A power-law (y = cx<sup>n</sup>) signature between process energy budget (kJ) and process energy density (kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>) of microwave-assisted synthesis of silver and gold nanostructu...A power-law (y = cx<sup>n</sup>) signature between process energy budget (kJ) and process energy density (kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>) of microwave-assisted synthesis of silver and gold nanostructures has been recently described [Law and Denis. AJAC, 14(4), 149-174, (2023)]. This study explores this relation further for palladium, platinum, and zinc oxide nanostructures. Parametric cluster analysis and statistical analysis is used to test the power-law signature of over four orders of magnitude as a function of six microwave applicator-types metal precursor, non-Green Chemistry synthesis and claimed Green Chemistry. It is found that for the claimed Green Chemistry, process energy budget ranges from 0.291 to 900 kJ, with a residual error ranging between −33 to +25.9 kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>. The non-Green Chemistry synthesis has a higher process energy budget range from 3.2 kJ to 3.3 MJ, with a residual error of −33.3 to +245.3 kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>. It is also found that the energy profile over time produced by software controlled digestion applicators is poorly reported which leads to residual error problematic outliers that produce possible phase-transition in the power-law signature. The original Au and Ag database and new Pd, Pt and ZnO database (with and without problematic outliers) yield a global microwave-assisted synthesis power-law signature constants of c = 0.7172 ± 0.3214 kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup> at x-axes = 0.001 kJ, and the exponent, n = 0.791 ± 0.055. The information in this study is aimed to understand variations in historical microwave-assisted synthesis processes, and develop new scale-out synthesis through process intensification.展开更多
The similitude theory helps to understand the physical behaviors of large structures through scaled models. Several papers have studied the similitude of shock issues. However, the dynamic similitude for shock respons...The similitude theory helps to understand the physical behaviors of large structures through scaled models. Several papers have studied the similitude of shock issues. However, the dynamic similitude for shock responses of coupled structures is rarely incorporated in open studies. In this paper, scaling laws are derived for the shock responses and spectra of coupled structures. In the presented scaling laws, the geometric distortion and energy loss are considered. The ability of the proposed scaling laws is demonstrated in the simulation and experimental cases. In both cases, the similitude prediction for the prototype's time-domain waveform and spectrum is conducted with the scaled model and scaling laws. The simulation and experimental cases indicate that the predicted shock responses and spectra agree well with those of the prototype, which verifies the proposed scaling laws for predicting shock responses.展开更多
文摘A power-law (y = cx<sup>n</sup>) signature between process energy budget (kJ) and process energy density (kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>) of microwave-assisted synthesis of silver and gold nanostructures has been recently described [Law and Denis. AJAC, 14(4), 149-174, (2023)]. This study explores this relation further for palladium, platinum, and zinc oxide nanostructures. Parametric cluster analysis and statistical analysis is used to test the power-law signature of over four orders of magnitude as a function of six microwave applicator-types metal precursor, non-Green Chemistry synthesis and claimed Green Chemistry. It is found that for the claimed Green Chemistry, process energy budget ranges from 0.291 to 900 kJ, with a residual error ranging between −33 to +25.9 kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>. The non-Green Chemistry synthesis has a higher process energy budget range from 3.2 kJ to 3.3 MJ, with a residual error of −33.3 to +245.3 kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup>. It is also found that the energy profile over time produced by software controlled digestion applicators is poorly reported which leads to residual error problematic outliers that produce possible phase-transition in the power-law signature. The original Au and Ag database and new Pd, Pt and ZnO database (with and without problematic outliers) yield a global microwave-assisted synthesis power-law signature constants of c = 0.7172 ± 0.3214 kJ·ml<sup>-1</sup> at x-axes = 0.001 kJ, and the exponent, n = 0.791 ± 0.055. The information in this study is aimed to understand variations in historical microwave-assisted synthesis processes, and develop new scale-out synthesis through process intensification.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12272089 and U1908217)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Nos. N2224001-4 and N2003013)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2020B1515120015)。
文摘The similitude theory helps to understand the physical behaviors of large structures through scaled models. Several papers have studied the similitude of shock issues. However, the dynamic similitude for shock responses of coupled structures is rarely incorporated in open studies. In this paper, scaling laws are derived for the shock responses and spectra of coupled structures. In the presented scaling laws, the geometric distortion and energy loss are considered. The ability of the proposed scaling laws is demonstrated in the simulation and experimental cases. In both cases, the similitude prediction for the prototype's time-domain waveform and spectrum is conducted with the scaled model and scaling laws. The simulation and experimental cases indicate that the predicted shock responses and spectra agree well with those of the prototype, which verifies the proposed scaling laws for predicting shock responses.
