Experimental and Numerical Analyses of the Pull-out Response of a Steel Post/Bovine Bone Cementless Fixation

Effect of initial interference fit on pull-out strength in cementless fixation between bovine tibia and smooth stainless steel post was investigated in this study. Compressive behavior of bovine spongious bone was studied using mechanical testing in order to evaluate the elastic-plastic properties in different regions of the proximal tibia. Friction tests were carried out in the aim to evaluate the friction behavior of the contact between bovine spongious bone and stainless steel. A cylindrical stainless steel post inserted in a pre-drilled bovine tibia with an initial interference fit was taken as an in vitro model to assess the contribution of post fixation to the initial stability of the Total Knee Arthroplasty （TKA） tibial component. Pull-out experiments were carried out for different initial interference fits. Finite Element Models （FEM） using local elastic-plastic properties of the bovine bone were developed for the analysis of the experimental ultimate pull-out force results. At the post/bone interface, Coulomb friction was considered in the FEM calculations with pressure-dependent friction coefficient. It was found that the FEM results of the ultimate force are in good agreement with the experimental results. The analysis of the FEM interfacial stresses indicates that the micro-slip initiation depends on the local bone properties.

Influence of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and properties in heat-affected zone of KMN steel joint

The influence of temperature during post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of KMN steel joints was investigated. The results reveal that after heat treatment, the martensite transformed to tempered sorbite, causing the softening of the resultant joints. XRD test shows that the residual austenite content decreased obviously when the joint was heattreated at 550 ℃ and 580 ℃, which degraded the impact toughness of heat-affected zone （ HAZ）. When the heat treatment temperature increased further, the dispersion strengthening from the precipitation of alloying elements improved the impact toughness of HAZ. The aggregation and coarsening of carbide also contributed to the improvement of impact toughness of HAZ.

Comparative analysis of cast-in-place post-tensioned and steel-concrete composite bridge bent caps

The complexity of the IH-635 Managed Lanes Project, located in Dallas County, Texas, posed several technical and constructive challenges, leading to the adoption of solutions different from the traditional. Two alternative solutions for the pier cap on one of the bridge crossings over IH-35E in the IH-635 project were analyzed in this case study, a cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete cap and an innovative prefabricated steel-concrete com- posite cap. The approach was to use an estimation of direct costs for material and labor and consideration of con- struction time schedules. A supplementary numerical modeling confirmed that both alternatives behave elasti- cally under imposed loads. The direct cost of material and labor for the two alternatives were close. However, the composite alternative required 13 days less construction time, resulting in substantial cost savings from traffic closing in the very busy traffic corridor. Traffic closing costs were substantially higher than the direct costs, especially for the post-tensioned cap. The quantification of the benefits allows more confidence in the utilization of the composites caps, leading to faster completion of bridge projects and substantial economic savings.

Correlation between Process Variables in Shielded Metal-Arc Welding (SMAW) Process and Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) on Some Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel Welds

This investigation was conducted to correlate process variables in shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW) and post weld heat treatment on some mechanical properties of low carbon steel weld. Three hundred and sixty pieces of weld samples were prepared. The samples were welded together using AWS E6013 electrodes with DC arc welding process. Varying welding currents of 100 A, 120 A, 140 A were used with a terminal voltage of 80 V. The weld samples were prepared for hardness, tensile and impact test. The prepared samples were then subjected to normalising heat treatment operation at temperatures of 590°C, 600°C, 620°C, 640°C, 660°C, 680°C, and 700°C. It was observed that increase in welding current led to an increase in hardness and ultimate tensile strength values of as-weld samples while impact strength de-creases. After post heat treatment operation the hardness and ultimate tensile strengths decreases while impact strength increases. From this outcome we conclude that there is correlation between the welding current and mechanical proper-ties of weld metal on one hand and normalising temperatures and mechanical properties on the other hand. As the cur-rent increases the hardness and strength increases but impact strength reduces, while hardness and strength continuously reduces but impact strength increases as normalising temperatures increases.

Life Cycle Assessment of CCA-Treated Wood Highway Guard Rail Posts in the US with Comparisons to Galvanized Steel Guard Rail Posts

A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment is done to identify the environmental impacts of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated timber used for highway guard rail posts, to understand the processes that contribute to the total impacts, and to determine how the impacts compare to the primary alternative product, galvanized steel posts. Guard rail posts are the supporting structures for highway guard rails. Transportation engineers, as well as public and regulatory interests, have increasing need to understand the environmental implications of guard rail post selection, in addition to factors such as costs and service performance. This study uses a life cycle inventory (LCI) to catalogue the input and output data from guard rail post manufacture, service life, and disposition, and a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) to assess anthropogenic and net greenhouse gas (GHG), acidification, smog, ecotoxicity, and eutrophication potentially resulting from life cycle air emissions. Other indicators of interest also are tracked, such as fossil fuel and water use. Comparisons of guard rail post products are made at a functional unit of one post per year of service. This life cycle assessment (LCA) finds that the manufacture, use, and disposition of CCA-treated wood guard rails offers lower fossil fuel use and lower anthropogenic and net GHG emissions, acidification, smog potential, and ecotoxicity environmental impacts than impact indicator values for galvanized steel posts. Water use and eutrophication impact indicator values for CCA-treated guard rail posts are greater than impact indicator values for galvanized steel guard rail posts.

Microstructure and fracture toughness of electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel

Two post weld heat treatments (PWHT), 900 ℃ oil quenched and low temperature tempered (PWHTA) and high temperature tempered and then 900 ℃ oil quenched and low temperature tempered (PWHTB), are employed to treat the weldment. Then the effect of two post weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure,mechanical properties and fracture toughness of electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel have been discussed. The results show that, after two kinds of PWHT the microstructure and hardness at every zones of EBW joints are nearly same. Although the welds have good mechanical properties, fracture toughness of both weld and heat affected zone (HAZ) is low, the CTOD values of welds are comparatively higher than that of HAZ. Microstructure and fracture toughness of two EBW joints have no evident differences.

Numerical simulation of the seismic behavior of self-centering steel beam-column connections with bottom flange friction devices

A new type of steel moment resisting frame with bottom flange friction devices （BFFDs） has been developed to provide self-centering capacity and energy dissipation, and to reduce permanent deformations under earthquakes. This paper presents a numerical simulation of self-centering beam-column connections with BFFDs, in which the gap opening/closing at the beam-column interfaces is simulated by using pairs of zero-length elements with compression-only material properties, and the energy dissipation due to friction is simulated by using truss elements with specified hysteretic behavior. In particular, the effect of the friction bolt bearing against the slotted plate in the BFFDs was modeled, so that the increase in lateral force and the loss of friction force due to the bolt bearing could be taken into account. Parallel elastic-perfectly plastic gap （ElasticPPGap） materials in the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation （OpenSees） were used with predefined gaps to specify the sequence that each bolt went into the bearing and the corresponding increase in bending stiffness. The MinMax material in OpenSees is used to specify the minimum and maximum values of strains of the ElasticPPGap materials. To consider the loss of friction force due to bok bearing, a number of parallel hysteretic materials were used, and the failure of these materials in sequence simulated the gradual loss of friction force. Analysis results obtained by using the proposed numerical model are discussed and compared with the test results under cyclic loadings and the seismic loading, respectively.

起重船用高强钢大厚板焊接残余应力的试验研究

以某型起重船结构为研究对象,采用焊接后热作为焊接残余应力消除措施,研究结构的残余应力情况及消除措施的有效性。首先采用焊态和经过焊接后热的两组试板进行焊接残余应力检测并对比,结果表明焊态的试板焊接纵向残余应力最高达552.5 MPa,接近材料的屈服强度;经后热的试板纵向残余应力最大为385.3MPa,与焊态相比降低了167.2 MPa,下降约30%;同时获取了残余应力分布情况。进一步对起重船导向基座结构的焊缝进行后热并进行应力检测,其纵向焊接残余应力最大值为310.8 MPa,远低于母材屈服强度。本文研究表明:起重船高强钢大厚板在焊态时焊接残余应力较大,需采取措施消除残余应力;采用焊接后热可以大幅降低高强钢大厚板的焊接残余应力水平,焊接后热具有较好的经济性和操作便捷性,在起重船建造过程中建议考虑对大厚板焊缝进行后热以消除焊接残余应力消除。

Effects of Microstructural Modification Using Friction Stir Processing on Fatigue Strength of Butt-Welded Joints for High-Strength Steels

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an effective surface-microstructure modification technique using a rotational tool to refine and homogenize microstructure of metallic materials. In this study, FSP was conducted on the surface of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), which is a region exhibiting degraded mechanical properties and shown to have microstructural changes, of butt-welded joints for two high-strength steels with tensile strength grades of 490 MPa and 780 MPa (hereafter HT490 and HT780, respectively). Inhomogeneous mixing of materials derived from weld metals and base metals (BMs) in a stir zone (SZ) produced inhomogeneous distribution of elements and microstructure depending on the set of the advancing side and retreating side in the SZs. The welded joints with FSP for HT490 exhibited higher hardness than that of the BM through whole of the SZ surface (fine polygonal ferrite grains and bainite structure with laths at the Mn-rich and Mn-poor regions, respectively). On the other hand, those for HT780 exhibited the minimum hardness value similar to that of the BM at the SZ surface (a few polygonal ferrite grains in the matrix of martensite laths). Fatigue strength increased by about 35 MPa and 15 MPa in stress amplitude at 107 cycles as fatigue limit due to FSP. Fatigue failure occurred at the BM and the SZ, respectively, in the welded joints modified by FSP for HT490 and HT780, in comparison with the HAZs in the as-welded joints for both grade steels. The difference in fatigue strength increase due to FSP and failure location between the welded joints for HT490 and HT780 can be attributed to the topmost SZ microstructures and their distribution.

Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of gas tungsten arc welds of maraging steel

Superior properties of maraging steels make them suitable for the fabrication of components used for military applications like missile covering, rocket motor casing and ship hulls. Welding is the main process for fabrication of these components, while the maraging steels can be fusion welded using gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) process. All these fabricated components require longer storage life and a major problem in welds is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking(SCC). The present study is aimed at studying the SCC behaviour of MDN 250(18% Ni) steel and its welds with respect to microstructural changes. In the present study, 5.2 mm thick sheets made of MDN 250 steel in the solution annealed condition was welded using GTAW process. Post-weld heat treatments of direct ageing(480 C for 3 h), solutionizing(815 C for 1 h) followed by ageing and homogenizing(1150 C for 1 h) followed by ageing were carried out. A mixture of martensite and austenite was observed in the microstructure of the fusion zone of solutionized and direct aged welds and only martensite in as-welded condition. Homogenization and ageing treatment have eliminated reverted austenite and elemental segregation. Homogenized welds also exhibited a marginal improvement in the corrosion resistance compared to those in the as-welded, solutionized and aged condition. Constant load SCC test data clearly revealed that the failure time of homogenized weld is much longer compared to other post weld treatments, and the homogenization treatment is recommended to improve the SCC life of GTA welds of MDN 250 Maraging steel.

火灾后全取代率型钢再生混凝土梁抗弯性能

为了研究火灾后全取代率型钢再生混凝土(SRRAC)梁的受弯性能,利用有限元模型分析了受火时间、再生粗骨料取代率、钢材及再生混凝土强度参数对构件受弯性能的影响。结果表明:受火时间对构件的抗弯性能影响较为显著,受火时间在30~60 min时混凝土承载力下降幅度在17.9%~29.4%,受火时间在60 min以上时混凝土承载力下降幅度在10%以内;取代率、型钢强度与混凝土强度对承载力影响较小;在受火时间相同而不同取代率的构件内部温度相差不大。

后植筋组合梁锚固法静载荷试验技术研究

以山西首例素混凝土桩后植筋组合梁锚固法静载荷试验为背景,介绍了后植筋组合梁锚固法静载荷试验基本原理、检测工序等,着重阐述了其计算方法和技术要点。对检测方案的设计计算、控制因素和检测结果进行了分析总结,为今后该方法在本地区的应用提供参考,同时也为该检测方法在本地区的推广提供依据。

Development of SA-533 Type B CL. 1+SA-240 Type 304L roll-bonded clad steel plate for safety injection tank of CAP1400 nuclear power plant

Aiming to meet the demand of the country＇ s nuclear demonstration project on the CAP1400 nuclear power plant, Baosteel uses the roll-bonding technology and develops the SA-533 Type B CL. 1 ＋ SA-240 Type 304L high-strength and high-toughness clad steel plate with a shear strength of over 310 MPa for the nuclear power plant＇ s safety injection tank. The properties of the quenched and tempered and the simulated post-weld heat treatment states are systematically studied herein through a comprehensive inspection and evaluation of the composition,microstructure,and properties of the clad steel plate. The results show that the bonding interface has high shear strength and that the base metal has high strength and good toughness at low temperatures. Hence, the performance fully meets the technical requirements of the CAP1400 nuclear power plant＇ s safety injection tank in the country＇ s nuclear demonstration project. The roll-bonded clad steel plate can be used to manufacture the safety injection tank of the CAP1400 nuclear power plant.

预应力耗能钢框架抗连续倒塌机制研究

针对预应力耗能(PTED)钢框架结构的连续倒塌问题,采用ABAQUS软件建立精细化有限元模型,对框架结构拆除承重构件后不平衡荷载重分配的行为展开研究。并将有限元结果与1/3缩尺PTED钢框架的准静态试验结果进行对比分析,验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,进一步开展了PTED钢框架抗连续倒塌受力机制的研究,并分析了初始预应力、预应力钢绞线数量、钢构件材料强度和梁翼缘宽厚比四种因素对钢框架抗连续倒塌机制的影响。结果表明:PTED钢框架抗连续倒塌过程主要包括三个阶段:初始阶段、压拱机制有利阶段和压拱机制不利阶段;倒塌抗力由预应力钢绞线拉力和梁柱之间的竖向作用力共同提供;提高初始预应力、预应力钢绞线数量、钢材屈服强度和降低梁翼缘宽厚比,均会使峰值荷载增大;钢绞线数量的增多使框架在失效柱位移较小时可以提供较大的抗力;增强梁柱构件抵抗局部屈曲变形的能力会提升预应力钢框架抗连续倒塌能力。

Characterization of Dissimilar Welding between 304 Stainless Steel and Gray Iron Using Nickel Coated Electrode

This paper presents the study carried out to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 304 stainless steel and gray iron, in order to recognize the effect of welding parameters on the joint. The shielded metal arc welding technique was applied with a 3.2 mm diameter nickel coated electrode under preheating and post heat conditions at 350°C. Vickers hardness test and metallographic analysis were carried out at the heat affected zone and at the interface to determine the effect on mechanical and metallurgical characteristics. Vickers hardness differences among joint areas were directly related to microstructural changes. There are no significant differences in AISI 304 hardness, but the hardness increased at the heat affected zone and decreased at the filler metal. Grey iron hardness at the heat affected zone was even lower and more slightly superior than grey iron hardness.

预应力钢带加固震后受损框架的抗震性能试验研究

首先以1∶2的缩尺比例设计并制作了一榀单跨三层的钢筋混凝土框架试件CF。对试件CF进行拟静力加载,以模拟水平地震作用。待加载结束后,先对试件CF中受损处混凝土进行修复,再采用预应力钢带在其梁端、柱端以及节点处进行加固,形成震后加固试件SCF,最后对试件SCF再次进行拟静力加载。通过观察两个试件的裂缝发展,对比分析2个试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力、刚度及耗能性能,研究了预应力钢带对震后框架结构的加固效果。结果表明:与试件CF相比,震后加固试件SCF的承载力并没有明显下降,承载力退化和刚度退化均有所减慢。试件SCF、CF在极限点的最大层间位移角分别是1/23、1/41,说明采用钢带加固可以提高结构的延性和变形能力。试件SCF在3个特征点(屈服点、峰值点、极限点)处的累积耗能量分别达到试件CF相应累积耗能量的7.1、3.1、2.5倍,体现了良好的耗能能力。

离子后氧化对渗氮层结构与性能的调控

目的调控离子渗氮层的结构和性能,获得少无化合物层且满足需求厚度的有效硬化层,同时具有良好的韧性和耐蚀性的离子渗层。方法将42CrMo4钢在温度500℃下离子渗氮5 h后,再进行不同工艺条件下的后氧化处理。通过调整后氧化的实验参数,探索它们对渗氮层结构和性能的影响规律。使用金相显微镜、XRD衍射仪、维氏显微硬度计及电化学工作站分析截面渗层结构、物相、硬度、韧性和耐蚀性。结果在相同的离子渗氮条件(500℃,5 h)下,随着后氧化的温度和时间的改变,离子渗氮形成的化合物层逐渐分解,化合层的厚度逐渐减小,可由9.41μm减薄至3.62μm;经离子渗氮+后氧化处理后,形成的有效硬化层的厚度和表面硬度相较于常规离子渗氮有所提高,其中有效硬化层的厚度由300μm增至378μm,截面最高硬度由765HV0.05增至825HV0.05;渗层表面形成由Fe_(3)O_(4)、Fe_(2)O_(3)组成的氧化膜,提高了其耐蚀性,自腐蚀电位由-658.72 mV提升至-429.23 mV。结论42CrMo4钢经过离子渗氮及后氧化处理后,化合物层显著减薄,有效硬化层显著增厚,且截面硬度、韧性和耐蚀性等指标均得到改善,在后氧化工艺参数为400℃、2 h时获得了最优的综合性能,包括硬度、韧性、耐蚀性。

焊后热处理对SA-182F1和SA-106C钢接头显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊和焊条电弧焊焊接SA-182F1和SA-106C钢.对焊接接头进行了615℃保温8h的消除应力处理.检测了焊接接头热处理前、后的显微组织和力学性能.结果表明:热处理前、后焊接接头的拉伸和冲击性能均满足要求,消除应力处理使接头拉伸性能降低、冲击韧度提高;热处理前后焊接接头的显微组织没有差异.

焊后热处理对核反应堆压力容器用16MND5钢组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜,通过拉伸、冲击和落锤试验等方法研究了焊后热处理温度和保温时间对16MND5钢的组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:经模拟焊后热处理后16MND5钢的室温和350℃抗拉强度和屈服强度都呈下降趋势,且下降幅度随焊后热处理温度的升高和保温时间的延长而增大;焊后热处理时间的延长导致钢的冲击性能小幅度下降,焊后热处理温度对冲击性能的影响并不明显;焊后热处理后的钢基体中弥散分布的细小第二相粒子数量减少、尺寸增大,导致钢的强度降低。

单侧可调式钢管砂桶支撑后浇带体系施工技术研究

后浇带施工往往是质量控制中的重要节点。设计一种易拆装、可重复使用、调节简单的钢管砂桶支撑体系,将后浇带的位置优化为距柱边缘小于1500 mm处,后浇带另一侧设置可调节的临时钢管砂桶支撑,以代替部分脚手架支撑,当梁板混凝土达到一定强度时,可先拆除多余的脚手架支撑和模板,仅保留可调节的临时钢管砂桶支撑,以解决大面积模板、木方、钢管等施工时间过长的问题,提高材料周转利用率,取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。结合实体项目,对单侧可调式钢管砂桶支撑后浇带体系施工技术原理、工艺流程、施工要点及质量控制措施进行研究,供类似项目参考借鉴。