Unveiling annealing texture formation and static recrystallization kinetics of hot-rolled Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy

The development of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ca series alloys provides a potential prospect to achieve high strength and formability at room temperature(RT).The formation of elliptical annular texture is treated as a crucial factor for the enhanced RT formability.However,the origin of such an elliptical annular texture formation has been rarely reported.Herein,we unveiled the formation and evolution of elliptical annular texture in the hot-rolled Mg-1.6 Al-0.8 Zn-0.4 Mn-0.5 Ca(AZMX1100,wt.%)alloy after annealing at different temperatures for 1 h,and its static recrystallization(SRX)kinetics in given annealing temperature for different time.The results revealed that the formation of elliptical annular texture in the hot-rolled AZMX1100 alloy after annealing was derived from nucleation-oriented SRX mechanism,which took place in 200-300°C,induced by cracked chain-shaped Al2 Ca phases,contraction twins,intersections of double twins,intersections of double twins and grain boundaries and non-basal slips.On further annealing from300-450°C,the grains with 45°–70°transverse direction(TD)preferentially grew,which made elliptical annular texture extended along the TD.Based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov(JMAK)model,Avrami exponent n value was estimated to be 0.68–1.02,attributed to non-random SRX nucleation,giving rise to the lower activation energy QRof nucleation of^74.24 k J/mol.Since the co-segregation of Al,Zn and Ca atoms in grain boundaries created a strong interaction of solutes and grain boundaries,the hot-rolled AZMX1100 alloy exhibited the higher activation energy Qg(~115.48 k J/mol)of grain growth.

Static Softening Characteristics and Static Recrystallization Kinetics of Aluminum Alloy A6082 After Hot Deformation

The static softening behavior of aluminum alloy A6082 was investigated by interrupted hot tests conducted on Gleeble-1500 simulator at deformation temperatures from 573 to 773 K and strain rates from 0.1 to 10 s-1,with a pre-strain from 0.3 to 0.7 and variable inter-pass delay times.The offset method was applied to convert the changes in flow stress between two passes to static softening fraction.The microstructural changes were characterized by the quantitative metallography of quenched specimens.The results showed both static softening and static recrystallization curves exhibited a simple sigmoidal shape;the static softening is related to the static recrystallization in a nonlinear manner with 50% static recrystallized volume fraction corresponding to 80% static softening fraction;an increase in temperature,strain rate or pre-strain yields a decrease in the time for 50% static recrysallized volume fraction,on which the temperature has the most remarkable influence;Si and Mn additions accelerate the process of static recrystallization.Finally,the equations of static recrystallization kinetics of this alloy were developed with a good agreement between the predicted and experimental results.

Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetic of Gaseous Ammonia Over Nano-TiO_2 Supported on Latex Paint Film

Objective To investigate the photocatalytic degradation of gaseous ammonia in static state by using nano-TiO2 as photoeatalyst supported on latex paint film under UV-irradiation. Methods Experiments were conducted to study the relationship between the initial concentration of ammonia and the degradation products competing to be adsorbed on catalyst surface. Degradation of ammonia and its products were detected by spectrophotometry and catalytic kinetic spectrophotometry, respectively. Results On the one hand, TiO2 catalyst was excellent for degradation of ammonia, and the crystal phase of TiO2, anatase or ruffle, had little effect on degradation of ammonia, but the conversion of ammonia grew with the increase of catalyst content. On the other hand, apparent rate constant and conversion of ammonia decreased with the increase of initial concentration of ammonia, and the photocatalytic degradation reaction followed a pseudo-first-order expression due to-the evidence of linear correlation between -lnC/C0 vs. irradiation time t, but the relationship between initial concentration and the degradation products was not linear in low initial concentration. Conclusion Whether the photocatalytic degradation of ammonia in static state follows a first-order reaction depends on the initial ammonia concentration due to competition in adsorption between reactant and the degradation products.

Microstructural evolution of a superaustenitic stainless steel during a two-step deformation process

Single-and two-step hot compression experiments were carried out on 16Cr25Ni6Mo superaustenitic stainless steel in the temperature range from 950 to 1150°C and at a strain rate of 0.1 s^（-1）. In the two-step tests, the first pass was interrupted at a strain of 0.2; after an interpass time of 5, 20, 40, 60, or 80 s, the test was resumed. The progress of dynamic recrystallization at the interruption strain was less than 10%. The static softening in the interpass period increased with increasing deformation temperature and increasing interpass time. The static recrystallization was found to be responsible for fast static softening in the temperature range from 950 to 1050°C. However, the gentle static softening at 1100 and 1150°C was attributed to the combination of static and metadynamic recrystallizations. The correlation between calculated fractional softening and microstructural observations showed that approximately 30% of interpass softening could be attributed to the static recovery. The microstructural observations illustrated the formation of fine recrystallized grains at the grain boundaries at longer interpass time. The Avrami kinetics equation was used to establish a relationship between the fractional softening and the interpass period. The activation energy for static softening was determined as 276 kJ/mol.

Static recrystallization behavior of 25CrMo4 mirror plate steel during two-pass hot deformation

The static recrystallization behavior of 25CrMo4 mirror plate steel has been determined by hot compression testing on a Gleeble 1500 thermal mechanical simulation tester. Compression tests were performed using double hit schedules at temperatures of 950-- 1 150 ~C, strain rates of 0.01--0.5 s-1 , and recrystallization time of 1--100 s. Results show that the kinetics of static recrystallization and the microstructural evolution were greatly influenced by the deformation parameters （deformation temperature, strain rate and pre strain） and the initial austenite grain size. Based on the experimental results, the kinetics model of static recrystallization has been generated and the comparison between the experimental results and the predicted results has been carried out. It is shown that the predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Static Recrystallization Behavior of SA508-III Steel during Hot Deformation

The static recrystallization behavior of SA508-III steel was investigated by isothermal double-hit hot compression tests at the deformation temperature of 950-1 250 ℃,the strain rate of 0. 01-1 s^（-1）,and the inter-pass time of 1-300 s.The effects of deformation parameters,including forming temperature,strain rate,degree of deformation（ pre-strain） and initial austenite grain size,on the softening kinetics were analyzed. Experimental results show that static recrystallization kinetics is strongly dependent on deformation temperature and degree of deformation,while less affected by the strain rate and initial grain size. The kinetics and microstructural evolution equations of static recrystallization for SA508-III steel were developed to predict the softening behavior and the statically recrystallized grain size,respectively. Based on the comparison between the experimental and predicted results,it is found that the established equations can give a reasonable estimate of the static softening behavior for SA508-III steel.

Subloading-friction model with saturation of tangential contact stress

The incorporation of the saturation of the tangential contact stress with the increase of the normal contact stress is required for the analysis of the friction phenomenon of solids and structures subjected to a high normal contact stress,which cannot be described by the Coulomb friction condition,in which the tangential contact stress increases linearly with the increase of the normal contact stress.In this article,the subloading-friction model,which is capable of describing the smooth elastic-plastic transition,the static-kinetic transition,and the recovery of the static friction during the cease of sliding,is extended to describe this property.Further,some numerical examples are shown,and the validity of the present model will be verified by the simulation of the test data on the linear sliding of metals.

Description of sand–metal friction behavior based on subloadingfriction model

A subloading-friction model is formulated to describe the smooth transient variation from static friction to kinetic friction,the recovery to static friction after the sliding velocity decreases,and the accumulation of sliding displacement under the cyclic loading of contact stress.In the past relevant studies,however,the model formulation used for simulations is limited to the hypoelastic-based plasticity framework,and the validation of the model is limited to simulations of the test data for metal-to-metal friction.In this study,the formulation of the subloading-friction model based on a hyperelastic-based plasticity framework is adopted.In the fields of civil,geotechnical,agricultural engineering,and terramechanics,the interaction between soils and metals is critical,as reflected in construction and agricultural machinery,foundation piles,and retaining walls.The validity of the model for describing the friction between various sands and metals is verified by simulations of the experimental data under monotonic and cyclic loadings.