Narrative minireview of the spatial epidemiology of substance use disorder in the United States:Who is at risk and where?

Drug overdose is the leading cause of death by injury in the United States.The incidence of substance use disorder(SUD)in the United States has increased steadily over the past two decades,becoming a major public health problem for the country.The drivers of the SUD epidemic in the United States have changed over time,characterized by an initial heroin outbreak between 1970 and 1999,followed by a painkiller outbreak,and finally by an ongoing synthetic opioid outbreak.The nature and sources of these abused substances reveal striking differences in the socioeconomic and behavioral factors that shape the drug epidemic.Moreover,the geospatial distribution of the SUD epidemic is not homogeneous.The United States has specific locations where vulnerable communities at high risk of SUD are concentrated,reaffirming the multifactorial socioeconomic nature of this epidemic.A better understanding of the SUD epidemic under a spatial epidemiology framework is necessary to determine the factors that have shaped its spread and how these patterns can be used to predict new outbreaks and create effective mitigation policies.This narrative minireview summarizes the current records of the spatial distribution of the SUD epidemic in the United States across different periods,revealing some spatiotemporal patterns that have preceded the occurrence of outbreaks.By analyzing the epidemic of SUD-related deaths,we also describe the epidemic behavior in areas with high incidence of cases.Finally,we describe public health interventions that can be effective for demographic groups,and we discuss future challenges in the study and control of the SUD epidemic in the country.

Land use intensity dynamics in the Andhikhola watershed, middle hill of Nepal

Land use intensity is a valuable concept to understand integrated land use system, which is unlike the traditional approach of analysis that often examines one or a few aspects of land use disregarding multidimensionality of the intensification process in the complex land system. Land use intensity is based on an integrative conceptual framework focusing on both inputs to and outputs from the land. Geographers’ non-stationary data-analysis technique is very suitable for most of the spatial data analysis. Our study was carried out in the northeast part of the Andhikhola watershed lying in the Middle Hills of Nepal, where over the last two decades, heavy loss of labor due to outmigration of rural farmers and increasing urbanization in the relatively easy accessible lowland areas has caused agricultural land abandonment. Our intention in this study was to ascertain factors of spatial pattern of intensity dynamism between human and nature relationships in the integrated traditional agricultural system. High resolution aerial photo and multispectral satellite image were used to derive data on land use and land cover. In addition, field verification, information collected from the field and census report were other data sources. Explanatory variables were derived from those digital and analogue data. Ordinary Least Square(OLS) technique was used for filtering of the variables. Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) model was used to identify major determining factors of land use intensity dynamics. Moran’s I technique was used for model validation. GWR model was executed to identify the strength of explanatory variables explaining change of land use intensity. Accordingly, 10 variables were identified having the greatest strength to explain land use intensity change in the study area, of which physical variables such as slope gradient, temperature and solar radiation revealed the highest strength followed by variables of accessibility and natural resource. Depopulation in recent decades has been a major driver of land use intensity change but spatial variability of land use intensity was highly controlled by physical suitability, accessibility and availability of natural resources.

Identification of the Wave-Particles Interaction in Space Plasma Using Higher-Order Statistics

The interaction of wave-particles and wave-wave in the space plasmas are essentially non-linear or non-Gaussian processes. Using the higher-order statistical analyses methods (higher-order moments and bi-tri correlation or bi-tri spectrum), its physical properties can be described. The question addressed in this paper is that of the usefulness of higher-order statistical analysis for identification of the wave-particles interaction in space plasmas. The signals handled are from the ARCAD-3 ISOPROBE experiment on ELF frequency range, then strong electrostatic turbulence and electron density irregularities. Second and third order statistical analyses are applied: first, on time series associated with each type of measurement, then, on the two types. All results are presented for one typical case. Correlation functions estimated over the corresponding time intervals point out the existence of a, non-linear interaction between these fluctuations and electrostatic filed.

The Study of Spatial Distribution of Land Use in the Yellow River Delta in China

In this paper, Land at 8 OLI image data from 2013 to 2017 was interpreted by visual interpretation combined with supervised classification to extract the information of land use distribution in the Yellow River Delta in China. The characteristics of Land Use Cover Change (LUCC) in the past five years which were analyzed by land use spatial analysis method based on buffer zone were discussed to obtain the land use index trend of five land types in buffer zones at different distance. The land use transfer maps of 2013 and 2017 were made by using the geo-information mapping method. The spatial-temporal change rules and the development process of land use in the Yellow River Delta during the past five years were analyzed. According to the analysis results, the comprehensive index of land use degree in the study area was in the middle level. The land use transfer maps were mainly consisted of farmland and grassland. The change rate of bare land to vegetation was 20.21% and that of vegetation to bare land was 14.15%. This study can provide effective basis for the scientific management of land and rational guidance for planning in this area.

On the True Face of the Economic Statistics

In 2012, China National Ministry of Education issued a new undergraduate course catalog, economic statistics to be classified as a second level discipline of applied economics. However, what specific content should be included in the second level discipline has become a very important issue. What should be taught to students or how can they adapt to the needs of the social market aroused a wide attention. For this case, the National Ministry of Education has given a clearly provision for economic statistics＇ core courses, but whether these main courses can reflect the actual needs and characteristics of economic statistics or not still needs some considerations and discussions. This article started from the angle of the studies on China and the U.S. Journals concerning economic statistics. Using text mining by R, a recent mainstream statistical analysis software, gives a comparative analysis on the contents of economic statistics for recent decades. We created wordcloud about the contents of core statistical journals by R which can help us visually examine the course of economic statistics discipline development for the comparative study. Besides, we drew a conclusion that there were significant differences between China and America＇s economic statistics, the main difference is the United States pay more attention to the exploration of new methods and be able to adapt to market demand, the development of China＇s economic statistics are still more traditional, it need a better understanding of the multi-disciplinary knowledge of education, such as Bayesian and dynamics. Another is that the curriculum of China＇s economic statistics are corrected for China＇s actual situation, a new training program pay more attention to students＇ practical ability and social practice. There are a lot of practical problems remain untouched or unsolved which need efforts of decades probably.

Research on the Transmutation of Chinese Loanwords-Based on Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)

Vocabulary plays an irreplaceable role in a language.As an important carrier to record foreign cultures in vocabulary,loanwords are widely used in all aspects of society.Modern Chinese Dictionary includes loanwords from a variety of languages from the perspective of universal use.This paper takes the loanwords in Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)as the closed corpus,and analyzes the etymology,structure,word length,and other aspects while making blanket statistics on the loanwords.The representative words are investigated by word frequency and described from multiple perspectives.

A soil quality index for evaluation of degradation under land use and soil erosion categories in a small mountainous catchment, Iran

Soil erosion and land use type have long been viewed as being particularly important drivers of soil degradation.The objectives of this study,therefore,were to select a new soil quality index(SQI)which varies significantly with land use/soil erosion,and to evaluate the new SQI using expert opinion.In total,18 soil physical,chemical,and biochemical properties(indicators)were measured on 56 soil samples collected from four land use/soil erosion categories(rangeland/surface erosion,rangeland/subsurface erosion,cultivated land/surface erosion and dry-farming land/surface erosion).Principal component and classification analysis(PCCA)identified five PCs that explained 77.7%of the variation in soil properties with the biochemical PC varying significantly with land use/soil erosion.General discriminant analysis(GDA)selected urease and clay as the most sensitive properties distinguishing the land use/soil erosion categories.The GDA canonical scores for the new SQI were significantly correlated with expert opinion soil surface summed scores(for soil movement,surface litter,pedestalling,rills and flow pattern)derived using the U.S.Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management(BLM)method.A forward stepwise general regression model revealed that the new SQI values were explained by soil movement,surface litter,and the summed values of the soil surface factors.Overall,this study confirmed that soil quality in the study area in Iran is controlled by land use and corresponding soil erosion.

Past and Future of Mathematical Geology

This is a brief review of alternative methods of problem-solving in geoscience with emphasis on the role of mathematical geology. It is desirable to maintain a clear-cut distinction between reliable facts which can be stored in data banks and concepts that can be incorporated in the specifications of statistical models designed for specific purposes. If possible, subjective probabilities should be incorporated in hypotheses that are to be tested by statistical inference.

Land Use Change and Its Effect on Environment Based on Farmers’Behaviors: A Case Study in Agricultural Areas of Tibet, China

In the case study in Agricultural Area of Tibet, the process and characteristics of farmers' land use were surveyed by semi-structural interview questionnaire. By comparing the change of land covers and farmers' land decision in two periods, the spatial connection of them was obtained. And the relations among farmers' land decision, land use change and environment were examined by calculating emergy and value flow. The results show that: hunting the maximal profits is the primary aim of farmers' land decision; farmers' land decision is incompatible with sustainable land use presently; farmers' land decision and land cover can be embodied spatially by each other; the change of farmers' land decision can be monitored by observing the change of land cover, and the sustainability of farmers' land decision can be appraised by calculating emergy and value flow.

Characterization and Modeling of Urban Water Quality in the City of Calgary, Canada

Non-point source pollution (NPS) besides point source pollution (PS) has contributed to pollutant loading into natural receiving water bodies. Due to the nature of NPS, the quantification of pollutant loading from NPS is very challenging but crucial to riverine water quality management, especially for the river reach flowing through urban areas. The water quality in the river reach of the Bow River flowing through the City of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, is affected by both PS and NPS. Thus, understanding and characterizing water quality of discharges (affected by NPS) into the river reach is necessary for better managing riverine water quality and preventing water quality degradation. In the paper, monitored event mean concentrations (EMCs) of stormwater runoff and mean concentrations of snowmelt and baseflow of seven common pollutants from sub-catchments, which are categorized into four land use types including commercial, industrial, residential and on-going development land uses, were used to investigate the linkage between land use and water quality. Statistical analysis techniques were adopted to identify differences or similarities in water quality among different flow types, different land use types, and among/between catchments of same land use. The results indicated that EMCs of many water quality parameters vary among different land use types and among/between catchments of same land use. The results also showed median EMCs of pollutants of snowmelt and baseflow are, in general, lower than those of stormwater runoff. In addition, Stormwater Management Model was employed to investigate the physical process that would affect water quality response to storm events for two typical land uses, industrial and residential land uses. The modeling results supported that wash-off of particulate matters might primarily affect water quality response of catchments between different land uses. All the results shed the light on the necessity of quantifying pollutant loading considering the characteristics of land uses.

The Construction of the Building English Corpus Thought, Method and Application

With the increasing international communication, is a lot of construction enterprise began to foreign companies in development, so no matter from academic Angle or from the point of view of daily use it we are, it is necessary to establish a construction English corpus to help us better communication. This paper expounds the construction of this English characteristics, the article discusses the construction of the necessity of building English corpus, and discussed the construction English corpus construction methods and application scope.

Modeling susceptibility to deforestation of remaining ecosystems in North Central Mexico with logistic regression

Determining underlying factors that foster deforestation and delineating forest areas by levels of susceptibility are of the main challenges when defining policies for forest management and planning at regional scale. The susceptibility to deforestation of remaining forest ecosystems （shrubland, temperate forest and rainforest） was conducted in the state of San Luis Potosi, located in north central Mexico. Spatial analysis techniques were used to detect the deforested areas in the study area during 1993-2007. Logistic regression was used to relate explana- tory variables （such as social, investment, forest production, biophysical and proximity factors） with susceptibility to deforestation to construct predictive models with two focuses： general and by biogeographical zone In all models, deforestation has positive correlation with distance to rainfed agriculture, and negative correlation with slope, distance to roads and distance to towns. Other variables were significant in some cases, but in others they had dual relationships, which varied in each biogeographi- cal zone. The results show that the remaining rainforest of Huasteca region is highly susceptible to deforestation. Both approaches show that more than 70% of the current rainforest area has high and very high levels of susceptibility to deforestation. The values represent a serious concern with global warming whether tree carbon is released to atmos- phere. However, after some considerations, encouraging forest environ- mental services appears to be the best alternative to achieve sustainableforest management.

使用Office制作成绩表、单之技巧

通过实例介绍了运用Office应用软件中Excel的函数功能和Word的邮件合并功能进行学生成绩统计并制作表、单的方法。相较于人工计算方式而言,该方法能够提高工作效率,减少计算错误。

A Comparative Analysis on Lexical Features of Language in English and Chinese Commercial Advertisements

This essay studies the words in English and Chinese advertising on the basis of the observation and statistics of words with high frequency in 100 commercial advertisements (50 English advertisements and 50 Chinese advertisements respectively). Based on the theories of lexicology and advertising psychology,such a comparative study is conducted with focus on word classes,namely,nouns,verbs and adjectives semantically. Moreover,the features of words are further analyzed with examples in the hope that English and Chinese advertisements could be understood better in the light of the linguistic meanings and cultural backgound of the advertisements.

LUCC （Land Use and Cover Change） and the Environmental-Economic Accounts System in Brazil

The objective of this work is to produce statistics that are going to show changes occurred in Brazil＇s ecosystems and these statistics are going to join the SEEA （Environmental-Economic Accounts System）. It is based by a SEEA＇s methodology, diffused by UN （United Nations）, which aims an approach between economic and environmental statistics, producing international comparability and conceptual uniformity to evaluate change process in land cover and land use that occurs in several countries. It is necessary to verifying the suitability of methodological procedures to Brazilian reality and the access to all information and files needed. The first step was analysing MODIS （Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） as orbital instrument on the purposed classification method. The choice of this sensor was made because of the product＇s quality and its capacity to generate images of a large area, though the challenge is to identify accurate Land usage＇s categories in images with a spatial resolution of approximately 250 m. After the final classification, the next step is to make a quantification and comparison of data from these different years using a 1 km2 grids, as proposed in an already used methodology by the European Environment Agency. This procedure will allow evaluate and identify the process of changing in each grid of the land cover and land use, and provide historical series of the chosen years.

基于统计语言模型改进的Word2Vec优化策略研究

该文从训练词向量的语言模型入手,研究了经典skip-gram、CBOW语言模型训练出的词向量的优缺点,引入TFIDF文本关键词计算法,提出了一种基于关键词改进的语言模型。研究发现,经典skip-gram、CBOW语言模型只考虑到词本身与其上下文的联系,而改进的语言模型通过文本关键词建立了词本身与整个文本之间的联系,在词向量训练结果的查准率和相似度方面,改进模型训练出的词向量较skip-gram、CBOW语言模型有一个小幅度的提升。通过基于维基百科1.5GB中文语料的词向量训练实验对比后发现,使用CBOW-TFIDF模型训练出的词向量在相似词测试任务中结果最佳;把改进的词向量应用到情感倾向性分析任务中,正向评价的精确率和F1值分别提高了4.79%、4.92%,因此基于统计语言模型改进的词向量,对于情感倾向性分析等以词向量为基础的应用研究工作有较为重要的实践意义。

Word2vec的工作原理及应用探究

研究了Word2vec的工作原理及应用,明确了统计语言模型的关键问题,分析了词向量的特点,并对神经网络语言模型、Log_Linear模型和Log_Bilinear模型的基本原理进行了探讨,对Word2vec词向量训练框架的工作原理进行了详细分析,推导出了训练模型的目标函数,介绍了Word2vec工程的主要文件和训练参数,并将Word2vec应用于中文词向量的训练。

WoS题录Keywords字段关键词频度统计程序设计与实现

使用Visual Basic编程,采用正则表达式批量提取由Web of Science导出的Bib Tex题录中所有Keywords字段关键词,按需合并所得关键词的同义词、近义词及词形变化词,然后将出现频度的统计数据写入Excel表,并编制Excel宏自动生成折线图,实现关键词分布的简单可视化。情报工作者后续可借助Excel功能对该程序生成的Excel表执行复杂的数据组合分析,以提高工作效率。