Static load test and load transfer mechanism study of squeezed branch and plate pile in collapsible loess foundation

As a special geological phenomenon, the character of collapsible loess foundation is collapsible when penetrated by water. This character leads to the soil losing load bearing capacity largely and may lead to foundation failure. Pile is a popular foundation used in collapsible loess. The squeezed branch and plate pile is a new type of pile developed in recent years and has not be used in a project before. In this paper three squeezed branch and plate piles are tested in collapsible loess after immersion processing. The results may be used for reference in similar construction project, and to provide theoretical references for de- signing of the squeezed branch and plate piles in engineering practice.

Application of bi-directional static loading test to deep foundations

Bi-directional static loading test adopting load cells is widely used around the world at present, with increase in diameter and length of deep foundations. In this paper, a new simple conversion method to predict the equivalent pile head load-settlement curve considering elastic shortening of deep foundation was put forward according to the load transfer mechanism. The proposed conversion method was applied to root caisson foundation in a bridge and to large diameter pipe piles in a sea wind power plant. Some new load cells, test procedure, and construction technology were adopted based on the applications to different deep foundations, which could enlarge the application scopes of bi-directional loading test. A new type of bi-directional loading test for pipe pile was conducted, in which the load cell was installed and loaded after the pipe pile with special connector has been set up. Unlike the conventional bi-directional loading test, the load cell can be reused and shows an evident economic benefit.

桩基静载过程中OFDR温度补偿试验研究

桩基静载试验是一种准确、可靠的桩基承载力测试试验,通过静载试验中桩身变形的测试,有利于分析桩基变形和承载特性.在桩基静载试验过程中,采用光频域反射(OFDR)技术开展桩基变形测试,考虑到温度的影响,对OFDR技术测得应变结果进行了温度补偿.结果显示:在本次试验中,用于温度补偿的温度传感光纤应变值随着桩顶上部加载出现了较大的变化,其原因是光纤传感器与钢筋笼之间绑扎过于紧密.对比进行温度补偿和不进行温度补偿的桩身应变数据,发现不做温度补偿造成的影响不能忽略,因此应变传感光纤测试结果必须进行温度补偿.研究结果可为桩基变形高精度监测提供科学参考.

Evaluation of ultimate bearing capacity of Y-shaped vibro-pile

Based on Mindlin stress solution, a numerical computational method was proposed to calculate the stresses in the ground induced by side friction and the resistance of Y-shaped vibro-pile. The improved Terzaghi's and ЪерезанцевВГ's methods for ultimate bearing capacity evaluation were proposed by considering the stress strength induced by friction resistance at pile head level of Y-pile. A new method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of Y-pile was also proposed based on the assumptions of soil failure mode at the tip of Y-pile and the use of Mohr-Coulomb soil yield criterion and Vesic compressive correction coefficient with the induced stresses in the ground. Based on the comparisons with the field static load test results, it is found that the improved Terzaghi's method gives higher ultimate capacity, while the other two methods shows good agreement with the field results.

Experimental study on DX pile performance in frozen soils under lateral loading

Experiments about working mechanism and mechanical characteristics of the DX model pile foundation under lateral dynamic and static loading were conducted by using a model system of the dynamic frozen soil-pile interaction. The horizontal displacement-force relationship of the pile head and bending moment distribution along the body in frozen soils of different temperatures were discussed. According to test results, both the horizontal disp!acement-force relationship of the DX pile head and bending moment distribution of the DX pile body are smaller than that of equal-diameter piles under same lateral loads. The piles with different plate positions show different displacements and bending moments. This phenomenon is mainly related to the soil temperature and bearing plates locations. Thus, dynamic response analysis of the pile foundation should be taken into account.

Numerical analysis of bearing behaviors of single batter piles under horizontal loads in various directions

The horizontal bearing behavior of a single batter pile(SBP)is vital to its application in practical engineering;however,the horizontal responses of SBPs change with the directions of horizontal loads,and this phenomenon is rarely investigated.Therefore,the directional differences in the horizontal bearing behaviors of SBPs are investigated in this study.Four model tests are conducted to preliminarily examine the effects of the skew angle of horizontal loads on the horizontal bearing capacities and distributions of the bending moments of the SBPs.Subsequently,the differences in the responses of the SBPs under horizontal loads in various directions at full scale are analyzed comprehensively via finite-element(FE)analysis.The effects of the skew angle on SBP-soil interaction are discussed.Moreover,an empirical design method is proposed based on the FE analysis results to predict the bearing ratios of SBPs in medium-dense and dense sand while considering the effects of the skew angle,batter angle,and pile diameter.The method is confirmed to be effective,as confirmed by the close agreement between the predicting results with the model test(reported in this study)and centrifuge model test results(reported in the literature).

不同嵌岩深度下抗拔桩承载特性研究

以广东省江门市某工程为例,通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS,结合地勘报告及现场对桩基进行抗拔静载试验得出的荷载–位移曲线图,建立抗拔桩三维有限元模型进行数值模拟计算分析,研究不同嵌岩深度增量下抗拔桩的承载特性。研究成果表明:增加嵌岩深度可在一定程度上提高桩基抗拔承载力,但二者之间并非呈线性增长关系。当嵌岩深度增量为3D时,相较于原试桩的桩顶位移量减小54.2%,抗拔承载力提高105.2%,对桩基抗拔承载力的提高效果尤为显著。

嵌岩单桩水平静力加载现场试验及 p-y 曲线研究

为研究风化花岗岩地质条件下嵌岩单桩的受荷响应和p-y曲线规律,本文基于现场试验,开展了水平静力荷载作用下嵌岩单桩的荷载-位移关系、弯矩、桩身变形及p-y曲线响应研究。试验表明:在所研究的相对深度范围内,随着z/D的增加,岩土阻力和相应位移都减小,上部荷载很难传递到深部岩层;桩身最大弯矩在3~4倍桩径之间,极限荷载主要取决于桩身强度而不是岩土体。将p-y曲线分别与一般双曲函数和双曲正切函数进行拟合,评估现有p-y曲线模型在风化花岗岩地基中的适用性,修正了模型在风化岩层中的参数取值。结果表明:一般双曲函数在较浅区域拟合良好,相对深度较大的区域数据离散性较强;双曲正切函数在各深度处拟合优度均较好。分析结果简化了现场p-y曲线的预测程序。

不均匀卵石持力层桩端后注浆效果试验研究

我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。

岩溶区PST管桩复合地基的工程应用

经对某场地高层建筑地基素填土厚度大、下伏基岩岩溶发育、以多层串珠状溶洞为主的地层条件研究,提出一种PST管桩刚性复合地基。采用试验和监测等方法来指导复合地基处理设计与施工,根据场地试桩数据来验证设计的合理性。施工完成后,采用静载荷试验对复合地基进行质量验收检测,并连续进行沉降监测。结果表明:岩溶区PST管桩复合地基是一种处理高层建筑地基很可行的方法,处理后可以满足高层建筑物对地基强度、变形及稳定性的要求。

海上试桩不同桩型承载力特性研究

天津南港某高桩码头拟建场地有深厚密实砂层,通过试桩测定设计桩型对砂层的穿透及贯入能力,研究不同基桩承载力特性。试验结果表明:混凝土预制桩及钢管桩均有较好的穿透及贯入能力;基桩轴向极限承载力高应变检测结果小于静载试验,误差均在5%以内;混凝土预制桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于44.6%,钢管桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于21.9%;相同荷载作用下,混凝土预制方桩静载与动载沉降量之比为1.40,钢管桩为0.90,两者差异明显;基桩承载力达到极值时桩侧摩阻力要明显大于规范极限侧摩阻力,规范取值偏保守。

自平衡法和高应变检测在码头灌注桩中的应用

海南某高桩码头工程地质条件特殊,表面覆盖硬岩层,下部为黏土层,码头基础采用灌注桩结构,以硬黏土层为持力层。施工后分别采用自平衡法静载试验和高应变法检测桩基承载力,将检测结果与规范理论计算结果进行比较。结果表明,通过自平衡检测的荷载-位移关系曲线判断,桩端依旧处于弹性阶段,并根据在加载过程中桩身轴力沿桩身轴向的分布情况,可分别判断各桩侧摩阻力、端承载力的发挥值,从而判断桩阻力并没有全部发挥,桩基的实际极限承载力大于试验值。高应变检测法检测桩侧摩阻力结果大于理论计算结果,桩端承载力小于理论计算结果,总桩基承载力二者比较接近,因此可以作为静载试桩的辅助验证。在港口码头工程中采用自平衡静载测试法,并用高应变检测法进行验证,可以解决水域条件下大质量桩基承载力的检测问题。

基于BOTDA的砂土地基预应力管桩抗拔静载试验研究

针对砂土地基抗拔桩受力性能与荷载传递机理研究不足问题,将布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)光纤传感技术应用于长江下游地区厚层砂土地基预应力管桩原位抗拔静载试验研究,采用特殊设计的桩身刻槽钻孔、光纤粘贴保护、接桩过程连续植纤等技术工艺,实现了预应力管桩在拉拔过程中桩身受力变形状态的分布式测量与数据精确定位。研究结果表明:在上拔荷载作用下,试验桩桩身轴力沿桩身方向逐渐减小;桩侧摩阻力在下桩发挥效果较好,上桩侧摩阻力较小,全桩长侧摩阻力最大值在桩底;抗拔桩随上拔荷载的增加,轴力逐渐向下传递,向下传递的轴力主要由预制管桩侧摩阻力承担;分布式光纤应变传感技术能较好地监测预应力管桩桩身贯入施工因素对抗拔承载特性的影响。研究结果可在其他类型抗拔桩受力特性监测项目中推广应用。

大直径嵌岩灌注桩竖向承载特性试验研究

为了探讨泥岩地基大直径灌注桩竖向承载性能,依托青岛某机场桩基工程,对嵌入泥岩的9根大直径灌注桩进行了竖向抗压静载试验和桩身应力监测,分析大直径嵌岩灌注桩的竖向抗压性能,明确大直径灌注桩的荷载传递规律。结果表明,试桩桩身完整性较好,桩身质量可靠;试桩荷载沉降(Q-s)曲线均为缓变型,加载初期存在明显的压密段,桩顶沉降量为10.31 mm,最低回弹率大于50%;最大荷载作用下,各试桩的竖向抗压极限承载力特征值均不小于6480 kN,试桩竖向抗压承载能力仍有较大潜力;试桩均表现出端承摩擦桩的特性,轴力自桩顶到桩端逐渐衰减,桩侧摩阻力峰值发生在中风化泥岩段,桩端阻力占桩顶荷载的10.55%~34.48%。

某单箱三室连续梁桥静载试验研究

为测试某单箱三室连续梁桥整体受力特点,检验桥跨结构的承载能力、结构变形是否满足在正常使用状态下的设计要求,通过Midas/Civil对该桥进行有限元分析,并进行了静载试验研究,测试在静载试验下,各控制截面的应变状态和整体挠度,试验结果表明,各控制截面应变与挠度值实测结果与理论结果基本一致,且与之对应的校验系数在规定范围内,该桥强度和刚度均满足设计要求,桥跨结构的承载能力、结构变形在正常使用状态下均符合设计要求;在加载试验前后,对测试截面附近进行了裂缝观测,没有发现新增裂缝,试验桥跨结构承载力满足设计荷载标准要求。

复杂地质条件下抗滑桩水平承载特性影响因素分析

抗滑桩是治理滑坡时经常采用的一种有效的边坡防护工程措施,其水平承载力是评价边坡加固效果的关键。为研究复杂地质条件下边坡抗滑桩的水平承载特性,以卡拉水电站上田镇滑坡体防护工程为例,采用现场试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究边坡抗滑桩的水平承载特性。基于抗滑桩现场单桩水平静载试验,验证数值计算模型的准确性,在此基础上进行抗滑桩水平承载力影响因素分析。结果表明:前后排桩受水平承载力呈现不均匀性,在相同水平承载力作用下后排桩桩顶最大弯矩大于前排桩桩顶最大弯矩;不同桩布置对群桩水平承载特性影响较大,其中双排交错布置方式桩顶弯矩最小,单排交错次之,双排水平桩顶弯矩最大;相同水平荷载作用下,与1.2 m和1.3 m桩间距相比,1.4 m桩间距的群桩效应较为明显;桩入岩深度对群桩水平承载能力影响较小,只在土-岩体分层界面有明显差异。

非挤土嵌岩预应力高强度混凝土管桩的桩端承载性能研究

施工装备和工艺的不断创新使得非挤土嵌岩预应力高强度混凝土(prestressed high-strength concrete,简称PHC)管桩逐渐得到推广和应用。为揭示嵌入中微风化岩PHC管桩的桩端承载机制,以随钻跟管工法桩为背景,基于泥质粉砂岩地区5组桩径为500 mm的PHC管桩桩端现场静载破坏性试验,分析了不同条件下嵌岩PHC管桩的桩端承载性能及宏观破坏模式,并提出桩端承载力计算方法。试验表明:对于采用敞口桩靴的PHC管桩,未封底时,敞口桩靴削弱了PHC管桩桩端承载性能,呈现刺入岩基的破坏,极限荷载下桩端沉降为11~15 mm;混凝土封底后,显著提高了桩端承载性能,极限承载力较非封底时提升340%,封底混凝土和桩靴的桩端阻力分担比分别为78%和22%,桩端呈整体剪切破坏。基于Hoek-Brown强度准则,提出了嵌岩PHC管桩桩端承力简化计算方法,计算精度得到了试验验证,可供非挤土嵌岩PHC管桩的设计与施工参考。

南宁盆地特殊地层静压随钻跟管桩适应性及单桩承载力特性研究

为了研究静压随钻跟管桩在南宁盆地特殊地层的适应性及单桩承载特性,对现场4根直径800mm的静压随钻跟管桩进行静载及低应变反射波法试验。研究结果表明:各地层中的试验桩承载力均能满足设计要求且均属于Ⅰ类桩,桩身回弹率较高,说明各试验桩仍具有较大的承载潜力;未进行破坏性试验时各地层中单桩承载力综合增强系数均大于1.00,以经验公式确定静压随钻跟管桩的单桩竖向承载力时应乘以相应的增强系数。基于以上研究,将静压随钻跟管桩工艺应用于实际工程,经验收检测表明,各项目受检基桩的桩身质量完好,承载力均满足设计要求,且仍具有一定的承载力富余量,良好的实际工程应用效果表明该工艺具有良好的适用性以及较高的推广使用价值。

印尼软土地区后注浆钻孔灌注桩现场试验研究

后注浆钻孔灌注桩在软土地区工程中应用广泛,但对后注浆灌注桩承载特性的理论研究仍滞后于工程实践。依托印尼软土地区某工程,开展不同桩长普通钻孔灌注桩和后注浆钻孔灌注桩的现场试验。结果表明,后注浆钻孔灌注桩极限承载力是同条件下普通钻孔灌注桩的1.20~1.26倍,后注浆灌注桩的回弹率和弹性变形相应增加;研究区地质条件下后注浆水泥浆液上返高度约为12.4~13.8 m,桩端以下水泥浆下渗深度约为1.3~2.1 m(约为桩径的1.6~2.6倍);后注浆灌注桩水泥浆上返高度以下桩侧和桩端以下岩土层的标贯击数较压浆前均显著提高,后注浆导致的桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的提高是钻孔灌注桩承载性能提高的主要因素。研究成果对指导印尼软土地区后注浆设计和施工具有一定的借鉴意义。

后注浆技术在港口工程中的应用及桩基承载力研究

后注浆技术在国内土建领域应用广泛,但在港口工程尤其是海外港口工程中少有应用先例,对后注浆的适应条件和技术参数也缺乏经验参考。结合西非某码头工程,介绍泻湖水域复杂地质条件下的灌注桩后注浆技术的施工工艺和技术参数,探讨后注浆的适应条件和加固效果。结合静载试验,对注浆前后的桩侧、桩端承载力进行研究,并与理论计算值进行对比。结果表明,采用后注浆技术可有效提高桩基承载力但具有一定的适应条件,可为类似港口工程的桩基设计提供参考。