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Numerical Simulation Analysis of Welded Joints in Arch Ribs of Large Span Steel Pipe Arch Bridges
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作者 Deer He Nianchun Deng Xiuning Peng 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 CAS 2024年第3期19-30,共12页
In order to study the residual stress distribution law of welded joints of arch ribs of large-span steel pipe concrete arch bridges,numerical simulation of temperature,stress and strain fields based on ABAQUS for weld... In order to study the residual stress distribution law of welded joints of arch ribs of large-span steel pipe concrete arch bridges,numerical simulation of temperature,stress and strain fields based on ABAQUS for welded joints of arch-ribbed steel tubes using 7-,8-and 9-layer welds is carried out and its accuracy is demonstrated.The steel pipe welding temperature changes,residual stress distribution,different processes residual stress changes in the law,the prediction of post-weld residual stress distribution and deformation are studied in this paper.The results show that the temperature field values and test results are more consistent with the accuracy of numerical simulation of welding,the welding process is mainly in the form of heat transfer;Residual high stresses are predominantly distributed in the Fusion zone(FZ)and Heat-affected zone(HAZ),with residual stress levels tending to decrease from the center of the weld along the axial path,the maximum stress appears in the FZ and HAZ junction;The number of welding layers has an effect on the residual stress distribution,the number of welding layers increases,the residual stress tends to decrease,while the FZ and HAZ high stress area range shrinks;Increasing the number of plies will increase the amount of residual distortion. 展开更多
关键词 steel pipe and concrete arch bridge arch rib multi-pass welding residual stress numerical simulation
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Experimental study on ultimate flexural capacity of steel encased concrete composite beams 被引量:8
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作者 肖辉 李爱群 杜德润 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2005年第2期191-196,共6页
Based on the experimental study and inelastic theory, the ultimate flexuralcapacity of steel encased concrete composite beams are derived. The difference between steel encasedconcrete composite beams with full shear c... Based on the experimental study and inelastic theory, the ultimate flexuralcapacity of steel encased concrete composite beams are derived. The difference between steel encasedconcrete composite beams with full shear connection and beams with partial shear connection,together with the relationship between the inelastic neutral axis of steel parts and concrete parts,are considered in the formulae. The calculation results of the eight specimens with full shearconnection and the three specimens with partial shear connection are in good agreement with theexperimental data, which validates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed calculationmethods. Furthermore, the nonlinear finite element analysis of the ultimate flexural capacity of thesteel encased concrete composite beams is performed. Nonlinear material properties and nonlinearcontact properties are considered in the finite element analysis. The finite element analyticalresults also correlate well with the experimental data. 展开更多
关键词 steel encased concrete composite beam ultimate flexural capacity finiteelement analysis
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Experimental Study on Force Behavior of Steel Rein forced Concrete Transfer Beam Structure with Basement of Large Space
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作者 梁书亭 蒋永生 +1 位作者 马辉 刘美景 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 1998年第2期67-72,共6页
Based on comparative test of two transfer story models, in one of which the transfer beam and basement column is constructed of steel reinforced concrete, and the other is constructed of ordinary reinforced concrete, ... Based on comparative test of two transfer story models, in one of which the transfer beam and basement column is constructed of steel reinforced concrete, and the other is constructed of ordinary reinforced concrete, its force behavior, ductility and failure mechanism under vertical and horizontal loads are studied. The results show that loading bearing and seismic behavior of transfer story structure with steel reinforced concrete beam and basement column is good. The relative design suggestion is put forward. 展开更多
关键词 steel reinforced concrete transfer beam loading bearing behavior DUCTILITY failure mechanism
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Influence of steel corrosion to flexural behavior of coral aggregate concrete beam 被引量:6
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作者 DA Bo YU Hong-fa +1 位作者 MA Hai-yan WU Zhang-yu 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第5期1530-1542,共13页
To study the flexural behavior and calculation model,8 coral aggregate concrete(CAC)beams with different types of steel were designed.The flexural behavior of CAC beam was tested.The failure mode,bearing capacity,the ... To study the flexural behavior and calculation model,8 coral aggregate concrete(CAC)beams with different types of steel were designed.The flexural behavior of CAC beam was tested.The failure mode,bearing capacity,the maximum crack width(ws)and average crack spacing(lm)were studied.A calculation model for the bearing capacity of CAC beam was proposed.The results indicated that with the steel strength increased,the cracking moment(Mcr)and ultimate moment(Mu)of CAC beam increased,and the development of the ws gradually slowed,which effectively inhibited the formation of cracks and improved the flexural behavior of CAC beam.For CAC structures in the ocean engineering,it is recommended to use organic new coated steel to extend its effective service life.In addition,considering the influence of steel corrosion,a calculation model for the Mcr,Mu,lm and ws of CAC beam was established. 展开更多
关键词 coral aggregate concrete beam steel corrosion flexural behavior bearing capacity calculation model
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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of High-Strength Concrete Beams Including Steel Fibers and Large-Particle Recycled Coarse Aggregates 被引量:3
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作者 Chunyang Liu Yangyang Wu +1 位作者 Yingqi Gao Zhenyun Tang 《Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing》 EI 2021年第5期947-958,共12页
In order to study the performances of high-strength concrete beams including steel fibers and large-particle recycled aggregates,four different beams have been designed,tested experimentally and simulated numerically.... In order to study the performances of high-strength concrete beams including steel fibers and large-particle recycled aggregates,four different beams have been designed,tested experimentally and simulated numerically.As varying parameters,the replacement rates of recycled coarse aggregates and CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced polymer)sheets have been considered.The failure mode of these beams,related load deflection curves,stirrup strain and shear capacity have been determined through monotonic loading tests.The simulations have been conducted using the ABAQUS finite element software.The results show that the shear failure mode of recycled concrete beams is similar to that of ordinary concrete beams.The shear carrying capacity of high-strength concrete beams including steel fibers and large-particle recycled coarse aggregates grows with an increase in the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregates.Reinforcement with CFRP sheets can significantly improve the beam’s shear carrying capacity and overall resistance to deformation. 展开更多
关键词 High-strength recycled concrete beam steel fiber large-particle recycled aggregates pre-damage reinforcement numerical simulation carrying capacity calculation
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Experimental research on mechanical properties of prestressed truss concrete composite beam encased with circular steel tube 被引量:3
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作者 张博一 郑文忠 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2009年第3期338-345,共8页
Tests of 4 simply supported unbonded prestressed truss concrete composite beams encased with circular steel tube were carried out. It is found that the ratio of the stress increment of the unbonded tendon to that of t... Tests of 4 simply supported unbonded prestressed truss concrete composite beams encased with circular steel tube were carried out. It is found that the ratio of the stress increment of the unbonded tendon to that of the tensile steel tube is 0.252 during the using stage,and the average crack space of beams depends on the ratio of the sum of the bottom chord steel tube's outside diameter and the secondary bottom chord steel tube's section area to the effective tensile concrete area. The coefficient of uneven crack distribution is 1.68 and the formula for the calculation of crack width is established. Test results indicate that the ultimate stress increment of unbonded tendon in the beams decreases in linearity with the increase of the composite reinforcement index β0. The pure bending region of beams accords with the plane section assumption from loading to failure. The calculation formula of ultimate stress increment of the unbonded tendon and the method to calculate the bearing capacity of normal section of beams have been presented. Besides,the method to calculate the stiffness of this sort of beams is brought forward as well. 展开更多
关键词 truss concrete composite beam encased with circular steel tube bearing capacity of normal section STIFFNESS crack width unbonded prestressed tendon
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Structural Behavior of Continuous Prestressed Steel Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beam 被引量:2
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作者 刘海波 向天宇 赵人达 《Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(English Edition)》 2008年第1期37-45,共9页
The flexural behaviors of continuous fully and partially prestressed steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams are studied by experiment and nonlinear finite element analysis. Three levels of partial prestre... The flexural behaviors of continuous fully and partially prestressed steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams are studied by experiment and nonlinear finite element analysis. Three levels of partial prestress ratio (PPR) are considered, and three pairs of two-span continuous beams with box sections varying in size are designed. The major parameters involved in the study include the PPR and the fiber location. It is concluded that the prestressed high strength concrete beam exhibits satisfactory ductility; the influences of steel fiber on the crack behaviors for partially prestressed beams are not as obvious as those for fully prestressed ones; steel fibers can improve the structural stiffness after cracking for fully prestressed high strength concrete beams; the moment redistribution from mid-span to intermediate support in the first stage should be mainly considered in practical design. 展开更多
关键词 High strength concrete steel fiber reinforced concrete Prestressed concrete Continuous beam
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Seismic Behavior of Diaphragm-Through Connections of Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Columns and H-Shaped Steel Beams 被引量:6
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作者 荣彬 陈志华 +1 位作者 Apostolos Fafitis 苗纪奎 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 EI CAS 2013年第3期195-201,共7页
Based on the introductions of a type of diaphragm-through connection between concrete-filled square steel tubular columns (CFSSTCs) and H-shaped steel beams,a finite element model of the connection is developed and us... Based on the introductions of a type of diaphragm-through connection between concrete-filled square steel tubular columns (CFSSTCs) and H-shaped steel beams,a finite element model of the connection is developed and used to investigate the seismic behavior of the connection.The results of the finite element model are validated by a set of cyclic loading tests.The cyclic loading tests and the finite element analyses indicate that the failure mode of the suggested connections is plastic hinge at the beam with inelastic rotation angle exceeding 0.04 rad.The suggested connections have sufficient strength,plastic deformation and energy dissipation capacity to be used in composite moment frames as beam-to-column rigid connections. 展开更多
关键词 concrete-filled square steel TUBULAR COLUMN H-shaped steel beam diaphragm-through connection seismic behavior load transfer mechanism
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Experimental research on shear carrying capacity of H-steel concrete composite beam with small shear span ratio 被引量:1
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作者 王钧 赵天石 +1 位作者 谢恒燕 郑文忠 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2010年第3期398-400,共3页
In order to investigate shear carrying capacity of H-steel concrete beam with small shear span ratio,shear test on 5 H-steel concrete composite beams with small span ratio (from 0.7 to 1.1) are reported,including test... In order to investigate shear carrying capacity of H-steel concrete beam with small shear span ratio,shear test on 5 H-steel concrete composite beams with small span ratio (from 0.7 to 1.1) are reported,including test design,test scheme,test method,failure characteristics and test results. Influences of shear span ratio,web of H steel and concrete on shear carrying capacity of this kind of beam are investigated. The main components comprising shear bearing capacity are analyzed. The results show that with the shear span ratio increasing,the contribution of web of H steel and concrete on shear carrying capacity decrease. Based on test data,the calculation formula of shear carrying capacity for this beam is established by curve fitting. 展开更多
关键词 concrete H-steel composite beam shear span ratio shear carrying capacity
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Mechanical performance of shear studs and application in steel-concrete composite beams 被引量:1
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作者 朱志辉 张磊 +3 位作者 柏宇 丁发兴 刘劲 周政 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2016年第10期2676-2687,共12页
This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) mo... This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) model and analyze the behavior of push-out specimens. The modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on parametrical analysis using the validated FE approaches, the effects of important design parameters, such as the diameter, number, length to diameter ratio, and yield strength of studs, concrete strength and steel transverse reinforcement ratio, on the load-slip relationship at the interface of composite beams are discussed. In addition, a simplified approach to model studs is developed using virtual springs with an equivalent stiffness. This approach is demonstrated to be able to predict the load-displacement response and ultimate bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite beams. The predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results from the literature. 展开更多
关键词 shear studs push-out test load-slip relationship ultimate bearing capacity steel-concrete composite beams
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Seismic Behaviour of Beam-Column Joints of Precast and Partial Steel Reinforced Concrete 被引量:1
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作者 Wanpeng Cheng Licheng Wang +1 位作者 Yupu Song Jun Wang 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2015年第2期108-117,共10页
A beam-column joint of precast and partial steel reinforced concrete( PPSRC) is proposed for precast reinforced concrete frames. The PPSRC consists of partial steel and reinforced concrete. The partial steel is locate... A beam-column joint of precast and partial steel reinforced concrete( PPSRC) is proposed for precast reinforced concrete frames. The PPSRC consists of partial steel and reinforced concrete. The partial steel is located in the core joint region and the connections between concrete members. This paper presents an experimental study of a series of PPSRC specimens. These specimens are tested under low cyclic loading.Experimental results demonstrate that the bearing capacity of the PPSRC specimens is 3 times that of the ordinary reinforced concrete( RC) beam-column joints. The strength and stiffness degradation rates are slower compared with that of the RC beam-column joints. In addition,the strength of the core joint region and the connections is higher than other parts of the PPSRC specimens. Beam failure occurs firstly for the PPSRC specimens,followed by column failure and connections failure. The failure of the core joint region occurs finally.Test results show that the seismic performance of the PPSRC is better than that of the ordinary RC beam-column joints. 展开更多
关键词 preeast and partial steel reinforced concrete (PPSRC) beam-column joints low cyclic test hysteretic curve degradations of strength and stiffness DUCTILITY
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Flexural Behaviour of High-Strength Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams
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作者 钱春香 IndubhushanPatnaikuni 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 1996年第2期137-144,共8页
This paper presents the research results of twelve high strength concrete beams reinforced with steel fibers and bars. Fiber type I and II reduce the deflection by more than 25% and increase the ultimate load by abou... This paper presents the research results of twelve high strength concrete beams reinforced with steel fibers and bars. Fiber type I and II reduce the deflection by more than 25% and increase the ultimate load by about 10% compared to high strength concr 展开更多
关键词 high strength concrete beam steel FIBER deflection crack DUCTILITY
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Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
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作者 XU Lihua CHI Yin +1 位作者 SU Jie XIA Dongtao 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2008年第2期201-206,共6页
By the nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) method, the mechanical properties of the steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) deep beams were discussed in terms of the crack load and ultimate bearing capacity. In... By the nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) method, the mechanical properties of the steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) deep beams were discussed in terms of the crack load and ultimate bearing capacity. In the simulation process, the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) was used to set up the finite element model; the model of bond stress-slip relationship between steel bar and concrete was established. The nonlinear FEA results and test results demonstrated that the steel fiber can not only significantly improve the cracking load and ultimate bearing capacity of the concrete but also repress the development of the cracks. Meanwhile, good agreement was found between the experimental data and FEA results, if the unit type, the parameter model and the failure criterion are selected reasonably. 展开更多
关键词 steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beam nonlinear finite element bond stress-slip relationship
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Fatigue tests of composite beam by steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete in the hogging bending
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作者 胡铁明 黄承逵 +1 位作者 梁振宇 陈小锋 《Journal of Shanghai University(English Edition)》 CAS 2010年第6期430-436,共7页
Through the experiments of 7 T-section composite beams, steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete (SFRSC) as the composite beam in the composite layer was studied under the hogging bending. The tests simulated ... Through the experiments of 7 T-section composite beams, steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete (SFRSC) as the composite beam in the composite layer was studied under the hogging bending. The tests simulated composite layer tensile strain under the hogging bending of inverted loading composite beams, giving the relationship under the different fatigue stress ratios between fatigue cycles and steel bar’s stress range, crack width, stiffness loss and damage, etc., in composite layer. This article established fatigue life equation, and analyzed SFRSC reinforced mechanism to crack width and stiffness loss. The results show that SFRSC as the composite beam concrete has excellent properties of crack resistance and tensile, can reinforce the fatigue crack width and stiffness loss of composite beams, and improve the durability and in normal use of composite beams in the hogging bending zone. 展开更多
关键词 steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete (SFRSC) composite beam hogging bending FATIGUE
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Replacing Stirrups of Self-Compacting Concrete Beams with Steel Fibers
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作者 尤志国 丁一宁 NIEDEREGGER Christoph 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 EI CAS 2010年第6期411-416,共6页
Based on the investigation of fiber influence on workability of self-compacting concrete (SCC), tests were carried out on two series of SCC rectangular simply supported beams, which were made of hooked steel fibers re... Based on the investigation of fiber influence on workability of self-compacting concrete (SCC), tests were carried out on two series of SCC rectangular simply supported beams, which were made of hooked steel fibers reinforced concrete with or without stirrups, subjected to four-point symmetrically placed vertical loads. The major test variables are steel fiber contents and stirrup ratios. The results indicate that the ultimate load significantly increases with the increase of fiber content; the addition of ... 展开更多
关键词 steel fiber self-compacting concrete beam ultimate shear strength failure mode WORKABILITY
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The Design and Analysis of Long-Span and Low-Depth Prestressed Composite Steel-Concrete Beam Bridge
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作者 张俊平 黄海云 黄道沸 《Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(English Edition)》 2002年第1期57-67,共11页
The design scheme of long span and low depth composite steel concrete beams is introduced, and the methods of avoiding the cracking of concrete deck in the negative moment regions are proposed. Moreover, significa... The design scheme of long span and low depth composite steel concrete beams is introduced, and the methods of avoiding the cracking of concrete deck in the negative moment regions are proposed. Moreover, significant exploration for problems of the composite beams has been made, such as optimizing construction steps to regulate the stress, applying jacking technique to exert prestress on the concrete deck, investigating the uplifting force principle of the shear connectors by means of model test and non linear finite element analysis, and pointing out the countermeasure to reduce tension force of the shear connectors. 展开更多
关键词 prestressed composite steel concrete beam construction step jacking technique shear connector
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Static behavior of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints with bolted partial-depth flush end plate:experimental study
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作者 郜京峰 张耀春 +2 位作者 王海明 姚淇誉 金路 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2011年第5期91-102,共12页
A new type of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joint has been proposed in this paper.Five semi-rigid composite beam-to-column joint specimens subjected to hogging moments under monotonic ... A new type of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joint has been proposed in this paper.Five semi-rigid composite beam-to-column joint specimens subjected to hogging moments under monotonic loading were tested to study the static behavior of this new type of joint.The main variable parameters for the five joint specimens were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the joint type.The experimental results designated that the magnitude of extension of the longitudinal reinforcement is the most important factor that influenced the moment-rotation characteristic of the new type of joint.The concrete slabs could resist 3.8%-19.1% of the total shear load applied to the cross-sections near the beam-to-column connection.The edge stiffened elements,such as the flange of the lipped I-section thin-walled steel beam,were capable of having considerable inelastic deformation capacity although they had comparatively large width-to-thickness ratios.The shear failure of the concrete cantilever edge strip must be taken into account in practical design because it has significant influence on the anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement in the new type of external joints. 展开更多
关键词 SEMI-RIGID thin-walled steel-concrete composite structures beam-to-column joints static behavior experimental study
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Bending Stiffness of Truss-Reinforced Steel-Concrete Composite Beams
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作者 Francesco Trentadue Erika Mastromarino +3 位作者 Giuseppe Quaranta Floriana Petrone Giorgio Monti Giuseppe Carlo Marano 《Open Journal of Civil Engineering》 2014年第3期285-300,共16页
This paper is concerned with a special steel-concrete composite beam in which the resisting system is a truss structure whose bottom chord is made of a steel plate supporting the precast floor system. This system work... This paper is concerned with a special steel-concrete composite beam in which the resisting system is a truss structure whose bottom chord is made of a steel plate supporting the precast floor system. This system works in two distinct phases with two different resisting mechanisms: during the construction phase, the truss structure bears the precast floor system and the resisting system is that of a simply supported steel truss;once the concrete has hardened, the truss structure becomes the reinforcing element of a steel-concrete composite beam, where it is also in a pre-stressed condition due to the loads carried before the hardening of concrete. Within this framework, the effects of the diagonal bars on the bending stiffness of this composite beam are investigated. First, a closed-form solution for the evaluation of the equivalent bending stiffness is derived. Subsequently, the influence of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of shear reinforcement is studied. Finally, results obtained from parametric and numerical analyses are discussed. 展开更多
关键词 Bending Stiffness steel-concrete Composite beams PRECAST Floor Systems
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Experimental and analytical study on seismic behavior of steel-concrete multienergy dissipation composite shear walls 被引量:5
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作者 Dong Hongying Cao Wanlin +2 位作者 Wu Haipeng Qiao Qiyun Yu Chuanpeng 《Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration》 SCIE EI CSCD 2015年第1期125-139,共15页
In this paper, a steel-concrete multi-energy dissipation composite shear wall, comprised of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) columns, steel plate (SP) deep beams, a concrete wall and energy dissipation strips, is p... In this paper, a steel-concrete multi-energy dissipation composite shear wall, comprised of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) columns, steel plate (SP) deep beams, a concrete wall and energy dissipation strips, is proposed. In order to study the multi-energy dissipation behavior and restorability after an earthquake, two stages of low cyclic loading tests were carded out on ten test specimens. In the first stage, test on five specimens with different number of SP deep beams was carried out, and the test lasted until the displacement drift reached 2%. In the second stage, thin SPs were welded to both sides of the five specimens tested in the first stage, and the same test was carried out on the repaired specimens (designated as new specimens). The load-bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, hysteretic behavior and failure characteristics were analyzed for both stages and the results are discussed herein. Extrapolating from these results, strength calculation models and formulas are proposed herein and simulations using ABAQUS carried out, they show good agreement with the test results. The study demonstrates that SRC columns, SP deep beams, concrete wall and energy dissipation strips cooperate well and play an important role in energy dissipation. In addition, this study shows that the shear wall has good recoverability after an earthquake, and that the welding of thin SP's to repair a deformed wall is a practicable technique. 展开更多
关键词 steel reinforced concrete steel plate deep beam multi energy dissipation composite shear wall seismic behavior
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Approach for analyzing the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridges with stiffening girder 被引量:6
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作者 ZHANG Zhi-cheng XIE Xu +1 位作者 ZHANG He CHEN Heng-zhi 《Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2007年第5期682-692,共11页
A convenient approach is proposed for analyzing the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge with stiffening girders. A fiber model beam element is specially used to simulate... A convenient approach is proposed for analyzing the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge with stiffening girders. A fiber model beam element is specially used to simulate the stiffening girder and CFST arch rib. The geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, influence of the construction process and the contribution of prestressing reinforcement are all taken into consideration. The accuracy of this method is validated by comparing its results with experimental results. Finally, the ultimate strength of an abnormal CFST arch bridge with stiffening girders is investigated and the effect of construction method is discussed. It is concluded that the construction process has little effect on the ultimate strength of the bridge. 展开更多
关键词 Ultimate strength concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge Stiffening girder Fiber model beam element Construction process
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