NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON FLASH BUTT WELDING FOR HIGH MANGANESE STEELS

An axial symmetry finite element model coupled with electricity-thermal effect was developed to study the temperature field distribution in process of the flash butt welding （FBW） of frog highmanganese steel. The influence of temperature dependent material properties and the contact resistance were taken into account in FEM ＇simulation. Meanwhile, the lost materials due to .splutter was resolved by using birth and death element. The result of analyzing data shows that the moddel in the FBW flashing is reasonable and feasible, and can exactly simulate the temperature field distribution. The modeling provides reference for analysis of welding technologies on the temperature field of high-manganese steel in FBW.

Fatigue life evaluation of girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the extrapolation notch stress method

The fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within the welded cast steel joint was studied based on the extrapolation notch stress method.Firstly,the mesh sensitivity of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint was analyzed to determine the optimal mesh size.Based on the stress field analysis of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint at the weld toe and weld root,the sharp model of the extrapolation notch stress method was applied to derive the effective notch stress of the rounded model belonging to the effective notch stress method,in which the key problem is to calculate the extrapolation point C,and the extrapolation point C has an exponential function relationship with the geometric parameters of the welded cast steel joint.By setting different values of geometric parameters,the corresponding value of parameter C is calculated,and then the functional relationship between the extrapolation point C and the geometric parameters can be obtained by the multiple linear regression analysis.Meanwhile,the fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the effective notch stress was performed according to the guideline recommended by the IIW(International Institute of Welding).The results indicate that the extrapolation notch stress method can effectively simplify the process of calculating the effective notch stress and accurately evaluate the fatigue life of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints.

Discussion on Construction Technology and Welding Deformation of High-Rise Steel Frame Structure

Because of urbanization,land resources in China’s cities has become increasingly scarce.Therefore,modern buildings are becoming taller,making high-rise steel frame structures the new favorite of the construction industry.However,the construction of high-rise steel frame structures requires advanced technology.If the construction technology is effectively implemented and the welding techniques of the construction personnel align with the requirements for high-rise steel frame structures,it can help mitigate deformations in the steel structure,thus preserving the overall construction quality of high-rise steel frame structures.To enhance the applicability of steel frame structures in high-rise buildings,this paper focuses on analyzing the optimization path for the construction process of high-rise steel frame structures.It introduces a tailored approach to control welding-induced deformations in steel frame structures,aiming to make a valuable contribution to the advancement of China’s construction industry.

MICROSTRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION IN THE WELDING HEAT AFFECTED ZONE OF 800MPa GRADE ULTRA FINE STRUCTURED STEEL

The transformation behavior and microstructure development in the heat affected zone(HAZ)of 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel was investigated.It was found that the HAZ has intermediate temperature transformation characteristics in a wide range of cooling rates,with the bainite sheaves consisting of bainite ferrite plates without carbide precipitation and retained austenite in the fast cooling regime.At relatively high cooling rates,which corresponded to low heat inputs,the hardness of the simulated HAZ was above that of the base metal.When the cooling rate was below 9C/s,the welding HAZ would have an obvious softening.The analysis of transformation rates in continuous cooling processes was completed by numerical differential method.The result indicated that the microstructure transformation rate of the HAZ in 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel changed sharply to slow speeds when the cooling time t8/5 is longer than 7s.

Microstructures and properties of welded joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel

The fracture characteristics of the joint were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope. Microstructures of the joint were examined by means of optical microscope, SEM and an image analyzer. The results show that the tensile strength of the inhomogeneous joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel is lower than that of the homogeneous joint and a plastic field appears in the heat affected zone on the side of TiNi shape memory alloy. Because TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel melted, a brittle as-cast structure was formed in the weld. The tensile strength and the shape memory effect of the inhomogeneous joint are strongly influenced by the changes of composition and structure of the joint. Measures should be taken to reduce the base metal melting and prevent the weld metal from the invasion by O for improving the properties of the TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel inhomogeneous joint.

Three-Dimensional Thermo-Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Method Modeling for Predicting Weld-Induced Residual Stresses and Distortions in Steel Stiffened-Plate Structures

The objective of the present paper is to develop nonlinear finite element method models for predicting the weld-induced initial deflection and residual stress of plating in steel stiffened-plate structures. For this purpose, three-dimensional thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method computations are performed with varying plate thickness and weld bead length (leg length) in welded plate panels, the latter being associated with weld heat input. The finite element models are verified by a comparison with experimental database which was obtained by the authors in separate studies with full scale measurements. It is concluded that the nonlinear finite element method models developed in the present paper are very accurate in terms of predicting the weld-induced initial imperfections of steel stiffened plate structures. Details of the numerical computations together with test database are documented.

STUDY ON DISLOCATION STRUCTURES IN WELDED METALS UNDER FATIGUE LOAD

With transmission electron microscope, it has been observed and analyzed that the dislocation arrangements and the fatigue damage of eutectoid present in welded metals which are loaded at different fatigue loads and load cycles. The results indicated that the character of fatigue damage in ferrites of welded metals is the dislocation arrangement change and eutectoids of welded metals are the broken cementites. This may produce microcracks.

Fatigue Test of Homemade Z Direction Steel Welded T Tubular Joints

This paper introduces the process and result of fatigue test of steel (Z direction steel) welded T tubular joints used in offshore engineering. Detailed measurement of stress concentration factor, stress distribution, fatigue life and crack development has been performed. Through analysis, an empirical formula of stress concentration factor for T tubular joints, fatigue S-N curve and crack propagation rule are obtained.

Laser Beam Welding of 600 MPa Quenched and Tempered High-Strength Steel

Conventional fusion arc welding of high-strength quenched and tempered steel can be improved through the use of non-conventional laser beam welding. This article presents the investigations of autogenous bead on plate and butt CO2 Laser Welding (LW) of 7 mm thick high-strength quenched and tempered low alloy SM570 (JIS) steel plates. The influence of laser welding parameters, mainly welding speed, defocusing distance and shielding gas flow rate on the weld profile, i.e., weld zone penetration depth and width, microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints was determined. All welded joints showed smooth and uniform weld beads free from superficial porosity and undercuts. The selected best welding conditions were a laser power of 5.0 kW, welding speed of 500 mm/min, argon gas shielding flow rate of 30 L/min and a defocusing distance of -0.5 mm. It was observed that these conditions gave complete penetration and minimized the width of the weld bead. The microstructure of the welded joints was evaluated by light optical microscopy. The weld metal (WM) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) near weld metal achieved maximum hardness (355 HV). The tensile fractured samples showed the ductile mode of failure and ultimate tensile strength of 580 MPa.

Experimental Investigation of Laser Welding Process in Butt-Joint Configurations

This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser welding low carbon galvanized steel in butt-joint configurations. The experimental work is focused on the effects of various laser welding parameters on the welds quality. The investigations are based on a structured experimental design using the Taguchi method. Welding experiments are conducted using a 3 kW Nd:YAG laser source. The selected laser welding parameters (laser power, welding speed, laser fiber diameter, gap between sheets and sheet thickness) are combined and used to evaluate the variation of four weld quality attributes (bead width, penetration depth, underfill and hardness) and to identify the possible relationship between welding parameters and weld physical and geometrical attributes. The effects of these parameters are studied using ANOVA to find their contributions to the variation of different weld characteristics. Plots of the main effects and the interaction effects are also used to understand the influence of the welding parameters. The results reveal that all welding parameters are relevant to bead width (BDW) and depth of penetration (DOP) with a relative predominance of laser power and welding speed. The effect of laser fiber diameter on penetration depth is insignificant. Typical gap-dependent weld shapes show that a small gap results in a narrower and deeper weld. Due to the standard sheared edge, an underfill between 5% and 10% occurs for no-gap experiments. The resulting hardness values are relatively similar for all the experimental tests.

钢桥面板U肋嵌补段对接焊缝疲劳开裂特性

钢桥面板U肋嵌补段对接焊缝在车轮荷载反复作用下容易产生疲劳裂纹;这是钢箱梁典型的疲劳细节之一,直接影响桥梁结构的安全运营和耐久性能。为探明正交异性钢桥面板顶板U肋对接焊缝的疲劳开裂特性,采用有限元模拟建立钢桥面板局部模型,研究了嵌补段U肋对接焊缝的疲劳受力特征;然后设计4个足尺单U肋试件,并结合疲劳试验开展实际结构的疲劳性能分析。在此基础上,通过结构应力法提出适用于预测U肋对接焊缝疲劳寿命的修正主S-N曲线,并基于扩展有限元法(XFEM)探究该细节的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。研究结果表明:轮载作用下U肋对接焊缝应力纵向影响范围为2个横隔板间距,横向影响范围为1.5个U肋间距。圆弧过渡区域所受疲劳应力幅最大,应力集中显著,是潜在的疲劳易损点。试验观测到的疲劳裂纹均起裂于圆弧过渡处,并向纵肋底缘和腹板继续扩展。基于名义应力法评估得到对接焊缝平均疲劳强度为68 MPa,接近于欧洲规范规定的71 MPa等级。与基于等效结构应力法提出的主S-N曲线相比,该研究提出的修正主S-N曲线对预测疲劳寿命较为安全保守。采用扩展有限元法可有效模拟U肋对接焊缝的扩展行为。疲劳试验和扩展有限元均表明疲劳裂纹扩展方向取决于初始缺陷的位置。当初始缺陷出现在底板时,疲劳裂纹易于沿底板方向扩展;反之当初始缺陷位于腹板时,疲劳裂纹则易于沿腹板方向扩展。

铜/钢爆炸焊接复合界面的显微组织及晶粒结构演化机理

采用光滑粒子仿真、先进表征和理论分析相结合的方法,对铜/钢复合材料爆炸焊接过程中的界面瞬态行为进行深入研究,并详细阐述其显微组织演化机制。根据仿真数据重构波形完整的演化过程,并揭示各种界面特征的形成机制。多尺度EBSD分析表明,界面附近区域呈多样性的晶粒结构,其演化机制主要受塑性流动、动态再结晶和凝固形核三个过程的控制。最后,通过纳米压痕实验建立晶粒结构与力学性能之间的关系。

高含硫气田压力容器异种钢焊接接头失效泄漏原因分析

对国内某高含硫气田酸性湿气增压项目压缩机进气洗涤罐进行“酸敏试验”,试验过程中上封头与长高颈法兰连接角焊缝处即异种钢焊接部位连续出现了两次介质泄漏事故。通过宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、硬度测试、断口宏观与微观形貌分析等方法,对现场试样进行系统分析,再结合焊接冶金学机理分析,确定了异种钢焊接接头失效泄漏的原因。在硫化物应力腐蚀开裂敏感环境中,在残余应力与外加应力的共同作用下,裂纹沿最薄弱的熔合线分布,从内侧启裂,并向外侧扩展,最终穿透管壁,导致泄漏发生。

钢桥面板对接焊缝表面多缺陷疲劳效应研究

为探明钢桥面板对接焊缝焊趾区域共面及异面表面多缺陷在裂纹扩展过程中的形态变化及相互作用机制,以钢桥面板U肋下翼缘对接焊缝简化后的基本焊接构造为研究对象,探明对接焊缝焊接区域的应力强度因子KI分布,并在验证ABAQUS与FRANC3D数值模拟方法可靠性的基础上,对焊趾区域植入的共面或异面多裂纹进行多裂纹扩展分析。研究结果表明:含余高对接焊缝在轴拉荷载作用下,焊趾线附近存在应力强度因子KI的峰值点;相邻共面裂纹在扩展至临界深度的过程中存在裂纹融合前、裂纹融合时及裂纹融合后3个典型的扩展阶段,不同阶段裂纹前沿形态及扩展速率da/dN变化可通过等效应力强度因子幅值ΔK_(eff)的分布来体现;共面裂纹融合前,单裂纹靠近另一裂纹长轴端点的裂纹相互作用比例因子随净间距s1与裂纹深度a比值呈幂次负相关性;对接焊缝异面裂纹中焊趾处裂纹对热影响区裂纹存在抑制作用,并随着裂纹尺寸差异的累计增加,焊趾处裂纹对热影响区的抑制作用呈线性扩大,最终使得热影响区裂纹ΔK_(eff)低于门槛值ΔKth而失去活性停止扩展,上述抑制作用随异面净间距s2的增加而减弱。

铸钢-钢板焊接索夹受力性能研究

对上海浦东足球场轮辐式张拉屋盖体系中的铸钢-钢板焊接索夹受力性能进行了研究,介绍了屋盖结构体系的特点和索夹的组成。开展了3个不同几何尺寸的足尺索夹承载力试验,研究了在径向索分别达到设计内力、最大设计张力和破断力工况时的索夹性能、最终破坏特征,试验结果表明索夹的承载力能达到设计要求。对试验的索夹进行了有限元数值分析,有限元模型的适用性得到了试验结果的验证,并清晰地观察到整个索夹的应力分布状况。对索夹的构造设计、加工等提出了建议。

基于Inventor的船舶钢架焊接装配有限元研究

利用Inventor软件对船舶钢架焊接装配进行静态有限元分析研究。分析结果揭示钢架焊接装配后的最大最小Mises等效应力、第一主应力、第三主应力、安全系数、应变、位移、接触压力等数值分布及其规律。对比船舶钢架结构焊接装配后的钢结构型材变形与收缩数值。在实际生产过程中,应控制在数值范围内取其平均值进行焊接装配。这种焊接方式在一定程度上可以提高型材的使用寿命,减少磨损腐蚀,具有广泛的推广价值,为大型船舶钢架焊接装配工艺数值模拟研究提供有益参考。

高速钢桶焊缝机电机座支撑脚复合模设计

针对高速钢桶焊缝机电机座支撑脚使用2 mm厚的SECC板料进行中小批量冲压成形的要求,设计了3副模具用于制件的4道工序成形。冲孔落料和修边压印采用倒装式复合模结构、切分模和弯曲模采用正装结构,且切分模和弯曲模集成在1副模具内。弯曲模中设计了凸模驱动的双滑块内收弯曲成形机构,该机构在制件弯曲壁的两侧都使用滑块进行夹紧驱动弯曲,能有效防止弯曲回弹,保证了制件的弯曲成形尺寸。模具结构简单实用,成形工艺设计合理,实现了制件的自动化生产。

襄阳东站钢屋盖超多杆连接节点设计与足尺模型试验研究

襄阳东站屋盖南北向长358m,东西向最大跨度86m,采用焊接球钢网架,整体不设变形缝,南端开设瀑布造型大洞口,由于屋盖结构超长、不连续、大悬挑及瀑布造型使得钢屋盖空间受力十分复杂,特在分叉柱柱顶沿南北向设置加强杆以加强屋盖瀑布区洞口两侧边缘约束刚度及改善结构整体受力性能。钢屋盖瀑布区悬挑端分叉柱柱顶节点相连杆件达12根之多,该节点作为屋盖结构的关键节点,其受力状态尤为复杂,创新地采用了半铸造半相贯焊连接形式并采取了构造加强措施,针对该超多杆连接节点进行了足尺模型加载试验验证,详细介绍了试验加载装置、加载方案、试验现象及试验结果,并进行了有限元对比分析。结果表明有限元对比分析结果与加载试验吻合较好;该超多杆半铸造半相贯焊连接节点构造合理、承载力高,薄弱部位出现在与铸造本体相连的接长钢管上,满足强节点弱构件、强连接弱构件的设计要求。

复杂厚板钢结构焊接裂纹分析及对策

在现代发电站结构设计中,通常采用钢结构和钢板-混凝土结构形成主体结构,通过协同作用实现建筑抗震,整个施工过程涉及大量的钢结构焊接工作。大厚板、复杂节点、空间受限等问题导致钢结构焊接出现了冷裂纹和层状撕裂问题,这些问题的起因既有预热、后热、焊接热输入控制等焊接工艺本身的问题,也有焊接接头布置及坡口设计不当的问题。该研究针对这些问题的起因进行了深入分析,采取了针对性措施改进加热方式、控制焊接热输入和优化焊接接头,解决了上述焊接裂纹问题。该研究积累的经验和提出的改进措施不仅对发电站的复杂厚板钢结构焊接有直接指导作用,对其他行业钢结构的焊接也有一定的借鉴作用。

输变电铁塔用耐候钢闪光焊接

文中对闪光焊接在铁塔用耐候钢上的应用展开研究,闪光焊接是通过焊接面的短路进行加热,加载顶锻变形过程界面上动态再结晶形成焊缝。焊接件经退火后,焊缝与热影响区均得到与基体相近的珠光体+铁素体组织,焊接试样与基体力学性能趋于一致。耐候钢闪光焊接无需引入其他焊料从而保证了焊缝与基体化学成分相同,并可通过热处理消除焊缝与基体之间组织差异,获得焊缝与基体力学性能的一致性。这对于无涂装输变电铁塔应用,闪光焊接一方面保证了焊接构件机械性能稳定性,另一方面避免了焊缝与基体之间因组织成分差异所带来的较大电位差,在自然环境下导致电化学腐蚀,从而满足耐候钢焊接构件免涂装服役性能要求。