Numerical investigation of temperature gradient-induced thermal stress for steel–concrete composite bridge deck in suspension bridges

A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief literaturereview indicates that traditional thermal stress calculation in suspension bridges is based on the2D plane structure with simplified temperature profiles on bridges.Thus,a3D FEM is proposed for accurate stress analysis.The focus is on the incorporation of full field arbitrary temperature profile for the stress analysis.Following this,the effect of realistic temperature distribution on the structure is investigated in detail and an example using field measurements of Aizhai Bridge is integrated with the proposed3D FEM model.Parametric studies are used to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the thermal stress distribution in the bridge structure.Next,the discussion and comparison of the proposed methodology and simplified calculation method in the standard is given.The calculation difference and their potential impact on the structure are shown in detail.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations for future bridge analysis and design are given based on the proposed study.

Design methods of headed studs for composite decks of through steel bridges in high-speed railway

Aimed at two typical composite floor systems of through steel bridges in high speed railway,design methods of headed studs were put forward for different composite members through comparing and analyzing the structure,mechanical characteristics and transmission routes of deck loads.The simplified calculation models were brought out for the stud design of the longitudinal girders and transverse girders in the composite floor system of Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge (NDB).Studs were designed and arranged by taking the middle panel of 336 m main span for example.The results show that under deck loads,the longitudinal girders in the composite floor system of through steel bridges are in tension-bending state,longitudinal shear force on the interface is caused by both longitudinal force of "The first mechanical system" and vertical bending of "The second mechanical system",and studs can be arranged with equal space in terms of the shear force in range of 0.2d (where d is the panel length) on the top ends.Transverse girders in steel longitudinal and transverse girders-concrete slab composite deck are in compound-bending state,and out-of-plane bending has to be taken into account in the stud design.In orthotropic integral steel deck-concrete slab composite deck,out-of-plane bending of transverse girders is very small so that it can be neglected,and studs on the orthotropic integral steel deck can be arranged according to the structural requirements.The above design methods and simplified calculation models have been applied in the stud design of NDB.

Structural Performance of Light Weight Multicellular FRP Composite Bridge Deck Using Finite Element Analysis

Fiber reinforced polymer （FRP） composite materials having advantages such as higher strength to weight than conventional engineering materials, non-corrosiveness and modularization, which should help engineers to obtain more efficient and cost effective structural materials and systems. Currently, FRP composites are becoming more popular in civil engineering applications. The objectives of this research are to study performance and behavior of light weight multi-cellular FRP composite bridge decks （both module and system levels） under various loading conditions through finite element modeling, and to validate analytical response of FRP composite bridge decks with data from laboratory evaluations. The relative deflection, equivalent flexural rigidity, failure load （mode） and load distribution factors （LDF） based on FE results have been compared with experimental data and discussed in detail. The finite element results showing good correlations with experimental data are presented in this work.

Experimental Study on Shear Behavior of New-Type Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge Deck

To alleviate deck fatigue failure and regular pavement damage,which are congenital deficiencies of highway steel bridge deck structure,this paper proposes a newtype of composite bridge deck,consisting of steel tubular connectors and steel-reactive powder concrete (RPC). Push-out tests were conducted to study the newdeck's shear performance. During the experimental process,specimens were divided into two groups which are composed of steel tubular connectors with or without penetrative bars set in. Then,researchers analyzed destroyed models and mechanisms of the composite structure under shear forces. Results showed that test models in two groups,once destroyed,displayed similar shear fracture,which appeared on the lower margin of the steel tubular wall along the welds. Meanwhile,RPC under the connector,for varied tests,was crushed at the same stage,although the large shear and bending deformation just occurred on connectors with penetrative bars. Additionally,shear capacity of specimens with penetrative bars,compared with the ones without bars,unexpectedly decreased by 20%,but the structural ductility was 1.75 times as much,and the ductility coefficients of specimens were all larger than 3.5,demonstrating certain deformation capacity.

Bridge Structures with GFRP Composite Deck

In this paper, author’s first part of research of GFRP bridge deck (using ASSET fiber line composite modular system) took part at AGH University of Science and Technology Laboratory of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings Department. The analysis consisted spectrometer analysis of chemical constitution of glass fiber, identification of material according to Fourier spectroscopy, electronic scan microscopy (SEM/EDAX) and DTA analysis. The modal FEM analysis of chosen footbridge with light GFRP deck has been presented in the paper.

Design and laboratory evaluation of fog-sealed chip seal on epoxy asphalt pavement for steel bridge deck

In order to improve the surface performace of epoxy asphalt pavement （EAP） for steel bridge deck, an epoxy asphalt chip seal （ ECS） covered by a cationic emulsified asphalt fog seal （i. e., fog-sealed chip seal） isproposed and a laboratory study is conducted to design and evaluate te fog-sealed chip seal. First, the evaluation indices and methods of te chip seal on steel bridge deck pavement were proposed. Secondly, the worst pavement conditions during te maintenance time were simulated by te small traffic load simulation system MMLS3 and the short-term aging test for minimizing the failure probability of chip seal. Finally, the design parameters of fog-sealed chip seal were determined by the experimental analysis and the performance of the designed fog-sealed chip seal was evaluated in thelaboratory. Results indicate that the proposed simulation method of pavement conditions is effective and the maximal load repetitions on the EAPslab specimen are approximately 925 300 times. Moreover, the designed fog-sealedchip sealcan provide a dense surface with sufficient skid resistance,aggregate-asphalt aahesive performance and interlayer shearing resistance.

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。

Design and evaluation of UHPP steel bridge deck pavement for high-temperature and rainy regions

To enhance the serviceability of steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)in high-temperature and rainy regions,a concept of rigid bottom and flexible top was summarized using engineering practices,which led to the proposal of a three-layer ultra-high-performance pavement(UHPP).The high-temperature rutting resistance and wet-weather skid resistance of UHPP were evaluated through composite structure tests.The internal temperature distribution within the pavement under typical high-temperature conditions was analyzed using a temperature field model.Additionally,a temperature-stress coupling model was employed to investigate the key load positions and stress response characteristics of the UHPP.The results indicate that compared with the traditional guss asphalt+stone mastic asphalt structure,the dynamic stability of the UHPP composite structure can be improved by up to 20.4%.Even under cyclic loading,UHPP still exhibits superior surface skid resistance compared to two traditional SBDPs.The thickness composition of UHPP significantly impacts its rutting resistance and skid resistance.UHPP exhibits relatively low tensile stress but higher shear stress levels,with the highest shear stress occurring between the UHPP and the steel plate.This suggests that the potential risk of damage for UHPP primarily lies within the interlayer of the pavement.Based on engineering examples,introducing interlayer gravel and optimizing the amount of bonding layer are advised to ensure that UHPP possesses sufficient interlayer shear resistance.

钢-UHPC组合桥面板横向负弯矩区受弯性能研究

为明确横向负弯矩作用下,剪力键形式、接缝设置情形、配筋率和钢混界面黏结状态等参数对钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete,UHPC)组合板受力性能的影响,完成了8块组合板局部足尺模型静力弯曲试验及有限元参数分析。试验结果表明:开孔板(perfobond leiste,PBL)试件的名义开裂强度(对应最大裂缝宽度为0.05 mm)较栓钉试件提高16.8%;矩形齿缝试件的名义开裂强度较整浇试件降低16%~23%;UHPC层钢筋配筋率从1.96%增加到2.82%时,名义开裂强度提高16.2%;钢板-UHPC界面涂油除黏PBL试件的初裂强度和名义开裂强度较界面黏结试件分别降低10.1%和5.8%。数值分析结果表明:PBL贯穿钢筋的存在、PBL和栓钉间距的减小能有效提高组合板的开裂后刚度;PBL开孔钢板上的孔径和孔间距对组合板的受力性能影响较小。

平钢板-UHPC组合桥面板纵向抗负弯性能试验研究

某大桥次边跨及中跨主梁为钢-UHPC组合梁,钢-UHPC组合梁的桥面板首次采用一种通过PBL剪力键将8 mm平钢板与15 cm的UHPC层连接起来的新型组合桥面体系。为了探究该桥新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗负弯矩性能与安全性,完成了2块足尺模型的静力性能试验,进行了桥梁整体受力和桥面板局部受力计算,以及桥面板抗负弯矩极限承载力构成分析。结果表明:UHPC名义开裂强度达8.90 MPa以上,其值远大于实桥荷载作用下UHPC层上缘的纵桥向最大拉应力,组合桥面板负弯矩抗裂性能良好,能满足工程需求;组合桥面板抗负弯承载力的计算,UHPC受拉本构宜采用三折线模型,抗负弯承载力简化计算的UHPC受拉区等效均布应力折减系数可取0.76,抗负弯承载力状态的受压钢板受力仍处于线弹性阶段,抗负弯破坏模式与抗正弯明显不同,为受拉钢筋拉断;PBL剪力键能保证了钢板与UHPC板整体共同受力;组合桥面板在负弯矩作用下的延性良好,裂宽增长缓慢,UHPC的名义极限强度达名义开裂强度的4.1倍以上,到达极限荷载后,组合板承载力没有明显下降。

组合桥面板切应力分布规律及横向剪力钉布置

根据组合桥面板截面的切应力、剪力流分布规律,在混凝土板和钢顶板完全连接的条件下,理论推导出混凝土板和钢顶板的剪力流承担比例,证明组合桥面板层间纵向剪力小于采用组合梁公式得到的计算值.层间完全连接和通过弹簧单元模拟剪力钉离散连接开展的有限元计算均支持这一观点,验证了组合桥面板截面的竖向剪力主要由腹板承担的观点的正确性.探究横向上剪力钉的布置方式.结果表明,组合桥面板应沿横向全宽布置剪力钉,在腹板两侧进行加密,腹板正上方不宜布设剪力钉.

上跨铁路2×85 m预应力混凝土连续板-桁组合双层转体桥设计

莞番高速与环莞快速路共线段上跨广深铁路主桥为2×85 m双层桥面板-桁组合桥,该桥为国内首座预应力混凝土连续板-桁组合双层桥,采用转体法施工。下层桥面宽41.7 m,采用密横梁体系的肋板式混凝土梁,满足上跨铁路时对结构养护维修工作量小的要求;上层桥面宽37.9 m,采用“钢弦杆+正交异性钢桥面板”,降低转体质量;钢弦杆与混凝土肋板间以钢桁腹杆连接,避免混凝土腹板出现裂缝等问题。建立空间有限元模型对结构静力特性、抗震性能及转体施工阶段进行计算分析,结果表明:本桥钢主桁及下层混凝土梁应力、结构刚度均满足规范要求;下层采用混凝土结构,符合转体施工过程中的受力状态,最大悬臂阶段上缘仍有约4 MPa的应力储备,充分发挥了混凝土抗压性能好的优势,节省了钢材。研究结果可为双层桥上跨营运铁路的桥梁设计提供新思路。

日本UFC桥面板和UFC组合桥面板的研发与应用

日本较早期建设的城市高速公路桥梁中主要采用钢桥面板和混凝土桥面板。针对钢桥面板的焊缝疲劳开裂和混凝土桥面板的老化现象,研发了超高强度纤维增强混凝土桥面板(UFC桥面板)及UFC组合桥面板,具有高强度、高耐久性。UFC桥面板分为平板型和方格肋型2种类型,可应用于既有公路桥梁的桥面板更换以及新建公路桥梁的桥面板。UFC组合桥面板为在预制PC桥面板顶面设UFC层作为防水层,可省去预制PC桥面板防水层施工,提高施工效率。UFC桥面板和UFC组合桥面板在预制场预制、现场安装,施工便捷,已实际应用在阪神高速公路15号堺线玉出匝道桥桥面板更换工程、阪神高速公路1号环线信浓桥匝道桥新建桥梁工程、东北高速公路宫城白石川桥上行线既有桥面板更换等工程上,可提高桥梁结构的耐久性、减少桥梁养护工作量、降低养护成本。

钢-混凝土组合简支桥面连续结构横向应力分析

针对钢-混组合简支梁桥的桥面连续结构开裂等病害,围绕桥面连接板的横桥向应力问题,采用线弹性理论和板的偏微分方程进行分析,得出了桥面连接板挠度和应力的分布函数,建立非线性有限元模型,并进行实桥荷载试验.通过比较理论解、有限元解和实测试验结果,证实了理论解和有限元的有效性.根据得到的分布函数,发现横桥向和纵桥向上的最大拉应力出现在钢梁端部位置的连接板的上缘.此外,还分析了连接板区域尺寸变化对横桥向应力峰值的影响,包括纵梁端部距支座的长度、纵梁的间距以及连接板区域整体尺寸变化.结果表明:较小的纵梁间距和较长的纵梁端部与支撑之间的距离会导致连接板中的横向拉应力峰值增加,并提高横向拉应力在总应力中的占比,从而导致桥面连接板早于设计荷载开裂.因此对于纵梁间距较小、梁端长度较长的钢-混组合简支梁桥桥面连续结构,仅计算其纵桥向受力性能会导致计算结果偏危险,建议按照本文方法考虑横桥向应力对桥面连接板的影响.

温度作用下钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面疲劳性能研究

文中以宜昌长江大桥钢桥面加固改造工程为背景,通过有限元计算,分析不同温度作用下组合桥面疲劳易损细节的应力变化规律.结果表明:相比传统沥青钢桥面,钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面能够在不增加桥梁恒载情况下,降低疲劳细节应力幅值,改善钢桥面抗疲劳性能;不同温度作用下,相比传统沥青钢桥面,钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面各疲劳易损细节应力的降幅达15%~46%.

钢-薄层UHPC组合桥面结构中PBL剪力键抗剪性能试验

为探究钢-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)组合桥面结构中PBL剪力键的抗剪性能,以抗剪钢板尺寸、贯穿钢筋设置和端部承压状态为试验参数,完成了16个PBL试件的推出试验。结果表明:(1)随着抗剪钢板尺寸的增加,试件由UHPC榫无明显损伤时的钢板剪断破坏转变为UHPC榫局部压碎或整体压碎后的钢板剪断破坏,PBL的极限承载力随之相应提高,但其延性系数无明显变化;(2)贯穿钢筋对PBL承载能力的影响与UHPC榫的损伤状态密切相关,其对PBL抗剪承载能力的提高由榫无明显损伤时的5.3%增加到榫局部压碎时的9.7%和榫整体压碎时的14.9%;(3)对于钢-UHPC组合桥面结构中平行阵列布置的多列PBL,当列间距不小于10倍贯穿钢筋直径或12倍抗剪钢板厚度时,相邻列剪力键间相互作用的影响较小。基于试验结果,提出了适用于组合桥面结构中PBL剪力键的抗剪承载力计算公式,并以本文及其它文献的试验结果验证了其适用性。

Bending performance of composite bridge deck with T-shaped ribs

This paper proposes a new type of steel-concrete composite deck, which is composed of orthotropic steel deck (OSD) with T-shaped ribs, concrete plate and studs connecting OSD and concrete plate. The OSD can act as framework for concrete plate and contribute to load bearing capacity at the same time, which could save construction time. Compared with conventional OSD system, this new type of composite bridge deck can also improve fatigue performance.?Considering that this type of composite deck is not yet applied in practical engineering and its mechanical performance is not revealed in previous literatures, two full-scale specimens were designed and manufactured in this research. The mechanical performance, particularly, bending capacity in positive and negative region was carefully tested and analyzed. The load-deflection curve, load-slip relation, strain distribution in concrete and steel were obtained. The test results showed that the plastic performance of this kind of composite bridge deck was satisfying and the bending capacity was high.

Fatigue evaluation of steel-concrete composite deck in steel truss bridge—A case study

An innovative composite deck system has recently been proposed for improved structural performance.To study the fatigue behavior of a steel-concrete composite bridge deck,we took a newly-constructed rail-cum-road steel truss bridge as a case study.The transverse stress history of the bridge deck near the main truss under the action of a standard fatigue vehicle was calculated using finite element analysis.Due to the fact that fatigue provision remains unavailable in the governing code of highway concrete bridges in China,a preliminary fatigue evaluation was conducted according to the fib Model Code.The results indicate that flexural failure of the bridge deck in the transverse negative bending moment region is the controlling fatigue failure mode.The fatigue life associated with the fatigue fracture of steel reinforcement is 56 years.However,while the top surface of the bridge deck concrete near the truss cracks after just six years,the bridge deck performs with fatigue cracks during most of its design service life.Although fatigue capacity is acceptable under design situations,overloading or understrength may increase its risk of failure.The method presented in this work can be applied to similar bridges for preliminary fatigue assessment.

Interfacial behaviors of epoxy asphalt surfacing on steel decks

A model for predicting the interface behavior of epoxy asphalt and steel composite beam under negative bending is developed incorporating partial interaction theory. Interfacial slips between the steel deck and the epoxy asphalt surfacing are included in the model with a new parameter of membrane stiffness. A series of analytical equations based on this model are derived to calculate slip and strain at the interface. Also, a numerical procedure for calculating the load responses of simply supported composite beams with concentrated force at the mid-span is established and verified with two samples. Characters of slip and strain at the interface, sensitivities of tensile stress and interface shear stress with material parameters are studied. It can be concluded that interfacial effects decrease the bending stiffness of the composite; hard and stiff bonding material is better for asphalt surfacing layer working at normal to low temperatures, and the damage of the asphalt surfacing layer will be accelerated with the damage accumulation of the bonding coat.

大跨度铁路钢-混组合梁负弯矩区桥面板抗裂措施研究

为研究铁路荷载作用下大跨度钢-混组合梁负弯矩区桥面板开裂情况及抗裂技术,以某主跨168 m的铁路钢-混组合连续刚构桥为背景,采用MIDAS Civil软件对桥面板受力情况进行建模分析,并开展抗拔不抗剪连接件技术及预应力技术对桥面板抗裂性能影响的研究,结合抗裂措施工作原理及施工可行性,提出适用于减小负弯矩区桥面板裂缝宽度的实施方案。结果表明:采用普通栓钉连接、桥面板常规配筋条件下的钢-混组合梁,运营阶段主力及主力+附加力工况下负弯矩区桥面板裂缝宽度均不满足规范要求;墩顶处桥面板与0号块固结及非固结2种形式下,抗拔不抗剪连接件桥面板抗裂方案均不适用,抗拔不抗剪连接件的适应性受桥面板与0号块连接构造及桥面板整体与钢桁架上弦杆顶面连接形式影响较大;对桥面板配置纵向预应力筋能有效降低拉应力水平,设后浇带预应力筋张拉方案负弯矩区桥面板最大拉应力较桥面板浇筑成型后张拉预应力筋方案更低,更能充分发挥预应力效应,且便于工程实施,建议工程应用中宜控制湿接缝占比小于10%,预应力筋锚固断面拉应力突变值宜控制在2 MPa以内。