Numerical study of resonance induced by wave action on multiple rectangular boxes with narrow gaps

By introducing a source term into the Laplace equation, a two-dimensional fully nonlinear time-domain numerical wave flume （NWF） is developed to investigate the resonance induced by the interaction between waves and multiple objects with narrow gaps. In the numerical model, the fully nonlinear kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions are satisfied on the instantaneous free surface and the constant artificial damping is employed in the gaps to approximate the viscous dissipation due to vortex motion and flow separation. The computational domain is discretized using a higher-order boundary element method （HOBEM）. The proposed model is firstly validated against the published experimental data and numerical results of the wave height in the narrow gap between two boxes, the wave heights in the two gaps of three boxes, and wave loads on the boxes. Then, the extensive numerical experiments are performed to study the influences of the number of the boxes and the gap spacing on the resonant frequency, reflected and transmitted wave heights and wave loads on the boxes.

Feasibility study on tandem narrow gap GMAW of 65 mm thick steel plate

In this work, a tandem narrow gap gas metal arc welding（ GMA W） system was developed to improve the efficiency in welding of thicker materials, which are mostly used in shipbuilding and nuclear power plant. A special welding torch was desgined, where the two wires are fed through the bent contact tip to point to each side of narrow gap groove. Effect of wire distance and bent angle of contact tip on weld bead shape is studied. The experimental results show that defect free weld bead can be obtained when the wire distarwe is 5 mm and bent angle of contact tip is 10% Finally, tandem narrow gap GMAW of 65 mm thick low carbon steel was successfully carried out with one pass per layer. The obtained weld cross-section photo indicates that there is no defect of lack of side fusion or slag inclusion.

Research on droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap GMA welding

In this paper, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap gas metal arc （ GMA ） welding was studied. According to the experimental results, the oscillating arc has effect on the droplet transfer mode. The droplet transfer frequency in narrow gap groove is higher than that in bead-on-plate welding. Because of the change of arc location in narrow gap groove, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap changes regularly. The droplet transfer frequency near groove sidewall is higher than that at the middle of narrow gap groove.

High temperature magnetic semiconductors: narrow band gaps and two-dimensional systems

Magnetic semiconductors have been demonstrated to work at low temperatures, but not yet at room temperature for spin electronic applications. In contrast to the p-type diluted magnetic semiconductors, n-type diluted magnetic semiconductors are few. Using a combined method of the density function theory and quantum Monte Carlo simulation, we briefly discuss the recent progress to obtain diluted magnetic semiconductors with both p- and n-type carriers by choosing host semiconductors with a narrow band gap. In addition, the recent progress on two-dimensional intrinsic magnetic semiconductors with possible room temperature ferromangetism and quantum anomalous Hall effect are also discussed.

Numerical investigation of solitary wave action on tworectangular boxes with a narrow gap

Based on the time-domain higher-order boundary element method(HOBEM), a two-dimensional numerical wave flume is developed to investigate solitary wave interaction with two rectangular boxes with a narrow gap.In the numerical model, the fully nonlinear boundary conditions are satisfied on the free surface, the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian method is adopted to track the transient water surface and the fourth-order Runga-Kutta method is used to predict the velocity potential and wave elevation on the free surface. The acceleration potential technique is used to compute the transient wave forces along the wetted object surface. A piston-type wavemaker is used to generate solitary waves. The proposed model is validated by comparing the simulated wave run-up and the wave loads with the published experimental and numerical results of the reflection of a solitary wave from a vertical wall. Then, numerical experiments are performed to study the effects of the narrow gap and the size of each box on the wave run-ups at the two sides of the two-box system and in the narrow gap between two boxes, and the wave loads on the two boxes. The interaction between double solitary waves with a time interval between them with a two-box system is also investigated.

Fine microstructure characterization of titanium alloy laser narrow gap welded joint

In this paper,the microstructure of narrow gap laser welded joint of 45 mm Ti6321 titanium alloy was characterized.The microstructure characteristics of Laser self-fusion and laser-multi-pass-narrow-gapfilling layer were observed by metallographic microscope,and the phase morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscope.The results show that the joint was obtained using the laser-multipass-narrow-gap welding,and no volumetric defect is observed.The weld grain of self fusion welded bead tends to be equiaxed with lots of needleα’,and the width of weld metal needleα’was 0.4μm.The heat affected zone is columnar crystal with lamellarα,and The width of heat affected zonelamellarαwas 2–4μm with a large number of dislocation tangles.The weld grains of laser-multi-pass-narrow-gap filler bead are coarse columnar grains with staggered acicularα’,and the width of acicularα’in weld metal is less than 1μm with number of dislocations.The heat affected zone is thick lamellar microstructure with a width of 2–4μm with a large number of dislocation entanglement and packing.The microstructure evolution law is related with heating temperature and cooling rate.

Characteristics of the electrode melting phenomena in narrow gap MAG high-rotating-speed arc welding

The influence of rotating speed on metal transfer and the wire metal speed was studied in the high rotating speed arc narrow gap welding.The results indicate that the high rotating speed arc has benefit on the metal transfer,and that with the rotating speed increasing,the droplet volume decreases.It is shown that the rotating speed has little influence on the wire metal speed with DC electrode positive polarity(DCEP),but the melting speed decreases with increasing of rotating speed in DC electrode negative polarity(DCEN).

The comparison of multi-layer narrow-gap laser and arc welding of S32101 duplex stainless steel

Multi-layer narrow-gap welding of thick S32101 duplex stainless steel was conducted using laser welding with beam wobble process.The phase transition,grain size,phase proportion and crystal texture of welded joint were also studied and compared with gas metal arc welding process.The microhardness and tensile strength were measured and fracture surface was analyzed to evaluate the mechanical properties of welded joints.The results showed that beam wobble technology improved the misalignment of laser beam and filler wire in narrow groove and helped to avoid incomplete fusion defects.Compared to arc welding process,the groove size and heat input were reduced,while welding efficiency was increased.The faster cooling rate and lower temperature gradient of laser wobble welding favored grain refinement,while the austenite content in weld zone decreased.Both the beam wobble and swing arc were conducive to stir weld pool,optimizing the weld microstructure and joint formation.The microstructural variance in various weld passes was caused by the heat input and heat dissipation ability.The microhardness of laser welded joint was lower,while the tensile strength and elongation percentage were higher.The fracture surface of arc welded joint was featured with shallower dimples and cleavage steps.

Development of ultra-narrow gap welding with constrained arc by flux band

Narrow gap welding has merits of lower residual stress and distortion, and superior mechanical properties of joints. A major problem of this process is the lack of fusion in sidewalls, hence many methods of weaving arc have been developed to increase heating effect of arc to the sidewalls. In this work, a new approach Without weaving arc is attempted to ensure the penetration of sidewall, and ultra-narrow gap welding with the gap of less than 5 mm was executed successfully. In this approach, the width of gap is decreased further, so that the sidewalls are made within range of arc heating to obtain the enough heat. In order to prevent the arc from being attracted by sidewall and going up along the sidewalls, two pieces of flux bands consisting of the specified aggregates are adhered to the sidewalls to constrain the arc. In addition, when flux band being heated by the arc, slag and gases are formed to shield the arc and the weld pool. This technique was tested on the welding experiment of pipeline steel with thickness of 20 mm. The involved welding parameters were obtained, that is, the width of gap is 4 mm, the welding current 250 A, and the heat input 0. 5 kJ/mm, the width of heat-affected zone is 1 -2 mm.

Narrow gap space contributes to chemical metallurgy of self-shielded arc welding

The slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wire was fabricated to apply for the narrow gap welding.The results showed that narrow gap welding shows lower welding spatter compared with hardfacing except under voltage of 30 V and current of 260 A.The deposition efficiency keeps over 90%for both 12 mm and 8 mm narrow gap welding.For 12 mm narrow gap welding,when the voltage is 28 V and the current is 264 A(or 286 A),no pores are found in the narrow gap weld.In the continuous welding process,manganese vapor,aluminum vapor and CO continuously generate to form gasbag and occupy the narrow gap space,thus protecting the droplet and molten pool from the invasion of air.

Metal transfer characteristics of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position

A series of experiments of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position were carried out. The arc behavior and metal transfer process were observed by a high-speed photography system. The effects of the welding parameters on the metal transfer were investigated. The results show that the arc behavior and metal transfer process of tandem narrow gap GMA W are different from these of bead-on-plate tandem GMA W. The arc behavior and metal transfer process are influenced by the distance between the two wires, the peak voltage, the pulse frequency and the peak time. With the increase of the distance between the two wires, the metal transfer mode gradually transforms from one pulse-multi droplets into one pulse-one droplet, and the average welding current increases. With the increase of the peak voltage, pulse frequency or peak time, the metal transfer mode transforms from one pulse-one droplet into one pulse-multi droplets, and the arc tends to occur between the wire and the sidewall.

Weld formation and heating mechanism in ultra-narrow gap withconstricted arc by ultra-fine granular flux

Ultra-narrow gap welding （UNGW） process with high stabilization, reliability and without spatter can be achieved with constricted arc by molten slag wall, which is made from melted flux. The experiments are carried out by changing voltage under different currents. The results indicate voltage range being fit for UNGW is about 22 -31 V under the current range of 200 -320 A. With the increasing of voltage, weld formation of UNGW has the law of lack of fusion on sidewall, good weld and undercut in turn under a certain current. In addition, the action relationships among arc, molten slag wall and sidewalls can be improved by properly adjusting voltage and current of arc, which makes cathode spot properly distribute in ultra-narrow gap. Therefore, the effective control of weld formation of UNGW has been achieved.

RECALLABLE TRACKING TECHNIQUE FOR TOP WELD BEADS OF NARROW GAP SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

According to the wire and nozzle movement track in groove, the movement parameters of wire were memorized and recalled for the following top welds by using a single chip computer. In this paper, it was also discussed that the design problems of correcting deviation of wire movement track in narrow gap submerged arc welding process must be noticed in order to obtain the sound welding result.

Rotating arc horizontal narrow gap welding of high strength quenched and tempered steel

Rotating arc borizontal narrow gap welding of quenched ＆ tempered （Q＆T） steel was innovatively performed for solving the bottleneck that the molten pool sagged due to the gravity. The shapely multilayer single pass horizontal joint could be obtairzed by using the rotating are welding process. The cold crack was not observed in the joint without controlling the heat input and selecting the consumables intentionally. Microstructure of the joint could be divided into three zones： base metal zone （BMZ） , heat-affected zone （ HAZ） and weld zone （WZ）. Because of the characteristic of the rotating arc horizontal welding process, the defects in the joints were slag inclztsion formed at the interlayer of lower side wall. Tbe tensile strength and hardness of HAZ and WZ were larger than those of BMZ. The impact toughness in WZ, HAZ and BM at 0 % is equal to 11.5, 212 and 236 J, respectively.

Experimental study on convective boiling heat transfer in narrow-gap annulus tubes

Since convective boiling or highly subcooled single-phase forced convection in micro-channels is an effective cooling mechanism with a wide range of applications, more experimental and theoretical studies are re- quired to explain and verify the forced convection heat transfer phenomenon in narrow channels. In this experimental study, we model the convective boiling behavior of water with low latent heat substance Freon 113 (R-113), with the purpose of saving power consumption and visualizing experiments. Both heat transfer and pressure drop characteris- tics were measured in subcooled and saturated concentric narrow gap forced convection boiling. Data were obtained to qualitatively identify the effects of gap size, pressure, flow rate and wall superheat on boiling regimes and the tran- sition between various regimes. Some significant differences from unconfined forced convection boiling were found, and also, the flow patterns in narrow vertical annulus tubes have been studied quantitatively.

Narrowing Gap Between Rich and Poor

Inequality in distribution has become an issue of public concern in China. Incomes of the Chinese people have grown year after year ever since the reform and opening era began in the late 1970s. Meanwhile, the income gap between urban and rural residents has widened constantly, from 1.8:1 in the mid-1980s to 3.2:1 in 2003. In a report entitled Analysis and Forecast of China's Social Conditions 2004-2005, experts with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences listed the widening income gaps as the second most serious of the six problems China is facing. The report notes that such gaps have kept widening not only between individual workers in the same profession but also between workers in different industries and regions. In view of this, the national economic work conference held in early January called for effort to improve the order of income distribution and readjust the distribution of national wealth in an appropriate manner. How to view the problem of inequality in distribution as we see now? How the divide of the rich and the poor affects the improvement of human rights? What should be done to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor? We have dis- cussed these questions with two leading social scientists in China, Sun Guohua, pro- fessor of law at the Renmin University of China and Prof. Hu Angang of Qinghua University, a noted expert in study of the conditions in China.

Properties of Creeping Streamer Progressed in Dielectric Barrier with Narrow Gap in PFAE Oil

The behaviors of creeping streamer progressed in the narrow gap with the range of 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm between the pressboard mounted a BSE （back side electrode） and the acrylic resin plate were carried out in PFAE （palm fatty acid ester） oil under variable impulse voltage up to -4-140 kVpeak with ＋1.2/50 μs and ±1.2/1,000μs waveforms. The growth of positive and negative streamers depends on the gap space between two solid dielectrics. And the distinctive polarities of impulse voltage affect in the streamer length and flashover voltage between needle and counter electrodes as well. By decreasing the gap space, the flashover voltage largely increased while the mean velocity of positive streamer significantly decreased under the both polarities of impulse voltage. These results have been compared to commercial mineral oil （transformer oil： JIS-C2320）. It is shown that the behaviors of creeping discharge in both oils elegantly reveal the distinctive phenomena.

考虑侧壁热源的摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊接温度场有限元模拟

基于新型摇动电弧窄间隙熔化极气体保护(GMA)焊的电弧偏转现象,将在侧壁停留时的电弧热源分解为电弧分热源和侧壁热源,建立了考虑侧壁热源的热源模型,采用ANSYS软件建立新型摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊的有限元模型,对考虑侧壁热源和未考虑侧壁热源时焊接接头横截面熔合线轮廓以及热循环曲线进行模拟,并进行试验验证;采用有限元模拟方法研究了考虑侧壁热源时摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊接过程中的温度场,并与未考虑侧壁热源时的温度场进行对比。结果表明:模拟得到考虑侧壁热源时焊缝横截面左右两侧壁熔合线最高点的深度与试验结果间的差值小于未考虑侧壁热源时;考虑与不考虑侧壁热源2种条件下,焊接接头不同测试点的热循环模拟曲线的变化趋势与试验结果基本吻合,峰值温度的最大相对误差分别为1.8%和3.4%。考虑侧壁热源的热源模型能更加准确地描述摇动电弧窄间隙GMA焊过程中的热源分布特征。考虑侧壁热源模拟得到的底部熔深略小于未考虑侧壁热源时,而侧壁熔深则略大,但尺寸变化均小于0.1 mm;温度场稳定前,考虑侧壁热源时熔池的形成规律与不考虑侧壁热源的基本一致,但接头上表面的熔池尺寸略小,而温度场稳定后,接头上表面的熔池尺寸也基本一致。

窄间隙P-GMAW仰焊位置熔滴过渡影响因素及控制方法

管道窄间隙全位置焊接过程中,在接近仰焊位置容易出现焊接缺陷,制约了管道施工的质量和效率.文中针对管道自动焊仰焊位置成形差、可靠性低的问题,分析P-GMAW过程送丝速度、弧长修正、导电嘴到熔池距离等因素对熔滴过渡的影响规律.结果表明,增加弧长修正系数可以增大电弧对侧壁的热输入,能够缓解侧壁熔合不良的问题,但会使熔滴过渡路径难以控制.因此当焊枪运动到仰焊位置时,提高送丝速度有利于获得更小的熔滴、更高的过渡频率;降低导电嘴到熔池距离,可以增加电磁力、减小熔滴尺寸,从而更有利于仰焊位置熔滴向熔池的过渡,研究结果对于管道窄间隙焊接的工艺设计具有一定的指导意义.

摇动电弧窄间隙自由成形打底焊工艺研究

针对厚板坡口根部焊接难的问题,文中提出了一种采用摇动电弧的窄间隙坡口自由成形打底焊接方法,通过控制电弧做圆弧形轨迹摇动来调整电弧热分布,使焊接熔池自由凝固成形.进行了摇动电弧窄间隙自由成形打底焊接试验,研究了电弧摇动参数对打底焊缝自由成形的影响.结果表明:电弧摇动参数能显著影响打底焊缝自由成形,过小的摇动参数易使打底焊缝烧穿,适当增大电弧摇动参数可增强坡口侧壁与根部的熔透,过大的摇动参数会产生未焊透缺陷.