History, current status, and prospects of soybean production and research in sub-Saharan Africa

Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is a non-native and non-staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) with potential to be a commercial crop owing to its wide range of uses as food, feed,and industrial raw material. Soybean was first introduced to SSA by Chinese traders in the19 th century and was cultivated as an economic crop as early as 1903 in South Africa. In the past four decades, soybean cultivation area and production in SSA has increased exponentially, from about 20,000 ha and 13,000 t in the early 1970 s to 1,500,000 ha and2,300,000 t in 2016. Soybean yield has been stagnant in SSA for decades at about 1.1 t ha^(-1),much lower than the world average, representing one of the most challenging issues in the soybean industry in SSA. The low soybean yield in SSA can be attributed to the use of poorperforming varieties and to the limited application of fertilizers and rhizobial inoculants in soils with no history of soybean production. South Africa, Nigeria, Zambia, and Uganda are the leading soybean producers in SSA. Soybean research in SSA is conducted by international and national research institutions, including IITA, national soybean improvement programs, universities, and the private sector. Between 1970 and 2011, 195 soybean varieties were released by IITA, private breeders, and national soybean improvement programs in SSA. This paper reviews the history and current state of soybean production and of the utilization and adoption of tropical varieties in SSA, addresses the major soybean yield-limiting factors across the region, and discusses the potential of the soybean industry in SSA. It also highlights soybean improvement efforts and lessons learned from previous soybean improvement efforts and the current progress of some national soybean improvement programs in SSA. Opportunities for scaling up tropical soybean as a major crop across SSA countries are promising.

Hospice and Palliative Care in China's Mainland:History,Current Status and Challenges

The concept of End-of-Life Care(EOLC)came into China in the late1980s.However,hospice and palliative care in medical practice develope slowly.In recent years,profesionals,patients and their families,as well as government begin to attach importance to it.There is a hospice and palliative care movement now in China.This article gives an overview of the progress and the current status in multiple aspects of hospice and palliative care in China's Mainland,and points out the barriers and challenges for its further development in the future.

Review of History and Recent Development of Organic Farming Worldwide

The history of the organic farming worldwide was reviewed in this paper. The development of the organic farming worldwide had gone through three stages, emergence, expansion, and growth. The contributors and their thoughts during the different development stages of the organic farming were briefly introduced. And the development status of the organic farming worldwide was reviewed from the aspects of land area under organic management, land area under organic management in percentage of total agricultural area, and world markets for organic products. Besides, the main existing problems for the further development of the world＇s organic farming, as well as the development status, problems and strategies of the Chinese organic farming were discussed.

Research on the Development Process of Modern Industry in Handan

Handan is an important node in the development of modern industrial cities in China.In this paper,the four stages of modern industrial development in Handan were studied according to the timeline,and the important nodes in the transformation of industrial industry types in Handan were analyzed;the development process of modern industry in Handan was discussed,and the present situation of Handan industry was summarized;active exploration was made for the sustainable development of existing industrial buildings in Handan,so as to provide some references for the development of contemporary industry in Handan.

Ability of Therapists Trained in Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy to Guess Pain Catastrophizing and Kinesiophobia Scores for Patients with Low Back Pain

Objective: To investigate whether a physical therapist trained through the Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT) diploma program could guess psychological Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) scores of individuals with low back pain (LBP) by taking patient history and completing a physical evaluation. Methods: Ten participants with LBP completed PROMs immediately before history taking and again after a physical evaluation. PROMs included the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Pain Coping Strategy Questionnaire. A physical therapist who completed the MDT diploma program took the patients’ history and completed their physical evaluation. The therapist completed the same PROMs immediately after both history taking and physical evaluation. Correlations between patient and therapist scores were calculated using Spearman’s ρ. Results: Statistically significant positive correlations were detected in the PCS (ρ = 0.65) and TSK (ρ = 0.78) before history taking, and in the PCS (ρ = 0.81) and TSK (ρ = 0.74) after physical evaluation. Discussion: The results are based on one MDT therapist and generalizability of the findings is limited. However, the current preliminary findings justify the need for further studies to explore effective post-graduate training to promote a patient centered approach.

A Screening Program for Overweight Status Among Schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia： A Proposed Co-design Project to Tackle the Problem

The paper realizes the importance of communicating with schools to conduct nutritional screening, assessment and intervention programs for obesity and related risk factors to tackle the problem at earlier stage. The screening program was conducted by dietetics＇ students ＂under supervision＂ as part of their practice and community services to apply some assessment method for mritional status. Two intermediate schools for girls in Jeddah city were involved in the screening stage, followed by a full nutritional assessment and implementation of a designed intervention program at one of the schools. At screening stage, interview questionnaires for diet histories and anthropometric measurements used to screen overweight status and related food patterns. National and international references data used for assessment and comparison. Following screening approach, a designed comprehensive nutritional assessment and intervention program was piloted at one of the screened schools for overweight status. For screening stage： the overall prevalence of overweight girls is 61% （n = 81 out of 133） of the population, 73% （n = 91） of girls were centrally obese. Almost 3/4 of all students reported no participations in any type of physical activities/exercises. Dietary behaviors included non-consumption of breakfast （83%） and low intake of fruit and vegetables （38%）. For intervention stage, the present report concentrates on data concerning post intervention changes in Body Mass Index （BMI） and Waist Circumference （WC）. By the 30 days of intervention there were significant changes in values for BMI according to Saudi growth chart （p value = 0.009） with no changes among the control group. No statistically significant difference in the mean WC of the group. Study＇s results suggest that approaching young girls through schools to screen, assess and intervene overweight status and risk factors is vital. Although the non-random selection of only two schools for screening the prevalence of overweight status among school girls prevent the geralizability of the study findings to wider population, previous studies used random selection of schools and large sample sizes showed a high prevalence of overweight status among Saudi students Therefore, designing and piloting of an intervention program for implementation at a national level is useful to tackle theproblem.

2021年屈原及楚辞研究综述

屈原及楚辞的学术研究历史悠久,2021年继续呈现出持久生命力,各类专著、学术论文等成果迭出,涉及屈原精神与文化影响研究、楚辞文本研究、楚辞学史研究、宋玉研究、楚辞海外传播与翻译接受研究等诸多领域。

陈维崧的词学思想与词体艺术品格的开拓

陈维崧是清初少有的词体创作和词学理论兼擅的杰出文学家。陈维崧的词学思想是其词心重要的组成部分,是其生生不息的创作力的源泉。陈维崧打破了传统以词体比附诗体的尊体策略,提出“为经为史”的词学主张;在创作论方面,强调寄托的技法以适应词意内言外的复调特质,并对创作主体提出“思”“气”“变”“通”的严格要求;在风格论方面,正体与变体兼容,纤柔婉娈和雄阔豪放并重。除此之外,陈维崧倡导复“艳”为雅和推崇“清”的艺术品格,推动了词体的雅化进程。

明代词论之“主情与近俗”论略

“主情与近俗”是明代词论中一对颇为重要的审美范畴。在两宋金元的词论中,多有关涉词之主情、雅俗的阐述,这些为明代词论同类话题的诠解提供了思考基础。明前期,叶蕃、陈敏政、梁桥等人推崇词之教化主理,而强调词之主情是明代中后期词论的重要话题,对其发展有所贡献的主要有张綖、周逊、王世贞、沈际飞、陈子龙等人。就明代词论中雅俗观的嬗递情形来看,前期词学批评以雅正刚健为主流,中期众多词论者倡导近俗观念,而后期论述又复归至雅正之途。明代词论关涉主情与近俗的阐述,对清人的启发意义颇大。对明代词论之“主情与近俗”展开细读剖析,可还原千年词学史的重要一页。

王逸《楚辞章句》的“楚辞”思想

王逸眼中的楚辞,与今天的普遍认知差距较大。他认为楚辞“依托《五经》以立义”,有着与《五经》同样的性质。因此,王逸在注释《楚辞》时,采用经学“章句”的体例,以揭示《楚辞》的“讽谏”“教化”意义为其思想核心。一言以蔽之,王逸持守的是有汉以来“诗言志”的思想传统。王逸“楚辞”思想中展露的一些理论新意——如重情、重兴,也都未能脱出“诗言志”的思想框架,都需要纳入汉代诗学思想史中去看待。

骆鸿凯赋学刍论——以新发现的两部“辞赋史”为中心

骆鸿凯是现代著名的语言学家,其以“小学”为文学,楚辞学、“文选学”研究在现代学术史上占有十分重要的地位。今从新发现的大学辞赋讲义《辞赋源流》和《辞赋史》,探考其成书过程、内容及刊刻时间,并借此来观照骆氏对赋的起源、发展及其句法、音义的系统认识,在当时古体文学批评的大背景下辨析其对辞赋批评的继承和发展,略窥骆鸿凯学术研究的另一侧面。

当行本色与兼陈正变:明代词论基本范畴蠡探

“本色”与“正变”作为中国古代词论中的重要审美范畴,在两宋金元之时已有不少论述,是明代词论中同类命题有关思想表达的来源。以本色论词是明代词论之中的重要话题,相应阐论或从体性角度切入,或从风格角度切入,或极力维护、凸显词之本色观,或勉力消解、修正词之本色论。明人对词之正变亦多有关注,张綖等持论词应以婉约为正宗,王世贞等人倡导崇正抑变观,卓人月等人不以正变作为判断词之优劣的标准。本色、正变之间亦有关联,其演化的大宗是由对词之本色的诠解渐渐生发出以婉约为正、以豪放为变的正变之论。明人对本色及正变的阐发,深刻影响了清代词论对相关话题的论述,并为清人最终廓清相关议题提供镜鉴,这即是明代词论之本色及正变观在千年词学史中的应有位置与重要贡献。

Scoliosis in China： History and Present Status

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional （3D） spinal deformity involving one or more spine curvatures with vertebral rotation. In the past 30 years, Chinese spine surgeons adopted international advanced technology and concepts, took advantage of abundant Chinese patient resources with severe deformity, and developed novel ideas and techniques, which promoted the development of the diagnosis and treatment for scoliosis.

危机时刻的词学批评——现代词学发展史中的民族国家话语

20世纪前半叶,身处民族危机时刻的中国学人,努力建构起想象性的文学传统,以唤醒民众的民族国家认同感,在此一历史语境中,词学的社会政治功能也被不断地激发和征用。在国难之际,现代词学家赋予词体政治表达的现代意涵,从“依经论词”到振兴国族,实现了词体功能论的现代转向。他们通过鼓吹稼轩词风、宣扬爱国词人、撰述民族词史和编录民族词选等多种方式,强化中国古典词史中所蕴蓄的“民族国家”精神。由此而言,承载着民族国家话语的现代词学成为抗战文学的重要一极,也促使着其自身理论话语的现代转型,理应被视为中国现代文论发展史中不可或缺的一环。

日本学者村上哲见的张先词研究

村上哲见认为,在唐五代词向宋词的演变过程中,宋仁宗朝的词人所做出的贡献是无须赘言的,其中应该给予更多关注的是张先和柳永。村上哲见对张先词的研究主要体现在以下四个方面:一是考证张先生平经历和著述;二是考察张先词作的词牌采用;三是探讨张先词的艺术特色;四是评述张先词的地位及其对宋词发展所具有的意义。村上哲见的张先词研究,体现了其重视对比研究、以实证为基础的研究特点。同时,村上哲见的张先词研究,既借鉴我国本土的研究,又彰显了自己的独特之处,为张先词研究注入了新的活力。

论渔父词系列词调的发展与词史意义——以唐宋金元词为考察对象

渔父词在发展演进中以张志和渔父体、双片渔歌子体和渔家傲体三大词调为主,此外还有其他以“渔父”相关名称命名的词调。渔父词系列词调在唐五代形成并发展定型,到宋代复杂多变,词调体式和功能上趋于多样化,且出现《渔父》《渔家傲》和《渔歌子》三个词调混淆乱用的现象。金元时期渔父词创作趋于衰落,但亦有词调题名和演唱形式的新变。元代渔父词在功能上作为道教词和题画词广泛流行。渔父系列词调发展史的梳理对揭示部分词体源自声诗的嬗变方式、词作调名与题名的嬗变,以及词调发展过程中以“乐”为主、以“词”为辅的特点等问题都具有重要的学术意义。

清代论词“南北宋之争”推阐

“南北宋之争”是古代词学批评中颇为重要的命题,清人接踵阐述对该话题的看法,或者推崇北宋词,或者尊尚南宋词,或者抱持兼容并取态度。清初,“南北宋之争”话题蔚然兴起,宋徵璧、朱彝尊、宋荦等人的观点尤具卓识。清中叶,“南北宋之争”呈炽盛情势,吴衡照、王昶、蒋方增等人不断推进相关思考。清末,“南北宋之争”趋于分流与落定,陈廷焯、姚椿、谢章铤等人贡献尤多。在清代众人的不断努力下,“南北宋之争”的边界、外延等方面都逐渐得以确立,推动了清词中兴局面的形成,对古典词论的拓展深化亦裨益甚大。

几根铁骨撑天地,冷抱秋心续楚骚:论刘冰研词

刘冰研是晚清民国巴蜀词坛的一员骁将。他有《山阳笛语词》《尘痕烟水词》《江山帆影词》《剪淞梦雨词》等四部词集,总675首作品。理论层面,他遵守词体格律,但又十分注重词体的社会批判功能和文学叙事功能;创作层面,他的军旅生活词创造了新意境,呈现出底层文人的凄惨境遇和悲悯心声。刘冰研终以桀骜不屈的性格、通达的词学观念、刻画四川战乱生态、描摹巴蜀人民心迹等词学特质定格于20世纪词坛。