Remote Sensing Image Retrieval Based on 3D-Local Ternary Pattern(LTP)Features and Non-subsampled Shearlet Transform(NSST)Domain Statistical Features

With the increasing popularity of high-resolution remote sensing images,the remote sensing image retrieval(RSIR)has always been a topic of major issue.A combined,global non-subsampled shearlet transform(NSST)-domain statistical features(NSSTds)and local three dimensional local ternary pattern(3D-LTP)features,is proposed for high-resolution remote sensing images.We model the NSST image coefficients of detail subbands using 2-state laplacian mixture(LM)distribution and its three parameters are estimated using Expectation-Maximization(EM)algorithm.We also calculate the statistical parameters such as subband kurtosis and skewness from detail subbands along with mean and standard deviation calculated from approximation subband,and concatenate all of them with the 2-state LM parameters to describe the global features of the image.The various properties of NSST such as multiscale,localization and flexible directional sensitivity make it a suitable choice to provide an effective approximation of an image.In order to extract the dense local features,a new 3D-LTP is proposed where dimension reduction is performed via selection of‘uniform’patterns.The 3D-LTP is calculated from spatial RGB planes of the input image.The proposed inter-channel 3D-LTP not only exploits the local texture information but the color information is captured too.Finally,a fused feature representation(NSSTds-3DLTP)is proposed using new global(NSSTds)and local(3D-LTP)features to enhance the discriminativeness of features.The retrieval performance of proposed NSSTds-3DLTP features are tested on three challenging remote sensing image datasets such as WHU-RS19,Aerial Image Dataset(AID)and PatternNet in terms of mean average precision(MAP),average normalized modified retrieval rank(ANMRR)and precision-recall(P-R)graph.The experimental results are encouraging and the NSSTds-3DLTP features leads to superior retrieval performance compared to many well known existing descriptors such as Gabor RGB,Granulometry,local binary pattern(LBP),Fisher vector(FV),vector of locally aggregated descriptors(VLAD)and median robust extended local binary pattern(MRELBP).For WHU-RS19 dataset,in terms of{MAP,ANMRR},the NSSTds-3DLTP improves upon Gabor RGB,Granulometry,LBP,FV,VLAD and MRELBP descriptors by{41.93%,20.87%},{92.30%,32.68%},{86.14%,31.97%},{18.18%,15.22%},{8.96%,19.60%}and{15.60%,13.26%},respectively.For AID,in terms of{MAP,ANMRR},the NSSTds-3DLTP improves upon Gabor RGB,Granulometry,LBP,FV,VLAD and MRELBP descriptors by{152.60%,22.06%},{226.65%,25.08%},{185.03%,23.33%},{80.06%,12.16%},{50.58%,10.49%}and{62.34%,3.24%},respectively.For PatternNet,the NSSTds-3DLTP respectively improves upon Gabor RGB,Granulometry,LBP,FV,VLAD and MRELBP descriptors by{32.79%,10.34%},{141.30%,24.72%},{17.47%,10.34%},{83.20%,19.07%},{21.56%,3.60%},and{19.30%,0.48%}in terms of{MAP,ANMRR}.The moderate dimensionality of simple NSSTds-3DLTP allows the system to run in real-time.

Anomaly traffic detection of database network based on flow statistical features

The traditional intrusion detection system has the problem of high false positive rate and false negative rate.This paper deeply analyzes the differences of statistical features between single-flow and multi-flow on the database network,and presents a group of features that are easy to acquire and can be used to detect the anomaly in database network efficiently.By applying this group of features in Fisher algorithm for anomaly detection,the false positive rate and false negative rate are dramatically reduced.Simultaneously,the model made by using the group of features has the advantages of low algorithm complexity,good detection result and strong generalization ability.Experimental results show that there is higher accuracy when using the features of single-flow and multiflow to construct the anomaly detection model than only using single-flow features.

Classifying Machine Learning Features Extracted from Vibration Signal with Logistic Model Tree to Monitor Automobile Tyre Pressure

Tyre pressure monitoring system(TPMS)is compulsory in most countries like the United States and European Union.The existing systems depend on pressure sensors strapped on the tyre or on wheel speed sensor data.A difference in wheel speed would trigger an alarm based on the algorithm implemented.In this paper,machine learning approach is proposed as a new method to monitor tyre pressure by extracting the vertical vibrations from a wheel hub of a moving vehicle using an accelerometer.The obtained signals will be used to compute through statistical features and histogram features for the feature extraction process.The LMT(Logistic Model Tree)was used as the classifier and attained a classification accuracy of 92.5%with 10-fold cross validation for statistical features and 90.5% with 10-fold cross validation for histogram features.The proposed model can be used for monitoring the automobile tyre pressure successfully.

Unsupervised Log Anomaly Detection Method Based on Multi-Feature

Log anomaly detection is an important paradigm for system troubleshooting.Existing log anomaly detection based on Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks is time-consuming to handle long sequences.Transformer model is introduced to promote efficiency.However,most existing Transformer-based log anomaly detection methods convert unstructured log messages into structured templates by log parsing,which introduces parsing errors.They only extract simple semantic feature,which ignores other features,and are generally supervised,relying on the amount of labeled data.To overcome the limitations of existing methods,this paper proposes a novel unsupervised log anomaly detection method based on multi-feature(UMFLog).UMFLog includes two sub-models to consider two kinds of features:semantic feature and statistical feature,respectively.UMFLog applies the log original content with detailed parameters instead of templates or template IDs to avoid log parsing errors.In the first sub-model,UMFLog uses Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)instead of random initialization to extract effective semantic feature,and an unsupervised hypersphere-based Transformer model to learn compact log sequence representations and obtain anomaly candidates.In the second sub-model,UMFLog exploits a statistical feature-based Variational Autoencoder(VAE)about word occurrence times to identify the final anomaly from anomaly candidates.Extensive experiments and evaluations are conducted on three real public log datasets.The results show that UMFLog significantly improves F1-scores compared to the state-of-the-art(SOTA)methods because of the multi-feature.

Health Monitoring of Dry Clutch System Using Deep Learning Approach

Clutch is one of the most significant components in automobiles.To improve passenger safety,reliability and economy of automobiles,advanced supervision and fault diagnostics are required.Condition Monitoring is one of the key divisions that can be used to track the reliability of clutch and allied components.The state of the clutch elements can be monitored with the help of vibration signals which contain valuable information required for classification.Specific drawbacks of traditional fault diagnosis techniques like high reliability on human intelligence and the requirement of profes-sional expertise,have made researchers look for intelligent fault diagnosis techniques.In this article,the classification performance of the deep learning technique(employing images plotted from vibration signals)is compared with the machine learning technique(using features extracted from vibration signals)to identify the most viable solution for condition monitoring of the clutch system.The overall experimentation is carried out in two phases,namely the deep learning phase and the machine learning phase.Overall,the effectiveness of the pre-trained networks was assessed and compared with machine learning algorithms.Based on the comparative study,the best-performing technique is recommended for real-time application.

Improved Ant Colony Optimization and Machine Learning Based Ensemble Intrusion Detection Model

Internet of things(IOT)possess cultural,commercial and social effect in life in the future.The nodes which are participating in IOT network are basi-cally attracted by the cyber-attack targets.Attack and identification of anomalies in IoT infrastructure is a growing problem in the IoT domain.Machine Learning Based Ensemble Intrusion Detection(MLEID)method is applied in order to resolve the drawback by minimizing malicious actions in related botnet attacks on Message Queue Telemetry Transport(MQTT)and Hyper-Text Transfer Proto-col(HTTP)protocols.The proposed work has two significant contributions which are a selection of features and detection of attacks.New features are chosen from Improved Ant Colony Optimization(IACO)in the feature selection,and then the detection of attacks is carried out based on a combination of their possible proper-ties.The IACO approach is focused on defining the attacker’s important features against HTTP and MQTT.In the IACO algorithm,the constant factor is calculated against HTTP and MQTT based on the mean function for each element.Attack detection,the performance of several machine learning models are Distance Deci-sion Tree(DDT),Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)and Mahala-nobis Distance Support Vector Machine(MDSVM)were compared with predicting accurate attacks on the IoT network.The outcomes of these classifiers are combined into the ensemble model.The proposed MLEID strategy has effec-tively established malicious incidents.The UNSW-NB15 dataset is used to test the MLEID technique using data from simulated IoT sensors.Besides,the pro-posed MLEID technique has a greater detection rate and an inferior rate of false-positive compared to other conventional techniques.

A Novel MDFA-MKECA Method With Application to Industrial Batch Process Monitoring

For the complex batch process with characteristics of unequal batch data length,a novel data-driven batch process monitoring method is proposed based on mixed data features analysis and multi-way kernel entropy component analysis(MDFA-MKECA)in this paper.Combining the mechanistic knowledge,different mixed data features of each batch including statistical and thermodynamics entropy features,are extracted to finish data pre-processing.After that,MKECA is applied to reduce data dimensionality and finally establish a monitoring model.The proposed method is applied to a reheating furnace industry process,and the experimental results demonstrate that the MDFA-MKECA method can reduce the calculated amount and effectively provide on-line monitoring of the batch process.

Condition Monitoring of Roller Bearing by K-star Classifier andK-nearest Neighborhood Classifier Using Sound Signal

Most of the machineries in small or large-scale industry have rotating elementsupported by bearings for rigid support and accurate movement. For proper functioning ofmachinery, condition monitoring of the bearing is very important. In present study soundsignal is used to continuously monitor bearing health as sound signals of rotatingmachineries carry dynamic information of components. There are numerous studies inliterature that are reporting superiority of vibration signal of bearing fault diagnosis.However, there are very few studies done using sound signal. The cost associated withcondition monitoring using sound signal (Microphone) is less than the cost of transducerused to acquire vibration signal (Accelerometer). This paper employs sound signal forcondition monitoring of roller bearing by K-star classifier and k-nearest neighborhoodclassifier. The statistical feature extraction is performed from acquired sound signals. Thentwo-layer feature selection is done using J48 decision tree algorithm and random treealgorithm. These selected features were classified using K-star classifier and k-nearestneighborhood classifier and parametric optimization is performed to achieve the maximumclassification accuracy. The classification results for both K-star classifier and k-nearestneighborhood classifier for condition monitoring of roller bearing using sound signals werecompared.

Feature-Based Vibration Monitoring of a Hydraulic Brake System Using Machine Learning

Hydraulic brakes in automobiles are an important control component used not only for the safety of the passenger but also for others moving on the road.Therefore,monitoring the condition of the brake components is inevitable.The brake elements can be monitored by studying the vibration characteristics obtained from the brake system using a proper signal processing technique through machine learning approaches.The vibration signals were captured using an accelerometer sensor under a various fault condition.The acquired vibration signals were processed for extracting meaningful information as features.The condition of the brake system can be predicted using a feature based machine learning approach through the extracted features.This study focuses on a mechatronics system for data acquisitions and a signal processing technique for extracting features such as statistical,histogram and wavelets.Comparative results have been carried out using an experimental study for finding the effectiveness of the suggested signal processing techniques for monitoring the condition of the brake system.

A Comparative Study of Bayes Classifiers for Blade Fault Diagnosis in Wind Turbines through Vibration Signals

Renewable energy sources are considered much in energy fields because of thecontemporary energy calamities. Among the important alternatives being considered, windenergy is a durable competitor because of its dependability due to the development of theinnovations, comparative cost effectiveness and great framework. To yield wind energymore proficiently, the structure of wind turbines has turned out to be substantially bigger,creating conservation and renovation works troublesome. Due to various ecologicalconditions, wind turbine blades are subjected to vibration and it leads to failure. If thefailure is not diagnosed early, it will lead to catastrophic damage to the framework. In orderto increase safety observations, to reduce down time, to bring down the recurrence ofunexpected breakdowns and related enormous maintenance, logistic expenditures and tocontribute steady power generation, the wind turbine blade must be monitored now andthen to assure that they are in good condition. In this paper, a three bladed wind turbinewas preferred and using vibration source, the condition of a wind turbine blade is examined.The faults like blade crack, erosion, hub-blade loose connection, pitch angle twist and bladebend faults were considered and these faults are classified using Bayes Net (BN),Discriminative Multinomial Naïve Bayes (DMNB), Naïve Bayes (NB), Simple NaïveBayes (SNB), and Updateable Naïve Bayes (UNB) classifiers. These classifiers arecompared and better classifier is suggested for condition monitoring of wind turbine blades.

Vibration Based Tool Insert Health Monitoring Using Decision Tree and Fuzzy Logic

The productivity and quality in the turning process can be improved by utilizing the predicted performance of the cutting tools.This research incorporates condition monitoring of a non-carbide tool insert using vibration analysis along with machine learning and fuzzy logic approach.A non-carbide tool insert is considered for the process of cutting operation in a semi-automatic lathe,where the condition of tool is monitored using vibration characteristics.The vibration signals for conditions such as heathy,damaged,thermal and flank were acquired with the help of piezoelectric transducer and data acquisition system.The descriptive statistical features were extracted from the acquired vibration signal using the feature extraction techniques.The extracted statistical features were selected using a feature selection process through J48 decision tree algorithm.The selected features were classified using J48 decision tree and fuzzy to develop the fault diagnosis model for the improved predictive analysis.The decision tree model produced the classification accuracy as 94.78%with five selected features.The developed fuzzy model produced the classification accuracy as 94.02%with five membership functions.Hence,the decision tree has been proposed as a suitable fault diagnosis model for predicting the tool insert health condition under different fault conditions.

Iris Recognition Based on Multilevel Thresholding Technique and Modified Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm

Biometrics represents the technology for measuring the characteristics of the human body.Biometric authentication currently allows for secure,easy,and fast access by recognizing a person based on facial,voice,and fingerprint traits.Iris authentication is one of the essential biometric methods for identifying a person.This authentication type has become popular in research and practical applications.Unlike the face and hands,the iris is an internal organ,protected and therefore less likely to be damaged.However,the number of helpful information collected from the iris is much greater than the other biometric human organs.This work proposes a new iris identification model based on a multilevel thresholding technique and modified Fuzzy cmeans algorithm.The multilevel thresholding technique extracts the iris from its surroundings,such as specular reflections,eyelashes,pupils,and sclera.On the other hand,the modified Fuzzy c-means is used to combine and classify the most useful statistical features to maximize the accuracy of the collected information.Therefore,having the most optimal iris recognition.The proposed model results are validated using True Success Rate(TSR)and compared to other existing models.The results show how effective the combination of the two stages of the proposed model is:the Otsu method and modified Fuzzy c-means for the 400 tested images representing 40 people.

Spur Gear Tooth Pitting Propagation Assessment Using Model-based Analysis

Tooth pitting is a common failure mode of a gearbox. Many researchers investigated dynamic properties of a gearbox with localized pitting damage on a single gear tooth. The dynamic properties of a gearbox with pitting distributed over multiple teeth have rarely been investi- gated. In this paper, gear tooth pitting propagation to neighboring teeth is modeled and investigated for a pair of spur gears. Tooth pitting propagation effect on time-vary- ing mesh stiffness, gearbox dynamics and vibration char- acteristics is studied and then fault symptoms are revealed. In addition, the influence of gear mesh damping and environmental noise on gearbox vibration properties is investigated. In the end, 114 statistical features are tested to estimate tooth pitting growth. Statistical features that are insensitive to gear mesh damping and environmental noise are recommended.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 30 TO 60 DAY OSCILLATION OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE AND THE DROUGHT AND FLOOD EVENTS IN JUNE IN THE SOUTH OF CHINA

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the observed precipitation data in the south of China from 1958 to 2000,the impact of 30 to 60 day oscillation of atmospheric heat sources on the drought and flood events in June in the south of China is discussed.During the flood(drought) events,there exists an anomalous low-frequency anticyclone(cyclone) at the low level of the troposphere over the South China Sea and the northwestern Pacific,accompanied with anomalous low-frequency heat sinks(heat sources),while there exists an anomalous low-frequency cyclone(anticyclone) with anomalous heat sources(sinks) over the area from the south of China to the south of Japan.On average,the phase evolution of the low-frequency in drought events is 7 to 11 days ahead of that in flood events in May to June in the south of China.In flood events,low-frequency heat sources and cyclones are propagated northward from the southern South China Sea,northwestward from the warm pool of the western Pacific and westward from the northwestern Pacific around 140°E,which have very important impact on the abundant rainfall in June in the south of China.However,in drought events,the northward propagations of the low-frequency heat sources and cyclones from the South China Sea and its vicinity are rather late compared with those in flood events,and there is no obvious westward propagation of the heat sources from the northwestern Pacific.The timing of the low-frequency heat source propagation has remarkable impact on the June rainfall in the south of China.

Single Point Cutting Tool Fault Diagnosis in Turning Operation Using Reduced Error Pruning Tree Classifier

Tool wear is inevitable in daily machining process since metal cutting process involves the chip rubbing the tool surface after it has been cut by the tool edge.Tool wear dominantly influences the deterioration of surface finish,geometric and dimensional tolerances of the workpiece.Moreover,for complete utilization of cutting tools and reduction of machine downtime during the machining process,it becomes necessary to understand the develop-ment of tool wear and predict its status before happening.In this study,tool condition monitoring system was used to monitor the behavior of a single point cutting tool to predict flank wear.A uniaxial accelerometer was attached to a single point cutting tool under study.The accelerometer acquires vibrational signals during turning operation on a lathe machine.The acquired signals were then used to extract statistical features such as standard error,variance,skewness,etc.The substantial features were recognized to reduce the utilization of computing resources.They were used to classify the signals as good and three different measures of flank wear by a decision tree algorithm.Frequency domain features were also extracted and shown to be less effective in classification in comparison to statistical features.REPTree(Reduced Error Pruning Tree)algorithm was used in this study.REPTree decision tree algorithm achieved a maximum classification accuracy of 72.77%for all signals combined.When spindle speed and feed rate are considered as the variables the accuracy is about 86.25%.When spindle speed is the only variable parameter the accuracy is about 82.71%.When depth of cut,feed rate and speed of the spindle are considered as variable parameters,the accuracy of the decision tree is around 93.51%.This study demonstrates the performance of REPTree classifier in tool condition monitoring.It can be utilized for tool wear identification and thus improve surface finish,dimensional accuracy of the work piece and reduce machine down-time.Any additional research on the work may involve analysis of different classifier algorithms which could potentially predict tool wear with greater accuracy.

Research on seismic intensity zonation by use of the response intensity of historical earth－quakes───with the central part of Shanxi Province as an example

With the central part of Shanxi Province as an example, this paper studied seismic intensity zonation directly by use of the response intensity of historical earthquakes. From the result, some conclusions can be drawn as follows: ① For areas rich in data of historical earthquakes, the seismic intensity zonation map with probabilistic meanings can be compiled by use of the statistical features of the response intensity of sites; ② When determining the length of time for statistics, the completeness of response intensity data and the inhomogeneity of regional seismic activities should be fully considered; ③ By comparing the seismic intensity zonation result for recurrence interval of 500 years with the new Seismic Intensity Zonation Map of China (1990), it has been found that the two are roughly similar; though they are somewhat different for some localities, each has its own reasonableness.

A Novel Parsimonious Neurofuzzy Model Applied to Railway Carriage System Identification and Fault Diagnosis

In this paper, we suggest a novel parsimonious neurofuzzy model realized by RBFNs for railway carriage system identification and fault diagnosis. To overcome the curse of dimensionality resulting from high dimensional input variables, in our developed model the features extracted from the available observations are regarded as the input variables by adopting the higher-order statistics(HOS) technique. Such a constructed model is also applied to a practical railway carriage system, simulation results indicate that the developed neurofuzzy model possesses strong identification and fault diagnosis ability.

REVERSE MODELING FOR CONIC BLENDING FEATURE

A novel method to extract conic blending feature in reverse engineering is presented. Different from the methods to recover constant and variable radius blends from unorganized points, it contains not only novel segmentation and feature recognition techniques, but also bias corrected technique to capture more reliable distribution of feature parameters along the spine curve. The segmentation depending on point classification separates the points in the conic blend region from the input point cloud. The available feature parameters of the cross-sectional curves are extracted with the processes of slicing point clouds with planes, conic curve fitting, and parameters estimation and compensation, The extracted parameters and its distribution laws are refined according to statistic theory such as regression analysis and hypothesis test. The proposed method can accurately capture the original design intentions and conveniently guide the reverse modeling process. Application examples are presented to verify the high precision and stability of the proposed method.

Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis strategy of railway point machines using vibration signals

Condition monitoring of railway point machines is important for train operation safety and effectiveness.Referring to the fields of mechanical equipment fault detection,this paper proposes a fault detection and identification strategy of railway point machines via vibration signals.A comprehensive feature distilling approach by combining variational mode decomposition(VMD)energy entropy and time-and frequency-domain statistical features is presented,which is more effective than single type of feature.The optimal set of features was selected with ReliefF,which helps improve the diagnosis accuracy.Support vector machine(SVM),which is suitable for a small sample,is adopted to realize diagnosis.The diagnosis accuracy of the proposed method reaches 100%,and its effectiveness is verified by experiment comparisons.In this paper,vibration signals are creatively adopted for fault diagnosis of railway point machines.The presented method can help guide field maintenance staff and also provide reference for fault diagnosis of other equipment.

Experimental investigation of unsteady attached cavitating flow induced pressure fluctuation

This paper experimentally investigates the pressure fluctuation induced by the unsteady attached cavitating flow, with special focus on the quasi-periodic cloud cavitation. A simultaneous sampling method is adopted for the synchronous measurement of the wall pressure signals and the cavitating flow images in a convergent-divergent channel. The results show that the pressure fluctuation is composed of three parts, the flow noise, the low-frequency fluctuation, and the cavity collapse induced impulse, and the pressure evolution of the quasi-periodic cloud cavitation is well consistent with the cavitation evolution. The statistical analysis of the pressure fluctuation shows that, when σ > 1.01, the probability density function (PDF) is nearly in the normal distribution, implying the randomness of the pressure fluctuation, when 0.84 < σ < 0.91, the PDF has a much larger variance than when σ > 1.01, when σ < 0.84, the PDF becomes narrow and asymmetric. In addition, the variance and the average value of the pressure indicate that the fluctuation intensity increases downstream along the cavity and reaches the maximum at the cavity closure and it also increases with the decrease of the cavitation number. The spectral analysis shows that the low-frequency pressure fluctuations mainly consist of two dominant components, the cavity shedding induced fluctuation and the lock-in fluctuation. The cavity shedding induced frequency decreases with the decrease of the cavitation number but the lock-in frequency is kept nearly constant. According to the spectral analysis of the cavity area fluctuation and the modal analysis of the flow system, the lock-in is possibly caused when the fluctuation frequency of the cavity volume approaches the natural frequency of the flow system.