of the alignment signal during its periodic revivals.Most studies are concentrated on the first few rotational revival periods of the molecular alignment and neglect the dephasing effect.However,study of the alignment dephasing is still of great significance for both the long-term dynamics of the molecular alignment and the dephasing itself.In this work,we theoretically demonstrate that the dephasing effect is correlated with both the rotational temperature and the rotational revival period of the molecules.The results present that the dephasing is especially significant for those molecules with long rotational revival period at high rotational temperatures.The physics behind it is explored by taking advantage of the coherence of the rotational quantum state population.This work deepens our understanding of rotational dynamics and rotational spectroscopy in molecular alignment.