Analysis and Prospect of Waste Heat Utilization from Blast Furnace Slag Flushing

Estimating the residual heat of blast furnace slag flushing in China,classifying and introducing the current proposed methods of slag flushing waste heat utilization,and listing existing cases.In order to better save energy and water in the slag flushing process of blast furnaces,an ideal comprehensive cascade utilization system scheme for annual recovery of waste heat is proposed.Based on the measured waste heat data of a steel plant,design calculations are carried out to further analyze the economic feasibility of the new scheme and provide reference for its promotion and application.

Extraction of Valuable Metals from Titanium-bearing Blast Furnace Slag by Acid Leaching

To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparation of calcium carbonate” was proposed.In this study,the influences of process conditions on the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron and the phases of the leaching residue were investigated for the leaching process.The experimental results show that the HCl solution could selectively leach the elements from the titanium-containing blast furnace slag.The better leaching conditions are the HCl solution concentration of 4 mol/L,the leaching time of 30 min,the ratio of liquid volume to solid gas of 10 mL/g,and the stirring paddle speed of 300 r/min.Under the conditions,the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron can reach 85.87%,73.41%,81.35%,and 59.08%,and the leaching rate of titanium is 10.71%.The iron and the aluminum are removed from the leachate to obtain iron-aluminum water purification agents,and the magnesium is removed from the leachate to obtain magnesium hydroxide.The leaching residue phase is dominated by perovskite,followed by magnesium silicate and tricalcium aluminate,and the titaniumrich material could be obtained from the leaching residue by desiliconization.

Comprehensive Utilization and Control Measures of Iron and Steel Slag

With the increase of steel production,the amount of steel slag piled up is on the rise.The article analyzes the current situation of blast furnace slag utilization,elaborates on the current treatment technology of blast furnace slag,and points out that in the future,the utilization of blast furnace slag will develop towards the direction of developing high value-added products,and the sensible heat recovery rate of blast furnace slag is expected to increase.Analyze the current application status and treatment process of converter slag.The comprehensive treat-ment technology of converter slag is limited by multiple factors,and it is proposed to control converter slag from the production source through"slag recycling".

Synthesis,Characterization of NaA Zeolite from Blast Furnace Slag(BFS)via Alkaline Fusion and Hydrothermal Treatment

A blast furnace slag zeolite(BFSZ)material was successfully synthesized from BFS by alkaline fusion and hydrothermal treatment.Via the analyses of XRD,FT-IR,FE-SEM,XRF,CEC and BET surface area measurement,when zeolite was synthesized at a crystallization temperature of 100℃with initial Si/Al ratio of 1:1,the main composition in the product is Na-A zeolite.Under the above conditions,the BFSZ was synthesized with CEC of 3.06 meq/g and maximum BET surface area of 37.55 m^(2)·g^(-1).Moreover,the incorporating of BFS-derived minor metals(such as Mg,Fe,and Ca)are found to be of little importance for the synthesis of BFSZ.Thus the obtained BFSZ material has a great adsorption performance for removing Mn^(2+),Cu^(2+),and NH_(4)^(+)ions diluted in water,owing to the higher CEC.

Efficient Use of Steel Slag in Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer

Energy shortage and the emission of greenhouse gases have become a global problem of urgent concern.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop a low carbon building material.Geopolymers have become a hot topic due to their environmental sustainability and the feasibility of immobilizing industrial waste.In this paper,steel slag(SS)fines were investigated as auxiliary materials of blast furnace slag(BFS)based geopolymer.The hydration heat properties,flowability,compressive strength,sorptivity coefficient,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of the geopolymer pastes were determined.The results showed that the incorporation of SS weakened the reactivity of the BFS-based geopolymer paste and improved the flow values of the paste.The compressive strength of the geopolymer with 20%SS content reached 117 MPa at 28 d.The geopolymer specimens with high compressive strength showed a low sorptivity coefficient.The microscopic results showed that the addition of the appropriate amount of SS reduced the cracks,improved the density of the geopolymer,and produced a geopolymer composite with excellent mechanical properties.

Mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by blast furnace slag and steel furnace slag

We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag (BFS) and steel furnace slag (SFS). The results show that the adsorption of phosphate on the slag was rapid and the majority of adsorption was completed in 5~10 min. The adsorption capacity of phosphate by the slag was reduced dramatically by acid treatment. The relative contribution of adsorption to the total removal of phosphate was 26%~28%. Phosphate adsorption on BFS and SFS follows the Freundlich isotherm, with the related constants of k 6.372 and 1/n 1.739 for BFS, and of k 1.705 and 1/n 1.718 for SFS. The pH and Ca2+ concentration were decreased with the addition of phosphate, suggesting the formation of calcium phosphate precipitation. At pH 2.93 and 6.93, phosphate was desorbed by about 36%~43% and 9%~11%, respectively. These results indicate that the P adsorption on the slag is not completely reversible and that the bond between the slag particles and adsorbed phosphate is strong. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of BFS and SFS before and after phosphate adsorption verify the formation of phosphate salts (CaHPO4·2H2O) after adsorption process. We conclude that the removal of phosphate by BFS and SFS is related to the formation of phosphate calcium precipitation and the adsorption on hydroxylated oxides. The results show that BFS and SFS removed phosphate nearly 100%, indicating they are promising adsorbents for the phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and pollution control.

Effect of Steel Slag and Granulated Blast-furnace Slag on the Mechanical Strength and Pore Structure of Cement Composites

Reuse of solid industrial wastes is an effective approach to develop low-carbon construction materials. This paper examines how two materials, steel slag（ST） and granulated blast-furnace slag（SL） impact the mechanical performance and pore structure of cement-based systems. Analysis was done on the variations of the porosity, pore size, and pore volume distribution with the curing age and replacement content, and the fractal dimensions of pore surfaces. The results suggested that systems with both supplementary materials had lower early strengths than pure cement, but could generally surpass pure cement paste after 90 d; higher SL content was particularly helpful for boosting the late strengths. The addition of ST increased the porosities and mean pore sizes at each age, and both increased with ST content; SL was helpful for decreasing the system＇s late porosity（especially harmless pores below 20 nm）; The lowest porosity and mean pore size were obtained with 20% SL. Both systems had notably fractal characteristics on pore surfaces, with ST systems showing the highest dimensions at 10% ST, and SL systems at 20% SL. Compressive strength displayed a significant linear increase with fractal dimension.

Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of foamed glass-ceramics prepared from high-titanium blast furnace slag and waste glass

Foamed glass-ceramics were prepared via a single-step sintering method using high-titanium blast furnace slag and waste glass as the main raw materials The influence of sintering temperature(900–1060℃) on the microstructure and properties of foamed glass-ceramics was studied. The results show that the crystal shape changed from grainy to rod-shaped and finally turned to multiple shapes as the sintering temperature was increased from 900 to 1060℃. With increasing sintering temperature, the average pore size of the foamed glass-ceramics increased and subsequently decreased. By contrast, the compressive strength and the bulk density decreased and subsequently increased. An excessively high temperature, however, induced the coalescence of pores and decreased the compressive strength. The optimal properties, including the highest compressive strength(16.64 MPa) among the investigated samples and a relatively low bulk density(0.83 g/cm^3), were attained in the case of the foamed glass-ceramics sintered at 1000℃.

Status and development of mineral wool made from molten blast furnace slag

This study describes the characteristics of mineral wool and its applications,and also introduces the traditional process of mineral wool made from molten blast furnace （BF） slag. Compared with high energy consumption of the traditional process,the production of mineral wool by using molten BF slag will be able to take full advantage of the sensible heat of molten slag, and also reduce production costs. However, there are also further issues to resolve such as how to obtain the required amount of molten BF slag and how to make it homogeneous. Based on the physical and chemical properties of the molten BF slag,the investigation into the relationship between temperature and viscosity under different acidity coefficients of the slag and silicon mixture was conducted. Combined with the crystallization and phase diagram of slag wool, its heat resistance, water resistance, durability and corrosion resistance were analyzed. Finally, trends of the technology development are proposed.

Simultaneous preparation of TiO2 and ammonium alum,and microporous SiO2 during the mineral carbonation of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag

In this study,a route for simultaneous mineralization of CO2 and production of titanium dioxide and ammonium alum,and microporous silicon dioxide from titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(TBBF slag)was proposed,which is comprised of(NH4)2 S04 roasting,acid leaching,ammonium alum crystallization,silicic acid flocculation and Ti hydrolysis.The effects of relevant process parameters were systematically investigated.The re sults showed that under the optimal roasting and leaching conditions about 85%of titanium and 84.6%of aluminum could be extracted while only 30%of silicon entered the leachate.84%of Al^3+was crystallized from the leachate in the form of ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate with a purity up to 99.5 wt%.About 85%of the soluble silicic acid was flocculated with the aid of secondary alcohol polyoxyethylene ether 9(AEO-9)to yield a microporous SiO2 material(97.4 wt%)from the crystallized mother liquor.The Al-and Si-depleted solution was then hydrolyzed to generate a titanium dioxide(99.1 wt%)with uniform particle size distribution.It was figured out that approximately 146 kg TiO2 could be produced from 1000 kg of TBBF slag.Therefore,the improved process is a promising method for industrial application.

Process simulation and energy integration in the mineral carbonation of blast furnace slag

Large quantities of blast furnace(BF) slag and CO_2 are discharged annually from iron and steel industries, along with a large amount of waste heat.The mineral carbonation of BF slag can not only reduce emissions of solid waste but also realize the in-situ fixation of CO_2 with low energy consumption if integrated with the waste heat utilization.In this study, based on our previous works, Aspen Plus was employed to simulate and optimize the carbonation process and integrate the process energy.The effects of gehlenite extraction, MgSO_4 carbonation,and aluminum ammonium sulfate crystallization were studied systematically.The simulation results demonstrate that 2.57 kg of BF slag can sequester 1 kg of CO_2, requiring 5.34 MJ of energy(3.3 MJ heat and 2.04 MJ electricity), and this energy includes the capture of CO_2 from industrial flue gases.Approximately 60 kg net CO_2 emission reduction could be achieved for the disposal of one ton of BF slag.In addition, the by-product,aluminum ammonium sulfate, is a high value-added product.Preliminary economic analysis indicates that the profit for the whole process is 1127 CNY per ton of BF slag processed.

A Blended Cement Containing Blast Furnace Slag and Phosphorous Slag

Blended cement containing blast furnace slag (BFS) and phosphorous slag( PS) is a new kind of cement. The total content of blended materials could increase if two additives were used. Using the same admixtures , the properties of the blended cement with 70% additives could reach the standard of 525-grade slag cement according to GB. The strength of cement with 80% additives could reach the standard of 425-grade slag cement. The tests of strength, pore structure, hydration products, inhibiting alkali-aggregate reaction, resistance to sulfate corrosion of BFS-PSC were performed.

Preparation,characterization and photocatalytic activity of sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag

The feasibility of reducing Cr(VI)from the aqueous solution by sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(SATBBFS)as a photocatalyst was investigated.The photocatalysts were examined by X-ray diffraction(XRD),UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra,thermogravimetric analysis(TG)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The photocatalytic activities of the different catalysts were evaluated by the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)under UV-vis light irradiation.The results show that the photocatalytic activities of SATBBFS catalysts are strongly dependent on CaTiO3-to-TiO2 mass ratio,adsorption capacity and surface acidity,and SATBBFS calcined at 400°C shows a higher photocatalytic activity compared with other catalysts.

Technology status and development of mineral wool made of blast furnace slag

Under the trend of low-carbon economy,the technique of producing mineral wool insulation material from molten blast furnace slag are of great significance both to Insulation materials industry and metallurgical industry on the aspects of energy conservation and emissions reduction.This paper presents characteristics and use of mineral wool made of blast furnace slag,and also introduces mineral wool production process and key techniques.It also put forward a number of issues need to be addressed in the process.The inherent mechanism affecting the performance of the of mineral wool is analyzed.And it points out the target and future direction of R & D in Baoshan Iron and Steel in mineral wool technology field.

Indirect mineral carbonation of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag coupled with recovery of TiO_2 and Al_2O_3

Large quantities of CO_2 and blast furnace slag are discharged in the iron and steel industry. Mineral carbonation of blast furnace slag can offer substantial CO_2 emission reduction and comprehensive utilization of the solid waste.This paper describes a novel route for indirect mineral carbonation of titanium-bearing blast furnace(TBBF) slag,in which the TBBF slag is roasted with recyclable(NH_4)_2SO_4(AS) at low temperatures and converted into the sulphates of various valuable metals, including calcium, magnesium, aluminium and titanium. High value added Ti-and Al-rich products can be obtained through stepwise precipitation of the leaching solution from the roasted slag. The NH_3 produced during the roasting is used to capture CO_2 from flue gases. The NH_4HCO_3 and(NH_4)_2CO_3 thus obtained are used to carbonate the CaSO_4-containing leaching residue and MgSO_4-rich leaching solution, respectively. In this study, the process parameters and efficiency for the roasting, carbonation and Ti and Al recovery were investigated in detail. The results showed that the sulfation ratios of calcium,magnesium, titanium and aluminium reached 92.6%, 87% and 84.4%, respectively, after roasting at an AS-to-TBBF slag mass ratio of 2:1 and 350 °C for 2 h. The leaching solution was subjected to hydrolysis at 102 °C for 4 h with a Ti hydrolysis ratio of 95.7% and the purity of TiO_2 in the calcined hydrolysate reached 98 wt%.99.7% of aluminium in the Ti-depleted leaching solution was precipitated by using NH_3. The carbonation products of Ca and Mg were CaCO_3 and(NH_4)_2 Mg(CO_3)_2·4H_2O, respectively. The latter can be decomposed into MgCO_3 at 100–200 °C with simultaneous recovery of the NH_3 for reuse. In this process, approximately 82.1% of Ca and 84.2%of Mg in the TBBF slag were transformed into stable carbonates and the total CO_2 sequestration capacity per ton of TBBF slag reached up to 239.7 kg. The TiO_2 obtained can be used directly as an end product, while the Al-rich precipitate and the two carbonation products can act, respectively, as raw materials for electrolytic aluminium,cement and light magnesium carbonate production for the replacement of natural resources.

PRECIPITATION AND GROWTH OF PEROVSKITE PHASE IN TITANIUM BEARING BLAST FURNACE SLAG

The effects of transformation of slag composition and additive agents on the morphology, the precipitation behavior, the crystal growth, and the volume fraction (VF) of perovskite (CaO·¤TiO_2) crystal in the Ti-bearing blast furnace slags were investigated. As the morphology of perovskite is dispersed in molten slags, the crystal growth mechanism of the melting of fine dendrites and the coarsening of large grains exist throughout the solidification of molten slags. With the increase of CaO and Fe_2O_3 content, VF of perovskite obviously increases. However, high basicity leads to the viscosity of slag, which results in the reduction of the average equivalent diameter (AED). The experimental results showed that the presence of the additives CaF_2 and MnO efficiently decreased the viscosity of the slags, and obviously improved the morphology of perovskite and promoted its growth.

Recovery of titanium,aluminum,magnesium and separating silicon from titanium-bearing blast furnace slag by sulfuric acid curing-leaching

An energy-efficient route was adopted to treat titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(TBBFS)in this study.Titanium,aluminum,and magnesium were simultaneously extracted and silicon was separated by low temperature sulfuric acid curing and low concentration sulfuric acid leaching.The process parameters of sulfuric acid curing TBBFS were systematically studied.Under the optimal conditions,the recovery of titanium,aluminum,and magnesium reached 85.96%,81.17%,and 93.82%,respectively.The rapid leaching model was used to limit the dissolution and polymerization of silicon,and the dissolution of silicon was only 3.18%.The mechanism of sulfuric acid curing-leaching was investigated.During the curing process,the reaction occurred rapidly and released heat massively.Under the attack of hydrogen ions,the structure of TBBFS was destroyed,silicate was depolymerized to form filterable silica,and titanium,magnesium,aluminum,and calcium ions were replaced to form sulfates and enriched on the surface of silica particles.Titanium,aluminum,and magnesium were recovered in the leaching solution,and calcium sulfate and silica were enriched in the residue after leaching.This method could effectively avoid the formation of silica sol during the leaching process and accelerate the solid-liquid separation.

Dripping and evolution behavior of primary slag bearing TiO2 through the coke packed bed in a blast-furnace hearth

To investigate the flow of primary slag bearing TiO2 in the cohesive zone of blast furnaces, experiments were carded out based on the laboratory-scale packed bed systems. It is concluded that the initial temperature of slag dripping increases with decreasing FeO content and increasing TiO2 content. The slag holdup decreases when the FeO content is in the range of 5wt%-10wt%, whereas it increases when the FeO content exceeds 10wt% . Meanwhile, the slag holdup decreases when the TiO2 content increases from 5wt% to 10wt% but increases when the TiO2 content exceeds 10wt%. Moreover, slag/coke interface analysis shows that the reaction between FeO and TiO2 occurs be- tween the slag and the coke. The slag/coke interface is divided into three layers： slag layer, iron-rich layer, and coke layer. TiO2 in the slag is reduced by carbon, and the generated Ti diffuses into iron.

Effects of additives on the phase transformation, occurrence state, and the interface of the Ti component in Ti-bearing blast furnace slag

The influences of additives on the phase transformation, occurrence state, and the interface of the Ti component in Ti-bearing blast furnace slag were investigated. After oxidation, most of the Ti component in the slag was enriched into the perovskite phase, which served as the Ti-rich phase during the crystallization process. The phase transformation, occurrence state, and the interface of the Ti component were observed to be affected by the addition of different types of agents. During the oxidation process, titanaugite and Ti-rich diopside phases gradually transformed into non-Ti phases（anorthite： CaMgSi2O6 and CaAl2Si2O8） in the form of dendrites or columns, which were observed to be distributed at the surface of the perovskite phase. Several more cracks appeared along the grain boundaries of the perovskite phase after the addition of P2O5, facilitating the liberation of the perovskite phase. Composite additives combining both an acid and a base, such as CaO ＋ CaF2 or P2O5 ＋ CaF2, were used. We observed that the disadvantages of using single additives were successfully overcome.

A Binder of Phosphogypsum-Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag-Ordinary Portland Cement

A new hydraulic cementitious binder was developed by mainly utilizing industrial byproducts phosphogypsum（PG）and ground granulated blast furnace slag（GGBFS）with small addition of ordinary portland cement（OPC）.The hydration process and microstructure were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）.OPC hydrated first at early age to form primarily C-S-H gel,ettringite and calcium hydroxide（CH）.GGBFS activated by CH and sulfate ions hydrated continuously at later age,producing more and more hydration products,C-S-H gel and ettringite.Thus the paste developed a denser microstructure and its strength increased.The 28 d compressive strength of the mixture of 50%PG,46% GGBFS and 4%OPC exceeded 45 MPa.The setting time was faster and 3 d and 7 d strength were higher when the proportion of OPC increased.But the 28 d strength decreased when OPC exceeded 4%due to large amount of ettringite formed at late hydration age which damaged the microstructure.