Microstructure and mechanical properties of railway wheels manufactured with low-medium carbon Si-Mn-Mo-V steel

The suitability of carbide-free bainite steel as railway wheel materials was investigated. The low-medium carbon Si-Mn- Mo-V steel was designed to make railway wheels by forging and rolling. The slack quenching with water was conducted on the tread of rim section by programmed control to simulate isothermal heat treatment after being austenitized. Microstructures and mechanical properties have been studied. The results indicate that the microstructure of the rim is mainly carbide-free bainite, and the mixed microstructure of bainitic ferrite and granular bainite is observed in web and hub. The mechanical properties are superior to both the standard requirements and the commercial production, such as CL60 plain carbon. The Charpy impact energy is relatively high at room and/or subzero temperatures. The force-displacement curves and fractographies reveal the excellent ability of resistance to crack initiation and propagation.

Investigation of the Relation between Rolling Contact Fatigue Property and Microstructure on the Surface Layer of D2 Wheel Steel

Through the rolling contact fatigue experiment under the condition of the lubricating oil, this article investigated the relation between contact fatigue property and microstructure on the surface layer of D2 wheel steel. The results showed that although the roughness of the original specimen induced by mechanical processing would diminish to some extent in the experiment, the 0.5 - 1.5 μm thick layer of ultrafine microstructure on the original mechanically-processed specimen surface would still become micro-cracks and small spalling pits due to spalling, and would further evolve into fatigue crack source. Additionally, even under the impact of the load that was not adequate to make the material reach fatigue limit, the ferrite in the microstructure underwent plastic deformation, which led the refinement of proeutectoid ferrite grains. During the experiment, the hardening and the refinement caused by plastic deformation consisted with the theory that dislocation gave rise to plastic deformation and grain refinement. The distribution laws of hardness and ferrite grain sizes measured could be explained by the distribution law of the shearing stress in the subsurface.

Wheel wear comparison between motor car and trailer of intercity train

To analyze wheel wear discrepancy between motor car and trailer of an intercity train,a novel wheel wear rates calculation model was proposed,which was composed of the intercity train dynamics model,wheel-rail three-dimensional rolling contact FEM model and the wear model.The simulated results were contrasted with measured results in field test.The simulated results showed the motor car wheels had larger rotation rate and longitudinal creepage than the trailer wheels.Meanwhile,the motor car wheels encountered larger vertical forces and longitudinal forces from bogie because of the heavier car body and the impact of traction torque.The traction torque acting on motor car wheel could increase the slip rates in the rear part of wheel contact patch and weaken the spinning phenomenon of relative slip.Larger contact pressure and slip rates caused the higher wear rates of motor car wheel than those of trailer wheel.The overall trends of wheel wear depth in simulated and tested results were similar.And they both showed the motor car wheel encountered the more serious wear than the trailer wheel.These models can be used to study the effect of the traction characteristics curves on the wear of wheel.

Research of DP600 high strength steel wheels

Steel has been used as a traditional wheel materials for a long time.Before 1980' s,over 90% wheels were made of steels.Then,the yield strength of wheel steels increased gradually from 240 -350 MPa to 600 MPa or higher.The advanced high strength steels become the main wheel materials.Since 1990's,DP600 has been broadly applied in steel wheels oversea.However,there was little research of application of high strength steel wheels(especially wheel disc) in domestic wheel industrial.In presence, DP600 steel wheel is only developed in FAWSH by using imported CKD.Other domestic steel wheel manufacturers did little work on high strength DP600 wheel discs.Baosteel wheels Co.Ltd.is the first domestic company producing DP600 steel discs and has become the leading company in production of high strength wheel.Because of the high strength of DP600,its formability,springback,and wrinkle have become the keys of the successful application of DP600 steel.In this paper,the metallurgical and mechanical properties are firstly introduced and formation problems of DP600 are described compared to traditional steels.Secondly,FLD analysis has been done.Wrinkle and more springback are recognized.To solve these problems,an optimized solution is designed and the good result is obtained.The test has shown that the fatigue property of steel wheel discs made by DP600 have been greatly improved.

Effect of Sliding Wear on Surface Microstructure and Wear Property of D2 Wheel Steel

In this paper, the surface microstructure and wear property of D2 wheel steel under sliding wear condition were studied by MRH-30 sliding wear tester. After testing, a transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and micro-hardness testers were used to characterize the surface microstructure of samples with different cycles. The results show that the wear losss samples are increased as the increase of cycles, and the wear loss of wheel samples is higher than that of rail samples. The surface hardness and thickness of deformation layer of wheel samples are increased as the cycles increase. After sliding wear, the samples surfaces form the white etching layer with the thickness of several microns. Through the analysis of surface microstructure of sample with 12,000 cycles, the lamellar cementite in pearlite is fragment into cementite particles with the decrease of depth from surface, and the cementite is dissolved at surface to lead to the form of white etching layer. The ferrite grains are refined gradually and the fraction of high angle grain boundary is increased with the decrease of depth from surface. The nanosgrains layer of ferrite grains with 5 μm thickness is formed. According to the result of finite element simulation of contact surface temperature, the formation of surface nanograins and the dissolution of cementite are caused by the severe plastic deformation. The fiber structure of samples is formed after sliding wear, with direction of .

Modelling of temperature and strain rate dependent behaviour of pearlitic steel in block braked railway wheels

Block braked railway wheels are subjected to thermal and rolling contact loading.The thermal loading results in high temperatures and thermal stresses which cause slow time dependent processes such as creep,relaxation and static recovery of the wheel material.At the same time,the rolling contact loading implies a very fast mechanical load application.This paper is focused on material modeling of pearlitic steel for a wide range of loading rates at elevated temperatures.The starting point is a viscoplasticity model including nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening.The Delobelle overstress function is employed to capture strain rate dependent response of the material.The model also includes static recovery of the hardening to capture slower viscous(diffusion dominated)behaviour of the material.Experiments for the pearlitic wheel steel ER7 in terms of cyclic strain-controlled uniaxial tests with hold-time,uniaxial ratchetting tests including rapid cycles and biaxial cyclic tests with tension/compression and torsion are used to calibrate the material model.These experiments were performed under isothermal conditions at different temperatures.In the ratchetting tests,higher loading rates are obtained and these have been used to calibrate the high strain rate response of the viscoplasticity model.The paper is concluded with a numerical example of a block braked wheel where the importance of accounting for the viscoplasticity in modelling is highlighted.

Test study on the fatigue performance of HSS for steel wheels

High-strength steel is currently one of the main material choices for creating lightw eight automobiles. To realize lighter wheels that can comply with harsh fatigue requirements,sufficient know ledge of the relevant material fatigue properties is required. Fatigue tests were conducted on Baosteel＇s 600 M Pa level dual-phase steel DP600,which is a typical high-strength hot-rolled steel for steel wheel,and on 550 M Pa level HR60. Whler（ S-N） fatigue curves were obtained for both steels,and the measured stress fatigue limits were 414 and 329 M Pa for the HR60 and the DP600,respectively.

Influence of local geometric parameters on fatigue performance of orthotropic steel deck

Fatigue has become critical issue for bridge with orthotropic steel deck.Number of stress cycle and equivalent stress amplitude were adopted as two investigated fatigue effects.As presented from fatigue monitoring comparison of two series-lined bridges,three local geometric parameters of steel box girder have significant influence on fatigue performance of two welded joints.They are thickness of longitudinal ribs(Tr),longitudinal spacing of transverse floor plate(Sc)and longitudinal truss(LT).Fatigue analytical models were created for parametric study of fatigue effects under wheel load.Consequently,three local parameters have exhibited insignificant influence on number of stress cycle.Compared with Tr and Sc,configuration of LT has brought about foremost effect on the equivalent stress amplitude.For equivalent stress amplitude of rib-to-deck and rib-to-rib welded joints,the influence regions of LT are respectively longitudinal strap and quadrate with the geometric length of 600 mm.Enough attention ought to be paid for local stiffen structure on fatigue performance of orthotropic steel deck in fatigue design and monitoring.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNAL GRINDING USING CBN WHEEL

Internal grinding is more difficult than surface grinding and cylindrical grinding. But littleresearch work in this field has been done. In this paper, based on a series of investigations, in-ternal grinding with vitrified bond CBN wheels was proposed. The method is considered mostsuitable for grinding ball-bearing parts in mass production as well as for CNC grinder. Thetheoretical analyses or internal grinding are also given, and a large number of textile machineparts-shell roller(the material is bearing steel GCr15) were grinded using Cr-corundumwheels and cubic boron nitride(CBN) wheels. Experiments indicated that grinding with CBNwheels had technical and economical advantages, and it might be used in a wider range.

NuBot:A Magnetic Adhesion Robot with Passive Suspension to Inspect the Steel Lining

The steel lining of huge facilities is a significant structure,which experiences extreme environments and needs to be inspected periodically after manufacture.However,due to the complexity(crisscross welds,curved surface,etc.)of their inside environments,high demands for stable adhesion and curvature adaptability are put forward.This paper presents a novel wheeled magnetic adhesion robot with passive suspension applied in nuclear power containment called NuBot,and mainly focuses on the following aspects:(1)proposing the wheeled locomotion suspension to adapt the robot to the uneven surface;(2)implementing the parameter optimization of NuBot.A comprehensive optimization model is established,and global optimal dimensions are properly chosen from performance atlases;(3)determining the normalization factor and actual dimensional parameters by constraints of the steel lining environment;(4)structure design of the overall robot and the magnetic wheels are completed.Experiments show that the robot can achieve precise locomotion on both strong and weak magnetic walls with various inclination angles,and can stably cross the 5 mm weld seam.Besides,its maximum payload capacity reaches 3.6 kg.Results show that the NuBot designed by the proposed systematic method has good comprehensive capabilities of surface-adaptability,adhesion stability,and payload.Besides,the robot can be applied in more ferromagnetic environments and the design method offers guidance for similar wheeled robots with passive suspension.

Application of a Computational Tool to Study the Influence of Worn Wheels on Railway Vehicle Dynamics

The search for fast, reliable and cost effective means of transport that presents better energy efficiency and less impact on the environment has resulted in renewed interest and rapid development in railway technology. To improve its efficiency and competitiveness, modern trains are required to travel faster, with high levels of safety and comfort and with reduced Life Cycle Costs (LCC). These increasing demands for vehicle requirements imposed by railway operators and infrastructure companies include maintaining the top operational speeds of trainsets during their life cycle, having low LCC and being track friendly. This is a key issue in vehicle design and in train operation since it has a significant impact on the safety and comfort of railway systems and on the maintenance costs of vehicles and infrastructures. The purpose of this work is to analyze how the wear progression on the wheelsets affects the dynamic behavior of railways vehicles and its interaction with the track. For this purpose a vehicle, assembled with new and worn wheels, is studied in realistic operation scenarios. The influence of the wheel profile wear on the vehicle dynamic response is assessed here based on several indicators used by the railway industry. The running stability of the railway vehicles is also emphasized in this study.

硫化锰复合夹杂物对车轮钢疲劳性能的改善

开展了含Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂和MnS包裹Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂形成的MnS复合夹杂车轮钢疲劳性能的对比试验,研究了两种夹杂物对车轮钢疲劳性能的影响。此后,基于数值计算从材料内部相变残余拉应力和外力应力集中两个角度阐述了夹杂物对疲劳的影响机理。研究发现,MnS复合夹杂物降低了夹杂物与基体间的相变残余拉应力和外力应力集中,提高了夹杂物与基体间的变形协调能力,从而提高了疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。减小夹杂物尺寸会缓解其外力应力集中,相比于MnS复合夹杂,Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物的直径变化更显著地影响其周围径向应力的分布。在夹杂物尺寸相近的情况下,含MnS复合夹杂物试样的疲劳寿命高于含Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂试样。

高强韧性轮辋用490CL车轮钢焊接开裂失效分析

采用闪光对焊制成的490CL车轮钢轮辋在扩口成型工序,从焊缝处开裂失效。通过宏观、微观断口形貌观察,化学成分和力学性能检测,显微组织检验,显微硬度测试及能谱成分分析,对高强韧性轮辋用490CL车轮钢焊接开裂原因进行分析。结果表明,焊缝开裂处存在一定面积的以氧化锰为主的焊接“灰斑”,降低了焊缝塑性,导致焊接好的轮辋在扩口成型时从焊缝融合线处开裂。从降低闪光留量、增加顶锻压强等方面调整焊接工艺参数,改善轮辋用490CL车轮钢焊缝质量,轮辋成型时焊缝开裂比率从1.5%降低至0.3%。

随机轮载下钢桥面顶板与纵肋焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究

车辆轮迹横向分布是钢桥面板焊缝处产生随机应力谱的一项关键因素,加之焊接缺陷形态的随机性,诱发钢桥面板疲劳裂纹随机扩展行为。为了研究钢桥面顶板焊缝处疲劳裂纹的随机扩展特性,基于断裂力学理论与扩展有限元方法分析了轮迹横向分布对钢桥面板顶板焊根和焊趾等效应力强度因子的影响规律,揭示了轮迹横向分布离散度、初始裂纹深度和初始裂纹形态比对焊缝处疲劳裂纹随机扩展路径分布的影响规律。结果表明:轮载中心处于U肋正上方中心和焊缝中心位置分别为顶板焊趾和焊根的最不利横向加载工况;车辆轮迹横向分布对顶板焊根和顶板焊趾疲劳裂纹前缘应力强度因子影响差异显著,顶板焊根最大等效应力强度因子为85.99 MPa·mm^(1/2),比顶板焊趾增加了6.72%;轮迹横向分布离散度和初始裂纹深度与钢桥面板焊缝处疲劳裂纹随机扩展路径分布离散程度成正相关,初始裂纹形态比与其成负相关;焊缝细节初始裂纹深度越大,车辆荷载对其横向影响范围越大;焊缝细节初始裂纹形态比越大,车辆荷载对其横向影响范围变化不明显。

添加不同固体润滑剂铁基合金激光熔覆涂层的干滑动摩擦磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术在CL60车轮钢表面分别制备不同含量WS_(2)(质量分数0~8.0%)和CaF_(2)(质量分数5.0%)固体润滑剂以及不同含量h-BN(质量分数0~2.0%)和CaF_(2)(质量分数0~2.0%)固体润滑剂的铁基合金涂层,对比研究了添加不同固体润滑剂铁基合金涂层的显微组织以及干滑动摩擦磨损行为和磨损机制。结果表明:所有涂层均主要由树枝晶和共晶组织组成,表面硬度均达到约800 HV,约为CL60钢的2倍。随着WS_(2)含量的增加,WS_(2)+CaF_(2)/铁基合金涂层的摩擦因数降低,磨损质量损失先降低后基本稳定,当WS_(2)质量分数为6.0%时,磨损质量损失最低,与未添加固体润滑剂的铁基合金涂层相比降低了26.7%,此时孔隙最少,磨损表面损伤轻微,磨损机制为磨粒磨损。随着h-BN含量的增加以及CaF_(2)含量的降低,h-BN+CaF_(2)/铁基合金涂层的摩擦因数与磨损质量损失均先降后增,且当CaF_(2)和h-BN的质量分数均为1.0%时,稳定摩擦因数与磨损质量损失均最小,与未添加固体润滑剂的铁基合金涂层相比,分别降低了32.7%和33.3%,此时晶粒最细小,组织最为致密,磨损表面以细小磨痕为主,磨损机制为轻微的磨粒磨损。

随机轮轨动态激励对钢弹簧浮置板轨道减振性能影响分析

为分析随机轮轨不平顺对钢弹簧浮置板轨道减振性能影响,该文采用随机模拟的方法,研究了不同轨道不平顺状态下随机车轮不圆顺在浮置板轨道插入损失评估结果方面的随机特性,以及轨道不平顺发展对插入损失评价结果的影响。研究结果表明:不同轨道不平顺状态下,随机车轮不圆顺作用下隧道壁最大Z振级的插入损失离散超过10 dB,且随着轨道不平顺的发展,插入损失的样本均值和标准差均明显减小;分频插入损失统计结果显示,轨道不平顺的发展对频率低于6.3 Hz的插入损失影响更加显著,对于20 Hz以上频段的统计均值的影响并不明显。

钢桥面板顶板-U肋焊缝裂纹萌生特征及扩展规律

【目的】研究轮载作用下钢桥面板顶板-U肋焊缝裂纹的萌生特征及扩展规律。【方法】通过有限元方法建立钢桥面板节段模型,分析了不同轮载位置下构造的变形特征,明确了轮载位置与典型变形特征的对应关系,相应建立了3种局部简化模型。在局部模型的基础上根据应力分布确定了裂纹萌生特征,并基于断裂力学进行裂纹扩展三维数值模拟。【结果】模拟结果表明,在以顶板为主的变形条件下,顶板焊趾和顶板焊根的最大主应力明显大于U肋焊趾处,裂纹产生后Ⅰ型应力强度因子远高于Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型;在以U肋为主的变形条件下,顶板焊根和U肋焊趾处的最大主应力垂直于U肋厚度方向,裂纹产生后Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型应力强度因子占Ⅰ型应力强度因子K的20%~30%。【结论】实桥中轮载偏离焊缝正上方时,疲劳裂纹易从顶板焊根和顶板焊趾处萌生且沿顶板厚度方向扩展,以Ⅰ型裂纹为主;当轮载位于焊缝正上方时,疲劳裂纹易从顶板焊根和U裂焊趾处萌生并大致垂直U肋腹板扩展,属于Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ复合型裂纹,且扩展速率较快。

钢弹簧浮置板轨道垂向动态特性及对轮轨力的影响研究

钢弹簧浮置板(steel spring floating slab, SSFS)作为一种高等减振轨道广泛铺设于我国地铁线路中,在服役过程中,该轨道在部分线路中出现了钢轨波磨问题,而轮轨动态行为对波磨形成具有较大的影响。为研究该轨道垂向动态特性及其对轮轨瞬态力的影响,建立SSFS轨道的三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,分析在有、无车辆加载下轨道垂向位移导纳特性,模拟钢轨宽频不平顺激扰下轮轨垂向瞬态接触力的响应。结果表明:(1)无车辆加载作用下,SSFS轨道在100 Hz以下(22 Hz、43 Hz、68 Hz等)振动模态表现为钢轨和浮置板共同垂向弯曲,在100~1 400 Hz中高频段表现为钢轨相对浮置板弯曲;(2)车辆加载后,轨道导纳出现59 Hz的P2共振,及64 Hz和72 Hz的轨道整体弯曲振动峰值;(3)柔性轮轨耦合后轨道导纳受到轮对作用影响在364 Hz、489 Hz、623 Hz处出现新峰值,其中,364 Hz、489 Hz为车轮振动模态引起,623 Hz为双轮对干涉引起的钢轨弯曲模态;(4)车辆瞬态通过含60~220 mm波长钢轨不平顺的轨道时,轮轨瞬态垂向接触力在约70 Hz响应最显著,这是由轨道的整体弯曲振动模态被激发引起,该振动是SSFS轨道出现160~200 mm波长波磨的原因。

38CrMoAl渗氮钢微晶刚玉砂轮摆线磨削工艺试验研究

在实际磨削38CrMoAl渗氮钢过程中,存在磨削烧伤情况。本文分别采用白刚玉砂轮和微晶刚玉砂轮磨削38CrMoAl渗氮钢,对比研究了不同磨料类型刚玉砂轮对磨削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律。试验结果表明:相较于白刚玉砂轮,微晶刚玉砂轮磨削时磨削力降低了14.2%。基于正交试验方法,通过微晶刚玉砂轮平面磨削试验,探究了磨削工艺参数对磨削力和工件表面粗糙度的影响。结果分析表明:磨削深度对磨削力影响最大,其次是工件进给速度和砂轮转速;对于工件表面粗糙度而言,工件进给速度的影响最大,其次是砂轮速度和磨削深度。最终采用微晶刚玉砂轮对38CrMoAl渗氮钢齿轮样件进行批次加工,结果显示无磨削烧伤发生,且磨削表面质量得到了显著提高。

CL65车轮钢滚动疲劳磨损研究

利用双盘滚动磨损实验机对CL65车轮钢与U75V钢轨钢进行滚动磨损实验,研究CL65车轮钢表面出现的疲劳磨损现象。实验表明:CL65车轮钢的磨损情况由黏着磨损不断向疲劳磨损过渡。机加工表面细晶层主要出现在磨损的初始阶段,疲劳磨损裂纹的形成和扩展出现在细晶层内或细晶层与基体的界面,导致了细晶层的早期疲劳剥离。随着磨损周次的不断增加,原始片状珠光体和先共析铁素体,基体区域表层的塑性变形不断加剧,当塑性应变过大时,疲劳裂纹开始萌生,并逐渐开始向先共析铁素体区域、渗碳体与共析铁素体界面扩展。