The mechanisms of thermal solidification agent promoting steam diversion in heavy oil reservoirs

At high cycles of steam huff&puff,oil distribution in reservoirs becomes stronger heterogeneity due to steam channeling.Thermal solidification agent can be used to solve this problem.Its solution is a lowviscosity liquid at normal temperature,but it can be solidified above 80℃.The plugging degree is up to 99%at 250℃.The sweep efficiency reaches 59.2%,which is 7.3%higher than pure steam injection.In addition,simultaneous injection of viscosity reducer and/or nitrogen foams can further enhance oil recovery.The mechanism of this technology depends on its strong plugging ability,which changes the flowing pattern of steam to effectively mobilize remaining oil.Viscosity reducer and nitrogen foams further expand the sweep range and extends the effective period.Therefore,thermal solidification agent can plug steam channeling paths and adjust steam flowing direction to significantly enhance oil recovery at high cycles of steam huff&puff.

Study of steam heat transfer enhanced by CO_(2) and chemical agents: In heavy oil production

Steam flooding with the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and chemicals is an effective approach for enhancing super heavy oil recovery. However, the promotion and application of CO_(2) and chemical agent-assisted steam flooding technology have been restricted by the current lack of research on the synergistic effect of CO_(2) and chemical agents on enhanced steam flooding heat transfer. The novel experiments on CO_(2)–chemicals cooperate affected steam condensation and seepage were conducted by adding CO_(2) and two chemicals (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the betaine temperature-salt resistant foaming agent ZK-05200).According to the experimental findings, a “film” formed on the heat-transfer medium surface following the co-injection of CO_(2) and the chemical to impede the steam heat transfer, reducing the heat transfer efficiency of steam, heat flux and condensation heat transfer coefficient. The steam seepage experiment revealed that the temperature at the back end of the sandpack model was dramatically raised by 3.5–12.8 °C by adding CO_(2) and chemical agents, achieving the goal of driving deep-formation heavy oil. The combined effect of CO_(2) and SDS was the most effective for improving steam heat transfer, the steam heat loss was reduced by 6.2%, the steam condensation cycle was prolonged by 1.3 times, the condensation heat transfer coefficient was decreased by 15.5%, and the heavy oil recovery was enhanced by 9.82%. Theoretical recommendations are offered in this study for improving the CO_(2)–chemical-assisted steam flooding technique.

Mechanism investigation of steam flooding heavy oil by comprehensive molecular characterization

Steam flooding is a widely used technique to enhance oil recovery of heavy oil.Thermal viscosity reduction and distillation effect are considered as two main displacement mechanisms in steam flooding process.However,the molecular composition understanding and contribution for oil production are still unclear.In this study,the composition analysis of the heavy oil was investigated in the core scale steam flooding process with the temperature from 120 to 280℃.The crude oil,produced oils and residual oils were characterized comprehensively by gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry.It is found that steam flooding preferentially extracts aromatics and remains more resins in the residual oil.Viscosity reduction is the dominant mechanism when steam is injected at a low temperature.Large molecular heteroatoms with high carbon number and high double bond equivalent(DBE)are eluted into the produced oil,while compounds with low carbon number and low DBE are remained in the residual oil.As the steam temperature rises,the increased distillation effect results in the extraction of light hydrocarbons from the residual oil to the produced oil.More small heteroatoms with low carbon number and low DBE enter into the produced oil,especially in the none water cut stage.The compositional difference of produced oils is characterized in DBE versus carbon number distribution of the N and O containing compound classes.This work uses a variety of composition analysis methods to clarify the steam flooding mechanism and provides a novel understanding of steam flooding mechanisms with various temperatures and production stages from the molecular perspective.

STUDY ON MASS TRANSFER IN SEPARATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM PLANT MATERIALS BY STEAM DISTILLATION

The mass transfer model describing the separation of essential oils from plant materials has been proposed and the mass transfer coefficient has been obtained by fitting the present model to the experimental data for three kinds of plant materials. The validity of the model has been verified. To im' prove the vapor-solid contact, a mechanical agitator has been installed in the steam distillator. The effect of agitating rate on mass transfer coefficient has also been examined.

Preparation of Hydrogen through Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-oil

Hydrogen was prepared via catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil which was obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor.Influential factors including temperature,weight hourly space velocity(WHSV) of bio-oil,mass ratio of steam to bio-oil(S/B) as well as catalyst type on hydrogen selectivity and other desirable gas products were investigated.Based on hydrogen in stoichiometric potential and carbon balance in gaseous phase and feed,hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity were examined.The experimental results show that higher temperature favors the hydrogen selectivity by H2 mole fraction in gaseous products stream and it plays an important role in hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity.Higher hydrogen selectivity and yield,and carbon selectivity were obtained at lower bio-oil WHSV.In catalytic steam reforming system a maximum steam concentration value exists,at which hydrogen selectivity and yield,and carbon selectivity keep constant.Through experiments,preferential operation conditions were obtained as follows:temperature 800～850℃,bio-oil WHSV below 3.0 h-1,and mass ratio of steam to bio-oil 10～12.The performance tests indicate that Ni-based catalysts are optional,especially Ni/α-Al2O3 effective in the steam reforming process.

Aquathermolysis of conventional heavy oil with superheated steam

This paper presents a new aquathermolysis study of conventional heavy oil in superheated steam. A new high temperature autoclave was designed, where volume and pressure could be adjusted. Aquathermolysis was studied on two different conventional heavy oil samples under different reaction times and temperatures. Experimental results show that aquathermolysis does take place for conventional heavy oil. As reaction time increases, the oil viscosity reduces. However, the reaction will reach equilibrium after a certain period of time and won＇t be sensitive to any further reaction time any more. Analysis shows that, while resin and asphaltenes decrease, saturated hydrocarbons and the H/C ratio increase after reaction. The main mechanism of aquathermolysis includes hydrogenization, desulfuration reaction of resin and asphaltenes, etc.

Comparison of Constituents and Insecticidal Activities of Essential Oil from Artemisia lavandulaefolia by Steam Distillation and Supercritical-CO_2 Fluid Extraction

Essential oil was extracted from Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.by steam distillation（SD） and supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction（SFE）,respectively.The constituents of the essentil oils extracted with those two methods were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） and insecticidal activities of the essential oils were evaluated,then the results were compared to assess their biological activity.Thirty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil extracted by SD,and its main components were eucalyptol,α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol and so on.Twenty-two compounds were identified for the essential oil extracted by SFE,and its main components were cyclodecene,n-hexadecanoic acid and so on.Six chemical compositions were all contained in the essential oils extracted by the two methods,i.e.,eucalyptol,α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol,caryophyllene,[3aS-（3aα,3bβ,4β,7α,7aS）]-octahydro-7-methyl-3-methylene-4-（1-methylethyl）-1H-cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa-[1,2]benzene,nerolidol and（-）-Spathulenol.The fumigation toxicity of the essential oil obtained by means of SD to the adults of Sitophilus zeamais is significantly higher than that of the essential oil by means of SFE.The contact toxicity of the essential oil obtained by means of SFE to the adults of S.zeamais is higher than that of the essential oil obtained by means of SD,but the difference is not significant.

Steam Flooding after Steam Soak in Heavy Oil Reservoirs through Extended-reach Horizontal Wells

This paper presents a new development scheme of simultaneous injection and production in a single horizontal well drilled for developing small block reservoirs or offshore reservoirs. It is possible to set special packers within the long completion horizontal interval to establish an injection zone and a production zone. This method can also be used in steam flooding after steam soak through a horizontal well. Simulation results showed that it was desirable to start steam flooding after six steam soaking cycles and at this time the oil/steam ratio was 0.25 and oil recovery efficiency was 23.48%. Steam flooding performance was affected by separation interval and steam injection rate. Reservoir numerical simulation indicated that maximum oil recovery would be achieved at a separation section of 40-50 m at steam injection rate of 100-180 t/d; and the larger the steam injection rate, the greater the water cut and pressure difference between injection zone and production zone. A steam injection rate of 120 t/d was suitable for steam flooding under practical injection-production conditions. All the results could be useful for the guidance of steam flooding projects.

CO2 assisted steam flooding in late steam flooding in heavy oil reservoirs

To improve the oil recovery and economic efficiency in heavy oil reservoirs in late steam flooding,taking J6 Block of Xinjiang Oilfield as the research object,3D physical modeling experiments of steam flooding,CO2-foam assisted steam flooding,and CO2 assisted steam flooding under different perforation conditions are conducted,and CO2-assisted steam flooding is proposed for reservoirs in the late stage of steam flooding.The experimental results show that after adjusting the perforation in late steam flooding,the CO2 assisted steam flooding formed a lateral expansion of the steam chamber in the middle and lower parts of the injection well and a development mode for the production of overriding gravity oil drainage in the top chamber of the production well;high temperature water,oil,and CO2 formed stable low-viscosity quasi-single-phase emulsified fluid;and CO2 acted as a thermal insulation in the steam chamber at the top,reduced the steam partial pressure inside the steam chamber,and effectively improved the heat efficiency of injected steam.Based on the three-dimensional physical experiments and the developed situation of the J6 block in Xinjiang Oilfield,the CO2 assisted steam flooding for the J6 block was designed.The application showed that the CO2 assisted steam flooding made the oil vapor ratio increase from 0.12 to 0.16 by 34.0%,the oil recovery increase from 16.1%to 21.5%,and the final oil recovery goes up to 66.5%compared to steam flooding after perforation adjustment.

The Description of Oil Displacement Mechanism in Steam Injection of Multi-Field Synergy with Exergy Transfer

Steam injection is a most effective way for improving heavy oil recovery efficiency, and it has academic and practical significance for the mechanism of multi-field synergy oil displacement. Mechanism of “diversified” oil displacement which is obtained by traditional study methods in the exploitation territory of oil and gas fields has both respective roles and mutual cross shortages. To describe and analyze the displacement process of multi-field coupling with exergy transfer can simplify this kind of problem by introducing a unified goal-driving exergy. It needs to use the method of theoretical modeling, numerical simulation and experimental validation to study the basic law of exergy transfer in the oil displacement process of multi-field synergy, make a thorough research for the flooding process of steam injection with exergy transfer theory and reveal the oil displacement mechanism in steam injection of multi-field synergy. Thus the theory instruction and technical support can be provided to improve reservoirs producing degree and extraction ratio.

Monitoring of steam chamber in steam-assisted gravity drainage based on the temperature sensitivity of oil sand

Thermosensitivity experiments and simulation calculations were conducted on typical oil sand core samples from Kinosis,Canada to predict the steam chamber development with time-lapse seismic data during the steam-assisted gravity drain-age(SAGD).Using an ultrasonic base made of polyether ether ketone resin instead of titanium alloy can improve the signal en-ergy and signal-to-noise ratio and get clear first arrival;with the rise of temperature,heavy oil changes from glass state(at-34.4℃),to quasi-solid state,and to liquid state(at 49.0℃)gradually;the quasi-solid heavy oil has significant frequency dis-persion.For the sand sample with high oil saturation,its elastic property depends mainly on the nature of the heavy oil,while for the sand sample with low oil saturation,the elastic property depends on the stiffness of the rock matrix.The elastic property of the oil sand is sensitive to temperature noticeably,when the temperature increases from 10℃ to 175℃,the oil sand samples decrease in compressional and shear wave velocities significantly.Based on the experimental data,the quantita-tive relationship between the compressional wave impedance of the oil sand and temperature was worked out,and the tem-perature variation of the steam chamber in the study area was predicted by time-lapse seismic inversion.

The Calculation of Heating Radius and Determination of Parameters in Heavy Oil Steam Stimulation

在稠油吞吐过程中,加热半径是热采中的重要指标,对注汽参数和生产制度起到了指导性作用。运用能量守恒原理,从热量注入方面考虑了蒸汽相变释放的气化潜热,从热量损失方面考虑井筒热量损失和顶底盖层热量损失,最终得到了新的加热半径计算公式。计算结果表明,加热半径受注汽参数、焖井时间、储层参数等因素影响,并系统阐述了岩层各物性参数的计算及选择方法。最后通过实例验证了该方法的计算值和试井解释出的值较为相符,为现场实际应用提供了可靠的方法。

An improved coupled flow-geomechanical model for cyclic steam stimulation

Considering the pore deformation and permeability changes during dilation-recompaction in cyclic steam stimulation(CSS),an existing geomechanical model is improved and thermo-mechanically coupled with the flow equations to form a coupled flow-geomechanical model.The impacts of dilation-recompaction parameters can be quantified through sensitivity analysis and uncertainty assessment utilizing the synergy between Latin hypercube designs and response surface methodology.The improved coupled flow-geomechanical model allows a more reasonable history-matching of steam injection pressure and volume and oil/water production volume.In both the linear and quadratic models,the rise in recompaction pressure has the most significant effect on the rise in the volumes of steam injection and water production,both rock compressibility and recompaction pressure are positively correlated with steam injectivity and oil/water production,and the dilation pressure is negatively correlated with steam injectivity and oil/water production.In the linear model,dilation pressure has the most significant negative impact on the cumulative oil production,and compressibility and recompaction pressure are positively correlated with oil production.In the quadratic model,the rise in recompaction pressure has the most significant effect on the rise in the cumulative volumes of oil/water production and steam injection.The interactions between the dilation/recompaction pressures and spongy-rock compressibility negatively affect the cumulative volumes of oil/water production and steam injection.

柴油烃组成结构对蒸汽裂解性能的影响

为了拓宽化工原料及实现柴油的优化利用,开展了不同工艺、不同组成柴油的蒸汽裂解性能评价,采用SPYRO模拟软件对6种柴油进行了模拟计算并对其裂解产物收率进行了对比分析。结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱和核磁共振技术,从柴油裂解产物收率、组成结构及混合裂解性能等方面分析了造成柴油裂解产物分布和收率的差异原因。结果表明:烷烃含量高、馏程窄、碳链短、芳环取代度较高,烷链支化度较低的柴油比较适合作乙烯裂解原料,同时通过与尾油混合裂解,可以进一步优化柴油的裂解性能,为化工行业提供更多元化的原料选择。

页岩油藏提高采收率技术现状、瓶颈及对策

介绍了页岩油的储量分布、成因及赋存机理,详细概述了页岩油早期勘探、储层改造及后期提采等不同阶段的开发现状。在此基础上,着重综述了当前国内外页岩油藏提高采收率主体技术的应用现状及进展,深入分析了不同页岩油提采技术的优势与不足,同时给出了针对理论认识、技术及经济壁垒的相应策略,最后从不同角度入手,展望了今后页岩EOR的发展前景。

超薄层稠油油藏有效开发方式研究

大庆WE区块萨尔图稠油油藏属于低丰度超薄层稠油油藏,此前仅开展过小规模蒸汽吞吐现场试验,开发程度较低,经济效益不过关,未形成有效的开发技术体系,不同砂体规模布井模式及有效动用方式不明确。为此,基于储层流体渗流特征,通过岩心驱油实验和数值模拟、经济评价研究,对比分析弹性开发、热水驱、蒸汽吞吐、弹性开发转蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱的开发效果,建立超薄层稠油油藏开发方式及布井模式优化设计方法,评价不同河道砂体规模下直井和水平井的井控储量,计算不同开发方式技术经济井距。结果表明:弹性开发有效期为240~300d,弹性开发转蒸汽吞吐采收率较高、内部收益率最高。将研究成果用于指导区块分四期编制开发布井方案,设计开发井493口(水平井155口),设计产能32.59×10^(4)t,河道宽度大于250m、有效厚度大于2.3m的区域部署水平井,河道宽度小于250m、有效厚度大于2.7m的区域部署直井,采用140m井距,采取前期弹性开发后期转蒸汽吞吐开发方式。截至目前已完钻并投产292口井,累积产油量32.7×10^(4)t,实现了当年增储、当年建产、当年拿油。

疏松砂岩稠油油藏防砂介质的原油-地层砂协同复合堵塞机制与规律

针对稠油出砂井防砂介质堵塞问题,使用稠油与水混合液携带地层砂,开展单向驱替流动、热采交变吞吐流动两种模式下的挡砂堵塞驱替模拟试验,揭示不同条件下割缝、绕丝、复合滤网和砾石层等多类型防砂介质的稠油-地层砂协同堵塞机制与规律,根据堵塞机制和定量关系,构建稠油-地层砂对防砂介质堵塞程度和动态产能预测模型。结果表明:高黏度稠油对防砂层多孔介质具有明显堵塞作用,渗透率损伤可高达70%;稠油防砂井中,存在稠油和地层砂对防砂介质的协同堵塞机制,稠油以束缚油的形式占据介质空间,加剧内部分选桥架堵塞,最终造成90%以上渗透率损害,但同时挡砂效果得到提升;热采蒸汽交变吞吐生产方式对稠油-地层砂的协同堵塞具有明显的解除堵塞效应;但随着交替轮次的增加,解堵和渗透率恢复幅度逐渐下降;对于稠油油藏防砂,建议挡砂精度相比常规油藏防砂精度放宽1~2个等级。

盐效应辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取丁香精油及抗氧化活性评价

为提高丁香精油提取率,本研究以丁香为原料,通过单因素试验和响应面优化盐效应辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取丁香精油的最佳工艺条件,再对两种方法提取丁香精油的提取率、理化性质、化学组成、主要官能团结构、热力学性质以及体外抗氧化活性等进行比较。结果表明,盐效应辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取的最佳工艺为液料比13.20∶1 mL·g^(-1)、NaCl浓度3.70%、提取时间4.0 h,该工艺下的提取率达到18.56%,比水蒸气蒸馏法高3.79个百分点。扫描电镜观察表明,盐效应促进水分子运动加快从而对原料细胞壁的充分水解是快速提取的主要原因。气相色谱-质谱分析表明,两种方法提取的丁香精油主要成分均为丁香酚,且相对含量无明显差异。理化性质、热力学性质、主要官能团结构的测定和抗氧化试验表明,盐效应辅助水蒸气蒸馏法未对丁香精油品质和抗氧化能力产生影响。综上,盐效应辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取丁香精油的工艺具有可行性。本研究为丁香精油的提取和进一步利用提供了参考。

不同提取方法对井冈蜜柚皮精油组成与性质的影响

以井冈蜜柚皮精油(Jinggang pomelo peel essential oil,JPPEO)为研究对象,采用水蒸气蒸馏法、低温连续相变法两种方法进行提取,以精油得率为主要指标,研究了萃取温度、压力、时间等因素对井冈蜜柚皮精油得率的影响,并通过正交法进行低温连续相变法提取工艺优化,同时对精油的理化性质及化学组成进行分析。研究表明,低温连续相变提取井冈蜜柚皮精油(Low-temperature continuous phase transition extraction essential oil,L-JPPEO)的最佳工艺为:颗粒度30目,萃取温度55℃,萃取压力0.6 MPa,萃取时间60 min,解析温度70℃,此时精油得率为10.99‰,比水蒸气蒸馏法提取的精油(Hydro distillation essential oil,H-JPPEO)得率高出了2.88倍;理化性质实验结果表明,低温连续相变萃取的井冈蜜柚皮精油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,游离脂肪酸含量较低,酯类成分含量较低;傅里叶衰减全反射中红外光谱法(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)鉴定出L-JPPEO和H-JPPEO含萜烯类化合物、醇类、酚类、醛类以及含羰基化合物。气相色谱-质谱联用法(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)从H-JPPEO、L-JPPEO样品中分别鉴定出23和32种化合物,其中两种精油都检测出的有15种物质,D-柠檬烯相对含量均最高,L-JPPEO中相对含量为4.75±0.16μg/mL,H-JPPEO中相对含量为640.93±44.47μg/mL;顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(Headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS)从两种提取方法的精油均鉴定出71种化合物,与水蒸气蒸馏相比,低温连续相变萃取技术提取出较多的萜烯类(45.75%)、酮类(7.68%)及酯类(15.85%)、酸类(5.62%)成分。

双酶辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取肉豆蔻精油及其GC-MS成分分析

采用双酶辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取广西产肉豆蔻的精油,并通过GC-MS对其进行成分分析。正交实验结果表明,最优提取工艺条件为加酶量2%、酶解pH 4.0、酶解温度40℃,在此条件下,肉豆蔻精油的得率为6.50 mL/100 g。利用GC-MS和保留指数法从精油中鉴定出56种化合物,占精油总量的99.71%,主要成分为肉豆蔻醚(16.60%)、甲基丁香酚(14.78%)、桧烯(13.47%)、(+)-柠檬烯(7.29%)、4-萜烯醇(6.75%)、榄香素(6.62%)、γ-松油烯(4.28%)、反式-甲基异丁香酚(3.73%)、β-蒎烯(3.59%)和黄樟素(3.22%)。