Rock damage and fracturing induced by high static stress and slightly dynamic disturbance with acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques

A series of coupled static-dynamic loading tests is carried out in this study to understand the effect of slightly dynamic disturbance on the rocks under high static stress.The acoustic emission(AE)and digital image correlation(DIC)techniques are combined to quantitatively characterize the damage and fracturing behaviors of rocks.The effects of three influencing factors,i.e.initial static stress,disturbance amplitude,and disturbance frequency,on the damage and fracturing evolution are analyzed.The experimental results reveal the great differences in AE characteristics and fracturing behaviors of rocks under static loads and coupled static-dynamic loads.Both the Kaiser effect and Felicity effect are observed during the disturbance loading process.The crack initiation,stable and unstable propagation in the highly-stressed rocks can be triggered by cyclic disturbance loads,and more local tensile splitting cracks are found in the rocks subjected to coupled static-dynamic loads.The damage and fracturing evolution of rocks during cyclic disturbances can be divided into two stages,i.e.steady and accelerated stages,and the increase rate and proportion of each stage are greatly affected by these influencing factors.High initial static stress,low disturbance frequency,and high disturbance amplitude are considered to be adverse factors to the stability of the rocks,which would induce a high increase rate of the steady stage and a high proportion of the accelerated stage within the whole disturbance period.Based on the two-stage damage evolution trend,a linear-exponential damage model is employed to predict the instability of the rocks under coupled static-dynamic loads.

Piezoelectric responses of brittle rock mass containing quartz to static stress and exploding stress wave respectively

The electromagnetic emission(EME) induced from the rock containing piezoelectric materials was investigated under both static stress and exploding stress wave in the view of piezoelectric effect. The results show that the intensity of the EME induced from the rock under static stress increases with increasing stress level and loading rate; the relationship between the amplitude of the EME from the rock under different modes of stress wave and elastic parameters and propagation distance was presented. The intensity of the EME relates not only to the strength and elastic moduli of rock masses,but also to the initial damage of the rock. The intensity of EME induced by stress wave reaches the highest at the explosion-center and attenuates with the propagation distance. The intensity of EME increases with increasing the elastic modulus and decreases with increasing initial damage. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Three dimensional finite element analysis of acetabulum loaded by static stress and its biomechanical significance

Objective:To explore the mechanical behavior of acetabulum loaded by static stress and provide the mechanical basis for clinical analysis and judgement on acetabular mechanical distribution and effect of static stress.Methods:By means of computer simulation, acetabular three dimensional model was input into three dimensional finite element analysis software ANSYS7.0. The acetabular mechanical behavior was calculated and the main stress value, stress distribution and acetabular unit displacement in the direction of main stress were analyzed when anterior wall of acetabulum and acetabular crest were loaded by 1 000 N static stress. Results:When acetabular anterior wall loaded by X direction and Z direction composition force, the stress passed along 4 directions: (1)from acetabular anterior wall to pubic symphysis along superior branch of pubis firstly, (2)from acetabular anterior wall to cacroiliac joint along pelvic ring,(3)in the acetabulum,(4)from the suffered point to ischium. When acetabular crest loaded by X direction and Y direction composition force, the stress transmitted to 4 directions: (1)from acetabular crest to ilium firstly, (2)from suffered point to cacroiliac joint along pelvic ring,(3) in the acetabulum ,(4)along the pubic branch,but no stress transmitted to the ischium branch.Conclusion:Analyzing the stress distribution of acetabulum and units displacement when static stress loaded can provide internal fixation point for acetabular fracture treatment and help understand the stress distribution of acetabulum.

Static Stretching Combined with Conscious Slower Breathing May Increase Parasympathetic Activity and Reduce Stress in Adult Women

Background: Women are thought to be more susceptible to stress than men in a stressful society, and reducing stress is crucial for women to maintain their health. Static stretching (SST) is applied in various fields to not only increase muscle flexibility but also reduce stress. Additionally, conscious slower breathing (CSB) predominates parasympathetic activity, causing a relaxing effect. These results indicate that combining SST and CSB may be more useful in reducing stress. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of this combination remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of the combination of SST and CSB on autonomic activity and stress in adult women. Methods: Eleven healthy Japanese adult female participants performed SST with nonconscious natural breathing for 20 min. The same participants performed SST in combination with CSB (2 s inspiratory and 4 s expiratory) for 20 min on another day. Salivary cortisol and chromogranin A levels were measured before and after stretching as stress markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. The coefficient of variation of the R-R interval (CVR-R) and high-frequency component (HF), which reflect parasympathetic nerve activity, and heart rate and low-frequency component (LF)/HF ratio, which reflect sympathetic nerve activity, were measured before, during, and after stretching. Results: SST decreased cortisol levels but with no significant changes in chromogranin A, heart rate, CVR-R, HF, or LF/HF ratio. The combination of SST and CSB increased CVR-R and HF levels in addition to decreasing cortisol levels but with no significant changes in chromogranin A, heart rate, or LF/HF levels. Conclusion: These results indicate that the combination of SST and CSB may increase parasympathetic activity and reduce stress. However, future randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes should support this conclusion.

Static and Thermal Analysis of Aluminium (413,390,384 and 332) Piston Using Finite Element Method

The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.

Static Stress Triggering Effects Related with M_s8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

In this article, firstly, we calculated and analyzed the patterns of Coulomb stress changes induced by a sequence of strong earthquakes that occurred in Songpan (松潘), Sichuan (四川) Province in 1973 and 1976, and discovered that the Ms8.0 Wenchuan (汶川) earthquake of 2008 was epicentered in a relevant Coulomb stress triggering zone. This suggests that the Coulomb stress on the middle and southern segments of the Longmenshan (龙门山) fault zone increased after the Songpan sequence of strong earthquakes, and the stress increment might cause the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake having already occurred somewhat ahead of time. Further, we calculated and analyzed Coulomb stress changes coinduced by both the Songpan sequence and the Ms8.0 Wenchuan mainshock. The result shows that the Ms6.4 Qingchuan (青川) earthquake of May 25, 2008 on the northeastern segment of the Longmen-shan fault zone was triggered by the Wenchuan mainshock, and that the southwestern segment of the fault zone is also in the stress triggering zone. Besides, the Maoxian (茂县)-Wenchuan fault (i.e., the back-range fault of the Longmenshan fault zone), which extends parallel to the seismogenic fault of the Wenchuan earthquake, is in a shadow zone of the Coulomb stress changes, and therefore, its potential hazard for producing a strong or large earthquake in the near future could be reduced relatively.

Complete Coulomb stress changes induced by the Ms7.6 earthquake in Lancang-Gengma, Yunnan and triggering of aftershocks by dynamic and static stress

The spatiotemporal evolution patterns of complete Coulomb stress changes caused by 1988 Ms7.6 earthquake in Lancang-Gengma, Yunnan, are calculated and studied. And the triggering problems of Ms7.2 Gengma shock occurring 13 minutes after the main shock and of Ms5.0―6.9 aftershocks within 24 days after the main shock are discussed. The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of complete Coulomb stress changes of the Ms7.6 main shock are strongly asymmetric. The areas of positive dynamic and static Coulomb stress are both coincident well with the strong aftershocks' loca-tions. The Ms7.2 Gengma shock and most of strong aftershocks are subjected to the triggering effect of dynamic and static Coulomb stresses induced by the Ms7.6 Lancang earthquake.

Caustic study on blast-induced wing crack behaviors in dynamic–static superimposed stress field

This paper studies blast-induced wing crack behavior in a dynamic–static superimposed stress field using high-speed photography in combination with the optical method of caustics. With a static–dynamic loading setup, four PMMA plate specimens with pre-existing cracks under different static loading and the same dynamic loading were tested to observe the mechanical characteristics and the kinematic characteristics of blast-induced wing cracks during the propagation process, including crack length, crack velocity and dynamic stress intensity factor(SIF) at the crack tip. The results show that the behavior of the blast-induced wing crack is affected by the explosion stress wave and initial static stress, and the initial static stress with the direction being perpendicular to the wing crack propagation direction hinders crack propagation. Furthermore, the boundary constraint condition of the specimen plays an important role on the behavior of the crack propagation in the experiment.

Static Yield Stress of Cement-based Grouting Material under Different Rheological Modes

To quantitatively estimate the workability of cement-based grouting material,from the perspective of rheology,the result of the static yield stress evaluated using the rate-controlled and stress-controlled modes,respectively,was compared using the Rheowin rheometer.Also,the correlation of workability and solid concentration of slurry with static yield stress was studied.Results show that the static yield stress of cement-based grouting slurry relates to the established slurry structure,and is the shear stress corresponding to the transformation of elastics to plastics;In rate-controlled mode,the static yield stress of the slurry is related to the shear rate.The higher the shear rate,the greater the yield stress of the slurry.For the stress-controlled mode,the result is more accurate and suitable for testing static yield stress under different water-cement ratios.Since the water-cement ratio has a good correspondence with the static yield stress and the static yield stress has a good correspondence with the slump flow of the slurry,the static yield stress is the minimum stress to be overcome when the slurry begins to flow and it reflects the yield behavior and structural stability of the cement.

Residual Stress and Deformation Analysis of Static Bonding Multi-layer Pyrex7740 Glass and Aluminum

Residual stresses and deformation of static bonding multi-layer Pyrex7740 glass and aluminum have important effects on performances of bonding parts. The stress and strain finite element analysis of anodic bonding can optimize the structure and process design, reduce the workload of the experiments, shorten the production cycle, improve the bonding quality, and reduce the process costs. In this paper, residual stresses and deformation in the static bonding two-layer(glass/aluminum), three-layer(glass/aluminum/glass),five-layer(glass/aluminum/glass/aluminum/glass)and seven-layer(glass/aluminum/glass/aluminum/glass/aluminum/glass) samples have been analyzed using nonlinear finite element simulation software MARC. The simulation results show that the shear stress distribution and deformation distribution in different multi-layer glass and aluminum samples are similar. The stress distribution along thickness at different typical positions in all multi-layer samples has characteristics of pulse pattern, which has pulse peak at the position of transition layers and then decreases abruptly to the minimum value at the positions of glass and aluminum. The maximum shear stress is located in the outside surface area in the transition layer between the top unconstrained glass layer and aluminum layer. The displacement distribution along thickness in all multi-layer samples increases gradually from the constrained bottom glass layer to the top unconstrained glass layer with abrupt step increase in the aluminum layers. The maximum deformations occur in aluminum layers. It is found that the minimum deformation distortion and the minimum shear stress occur in the three-layer static bonding sample.

发泡聚乙烯最大加速度-静应力曲线快速获取方法研究

目的研究快速、准确预测最大加速度-静应力曲线的方法。方法首先利用落锤冲击试验机获取了5个不同高度下,5种不同厚度的发泡聚乙烯的最大加速度-静应力曲线。在此基础上,分析对比文中3种不同的改进拟合法与已有的动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的区别。结果研究发现,当不区分高度的情况下,以最大加速度因子为函数值,以跌落高度、衬垫厚度、静应力为变量进行拟合时,其代表预测精度R^(2)的平均为0.835,相比动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的0.2996要高。但曲线右侧的预测精度偏低。引入以静应力为变量的多项式作为修正因子后,R^(2)的平均值为0.934。预测精度有所提高,右侧的预测偏差减小,但仍存在。在区分高度的情况下,以带有修正因子的公式进行预测时,R^(2)的平均值为0.984,曲线向右侧预测偏差逐渐增大的现象明显改善。结论区分高度情况下,利用带修正因子的预测公式可以快速且较准确地预测最大加速度-静应力曲线,可以为冲击防护设计及相关软件的开发提供一定的帮助。

矿物掺合料对复合胶凝材料浆体静态屈服应力的影响

复合胶凝材料浆体的静态屈服应力可用于表征浆体内部微观结构建立的特性,且对新拌水泥基材料的施工与3D打印过程有很大影响。本文研究了矿物掺合料的种类和掺量对复合胶凝材料浆体静态屈服应力变化规律的影响。研究发现,矿物掺合料的细度增大使颗粒表面的水膜层厚度减小,导致浆体的静态屈服应力增大。复合胶凝材料浆体的静态屈服应力在加水搅拌后的一段时间内缓慢增加,浆体结构建立速率较小。在加水搅拌后大约1.5 h,复合胶凝材料浆体的静态屈服应力迅速增大,表明浆体内部结构的连接程度已接近不可破坏的程度,浆体开始凝结,向固体状态转变。

小山口水电站砂砾石面板坝三维静、动力有限元计算分析

鉴于小山口水电站为软岩基础,坝体较长,且混合坝接头部位非常复杂。为了解决该坝体面临的变形控制难、坝体抗震等级高等设计难题,结合砂砾石面板坝结构、坝壳料设计,通过构建三维有限元模型,该模型包括坝体、泥岩和沙质泥岩基础组成。在静力本构分析中,采用了非线性邓肯E-B模型,而在动力本构分析中,则使用了等效线性粘弹性模型。通过这个模型,对坝体的应力和变形进行了全面系统的研究和分析,同时对坝体的抗震性能和抗震稳定性进行了验证。结果表明,在各种工况下坝体所表现出的变形规律合理。同时在混凝土面板最大拉应力和压应力都符合所采用混凝土材料的允许应力要求,坝体的抗震性能和抗震稳定性满足规范要求。

常规岛汽机旁路调节阀抗震性能研究

为防止常规岛汽机旁路调节阀在地震期间发生共振,致使调节阀与连接管道受到破坏,使用ANSYS软件中Modal模块,对DN 300 Class900汽机旁路调节阀进行模态分析,得到调节阀各阶自振频率。当调节阀的基频高于33 Hz时,使用等效静力法。对调节阀进行抗震分析,得到阀门整体及各部件的等效应力和变形。根据ASME BPVC-Ⅲ中对核级设备抗震的规定,对调节阀在承受地震载荷时的应力强度进行评定,结果表明:阀体、阀盖、阀杆、支架最大应力分别为133.63、77.52、29.46、71.54 MPa,中法兰螺栓最大拉应力为183.23 MPa,最大剪应力为15.36 MPa,均满足抗震强度要求。

集装箱自动卸货系统的设计与有限元分析

为了提高卸货效率,提高疫情情况下的卫生水平,设计了一种针对于港口集装箱的自动卸货系统。文中主要介绍了卸货系统的结构设计和工作流程,利用Solid Works软件对卸货系统进行了建模,利用ANSYS Workbench软件对其关键部件齿轮以及摆臂机构进行静应力分析,得到了齿轮在一个啮合过程和摆臂机构从最低点运动到最高点的工作过程应力变化的插值曲线。分析结果验证了该设计的可行性,能够提高仓储行业自动化水平,为仓储行业实现自动化卸货奠定了基础。

周向约束对木材压缩吸能特性的影响

通过准静态压缩试验,考察轻木、泡桐、杉木、毛白杨4种木材在周向约束条件时,顺纹和横纹的压缩力学行为、破坏形态、吸能特性,并利用t检验分析其差异显著性。结果表明:①周向约束木材的顺纹压缩应力-应变曲线仍表现为“三阶段”特征,周向约束可抑制木材剪切扩展、大幅屈曲变形等非稳态破坏,曲线平台阶段应力基本与破坏强度持平。②泡桐、杉木、毛白杨顺纹压缩的吸能能力、平台阶段平稳性显著提高,其单位体积吸能值分别提高了15.51%、53.02%、48.15%,理想吸能率增大了35.93%、24.24%、86.00%。③周向约束木材的径向与弦向压缩力学行为、吸能特性相似,木材压头侧边纤维受试样中部拉伸和剪切作用发生竖向剥离,并沿压缩方向产生裂纹。④与无约束压缩相比,周向约束轻木、泡桐横纹压缩应力-应变曲线形状无明显变化,径向压缩单位体积吸能值分别提高了325.51%、182.60%,弦向压缩单位体积吸能值分别提高了430.57%、255.66%;杉木、毛白杨周向约束时横纹压缩应力-应变曲线变为无平台区的“两阶段”形式,理想吸能率均显著降低。

纯电汽车电池仓安全性分析

随着纯电汽车续航里程不断增加,电池仓能量密度被提高,其尺寸也被增大。而压铸工艺无法满足大尺寸电池仓的生产,有必要对电池仓进行分体生产。为检验分体后电池仓的安全性,采用HyperMesh建立某动力电池仓下壳体分体后的电池盒前侧板有限元模型以及对其进行前处理,模拟电池盒前侧板装配在车架上承载电池模组的工作状态;然后基于Optistruct对其进行约束模态分析、不同行驶状态下静力学工况分析以及锂电池组高温工况下热变形热应力分析,以验证电池盒前侧板的动静态特性。最后采用LS-DYNA模拟电池盒前侧板在1 m高处倾斜5°进行跌落试验,以验证其抗冲击性能。结果表明,电池盒前侧板在约束模态分析、静力学工况以及高温工况均能满足安全标准及强度要求。在跌落模拟试验中电池盒前侧板局部区域集中分布的等效应力大于材料屈服强度,需要增加该区域的壁厚,从而提高刚度。

基于响应面法和MOGA的重载曲轴形貌优化研究

重载曲轴是大型隔膜泵动力端的关键零部件之一,其强度对于整个动力端的平稳运行至关重要。而重载曲轴的失效形式往往是由于圆角处应力集中导致的疲劳破环。针对这一问题,从圆角处结构特征的角度出发,对曲轴进行形貌优化。通过静强度应力分析确定曲轴工作过程中的最危险工况,以此作为曲轴优化过程中的计算工况。以各圆角处的最大应力值和整体最大变形量为优化目标,以圆角处结构特征参数为设计变量,进行试验设计,基于Kriging插值法构建优化目标关于设计变量的响应面模型。最后,建立多目标优化模型,应用多目标遗传算法寻找非支配解解集。结果发现,优化解集中的曲柄斜面倾斜角都接近90°,这为今后的重载曲轴的结构设计提供一定的参考。

基于ANSYS的岸桥盘式制动器可靠性研究

为研究海港岸桥主起升环节的液压盘式制动器在工作过程中受到制动力的应力应变状况以及力学性能,首先建立盘式制动器的三维模型,然后根据有限元原理,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS Workbench对其进行静应力分析,得到制动器主要零部件应力、变形情况和应力、变形云图以及其主要部件的应力大小,并对出现应力集中的地方进行优化改进。同时提出增大制动臂底处连轴半径的方法,将原来的连轴半径由30 mm增大到35 mm并对其进行同条件下分析验证,为此盘式制动器的优化设计及动力学分析提供理论基础。通过模态分析,得出其前6阶固有频率和振型,通过计算分析得到结果验证该制动器在制动过程中不会发生共振,结构安全可靠,能满足实际工作要求。

2023年塔吉克斯坦M_(W)7.2地震InSAR同震形变场与滑动分布

利用Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像数据,对2023年塔吉克斯坦M_(W)7.2地震开展同震形变提取,基于弹性位错模型进行断层反演,并以本文反演得到的右旋节面解为接收面,计算不同深度的静态库仑应力。同震形变结果显示,升轨LOS向最大形变量达15 cm,降轨LOS向最大形变量达16 cm。断层反演结果表明,此次地震最优发震断层走向为131.1°、倾角为85.7°,同震主滑移区分布在深度10~30 km范围内,以右旋走滑为主,最大滑移位置位于地下约20 km深度处,滑移量为3.49 m,未破裂至地表,矩震级为M_(W)7.16。库仑应力结果显示,该区域库仑应力符合帕米尔高原已有的应力场及地质学研究结果,随着深度增加,其影响范围以发震断层为中心向外扩张,且自5 km深度往下,应力加载区逐渐侵蚀应力卸载区,并开始以加载区为主,在约10 km深度处开始发生余震活动,与本次发震断层相邻的2条断层未来短时间内地震风险性较小。