Blended Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System and Electronic Wedge Brake Coordinate Control Ensuring Maximal Energy Recovery and Stability of All-Wheel-Motor-Drive Electric Vehicles

ABS is an active safety system which showed a valuable contribution to vehicle safety and stability since it was first introduced. Recently, EVs with in-wheel-motors have drawn increasing attention owing to their greatest advantages. Wheels torques are precisely and swiftly controlled thanks to electric motors and their advanced driving techniques. In this paper, a regenerative-ABS control RABS is proposed for all-in-wheel-motors-drive EVs. The RABS is realized as a pure electronic braking system called brake-by-wire. A coordination strategy is suggested to control RABS compromising three layers. First, wheels slip control takes place, and braking torque is calculated in the higher layer. In the coordinate interlayer, torque is allocated between actuators ensuring maximal energy recovery and vehicle stability. While in the lower layer, actuator control is performed. The RABS effectiveness is validated on a 3-DOF EVSimulink model through two straight-line braking manoeuvres with low and high initial speeds of 50 km/h and 150 km/h, respectively. Both regular and emergency braking manoeuvres are considered with ABS enabled and disabled for comparison. Simulation results showed the high performance of the proposed RABS control in terms of vehicle stability, brake response, stopping distance, and battery re-charging.

A Novel Integrated Stability Control Based on Differential Braking and Active Steering for Four-axle Trucks

Di erential braking and active steering have already been integrated to overcome their shortcomings. However, existing research mainly focuses on two-axle vehicles and controllers are mostly designed to use one control method to improve the other. Moreover, many experiments are needed to improve the robustness; therefore, these control methods are underutilized. This paper proposes an integrated control system specially designed for multi-axle vehicles, in which the desired lateral force and yaw moment of vehicles are determined by the sliding mode control algorithm. The output of the sliding mode control is distributed to the suitable wheels based on the abilities and potentials of the two control methods. Moreover, in this method, fewer experiments are needed, and the robustness and simultaneity are both guaranteed. To simplify the optimization system and to improve the computation speed, seven simple optimization subsystems are designed for the determination of control outputs on each wheel. The simulation results show that the proposed controller obviously enhances the stability of multi-axle trucks. The system improves 68% of the safe velocity, and its performance is much better than both di erential braking and active steering. This research proposes an integrated control system that can simultaneously invoke di erential braking and active steering of multi-axle vehicles to fully utilize the abilities and potentials of the two control methods.

ACTIVE FRONT STEERING DURING BRAKING PROCESS

An active front steering （AFS） intervention control during braking for vehicle stability is presented. Based on the investigation of AFS mechanism, a simplified model of steering system is established and integrated with vehicle model. Then the AFS control on vehicle handling dynamics during braking is designed. Due to the difficulties associated with the sideslip angle measurement of vehicle, a state observer is designed to provide real time estimation. Thereafter, the controller with the feedback of both sideslip and yaw angle is implemented. To evaluate the system control, the proposed AFS controlled vehicle has been tested in the Hardware-in-the-loop-simulation （HILS） system and compared with that of conventional vehicle. Results show that AFS can improve vehicle lateral stability effectively without reducing the braking performance.

Simulation and analysis of vehicle stability based on ADAMS/CAR differential brake

To improve the braking safety of automobiles, the author studied the effect of differential brake on the stabilities. To analyze the mechanical characteristics of differential brake, automotive subsystem models were built by applying ADAMS/CAR, and automotive mechanics simulation model was built by setting the main subsystems such as body, engine and brake. The simulation model studied the distribution mode of three kinds of differential brake, and beeline braking stability and turning braking stability were simulated. It shows that differential brake can amend turning shortage of automobile brake and improve its braking stability, but the effect of automobile mass on its braking stability is great. So the distribution mode of braking force and the effect of mass change should be considered while differential brake is applied.

Design of Working Model of Steering,Accelerating and Braking Control for Autonomous Parking Vehicle

Now a days,the number of vehicles especially cars are increased day by day and the people expect sophistication with safety and they wish automation for the perfection by reducing their effort and to prevent damage from collision of the vehicle.Parking the vehicle has always been a big task for the drivers that lead to problems such as traffic,congestion,accident,pollution etc.In order to overcome the parking problem,an automatic steering,braking and accelerating system is proposed to park a vehicle in a stipulated area and also to enhance the parking in a safety and secured way.This paper is part of our research in designing a pallet over the automated vehicle.In this paper,an automatic parking system over the existing vehicles is proposed.The vehicle to be parked will be carried by the pallet over the proposed autonomous vehicle.A detailed design of automatic car parking system has been proposed with a working model.The proposed model is equipped with sensors and the controls such as steering,acceleration and braking are achieved with the major objectives such as safety and accuracy.The proposed autonomous parking vehicle is modeled.The micro controllers in the control systems are programmed.The working model was rigorously tested with all the possibilities including collision,speed,trajectory and efficient placement on the stipulated parking slot.The system has been analyzed against various parameters and found that more durable.The performance analysis has been made on the proposed model and shaft analysis is made with Ansys.The proposed geometric modeling ensures precision with safety.

Stability of Composite Braking Produced by Retarder and Braking System

In order to evaluate the effects of the retarder on the braking stability quantitatively, an adhesion coefficient model is built for the composite braking produced by the retarder and the service braking system. The stability of composite braking is evaluated by using the model and the standard ECE R13. The evaluation results show that the composite braking stability decreases gradually with the increase of the retarder's braking force. To improve the stability, the braking force distribution of the service braking system is adjusted according to the position relationship among the braking force distribution line of the service braking system, the generalized braking force distribution line and the generalized I curve, and the constraints in ECE R13. The simulation results show that the composite braking stability can be improved significantly.

Vehicle Planar Motion Stability Study for Tyres Working in Extremely Nonlinear Region

Many researches on vehicle planar motion stability focus on two degrees of freedom（2DOF） vehicle model, and only the lateral velocity （or side slip angle） and yaw rate are considered as the state variables. The stability analysis methods, such as phase plane analysis, equilibriums analysis and bifurcation analysis, are all used to draw many classical conclusions. It is concluded from these researches that unbounded growth of the vehicle motion during unstable operation is untrue in reality thus one limitation of the 2DOF model. The fundamental assumption of the 2DOF model is that the longitudinal velocity is treated as a constant, but this is intrinsically incorrect. When tyres work in extremely nonlinear region, the coupling between the vehicle longitudinal and lateral motion becomes significant. For the purpose of solving the above problem, the effect of vehicle longitudinal velocity on the stability of the vehicle planar motion when tyres work in extremely nonlinear region is investigated. To this end, a 3DOF model which introducing the vehicular longitudinal dynamics is proposed and the 3D phase space portrait method is employed for visualization of vehicle dynamics. Through the comparisons of the 2DOF and 3DOF models, it is discovered that the vehicle longitudinal velocity greatly affects the vehicle planar motion, and the vehicle dynamics represented in phase space portrait are fundamentally different from that of the 2DOF model. The vehicle planar motion with different front wheel steering angles is further represented by the corresponding vehicle route, yaw rate and yaw angle. These research results enhance the understanding of the stability of the vehicle system particularly during nonlinear region, and provide the insight into analyzing the attractive region and designing the vehicle stability controller, which will be the topics of future works.

Model development and parameter investigation of a column-type electric power steering system

In this paper, the performance of a column-type electric power steering （EPS） system and vehicle has been studied and a detailed mathematical model for the system has been established. Based on the mathematic model of the optimization design for steering feel, the parameters of the EPS system and vehicle on steering performance have been investigated. Moreover, the effects of the parameters on system stability have been analyzed and compared by the method of absolute sensitivity and the results are given in the end.

Disturbance Observer Based Control for Four Wheel Steering Vehicles With Model Reference

This paper presents a disturbance observer based control strategy for four wheel steering systems in order to improve vehicle handling stability. By combination of feedforward control and feedback control, the front and rear wheel steering angles are controlled simultaneously to follow both the desired sideslip angle and the yaw rate of the reference vehicle model.A nonlinear three degree-of-freedom four wheel steering vehicle model containing lateral, yaw and roll motions is built up, which also takes the dynamic effects of crosswind into consideration.The disturbance observer based control method is provided to cope with ignored nonlinear dynamics and to handle exogenous disturbances. Finally, a simulation experiment is carried out,which shows that the proposed four wheel steering vehicle can guarantee handling stability and present strong robustness against external disturbances.

Hazard-evaluation-oriented Moving Horizon Parallel Steering Control for Driver-Automation Collaboration During Automated Driving

Prompted by emerging developments in connected and automated vehicles, parallel steering control, one aspect of parallel driving, has become highly important for intelligent vehicles for easing the burden and ensuring the safety of human drivers. This paper presents a parallel steering control framework for an intelligent vehicle using moving horizon optimization.The framework considers lateral stability, collision avoidance and actuator saturation and describes them as constraints, which can blend the operation of a human driver and a parallel steering controller effectively. Moreover, the road hazard and the steering operation error are employed to evaluate the operational hazardous of an intelligent vehicle. Under the hazard evaluation,the intelligent vehicle will be mainly operated by the human driver when the vehicle operates in a safe and stable manner.The automated steering driving objective will play an active role and regulate the steering operations of the intelligent vehicle based on the hazard evaluation. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed hazard-evaluation-oriented moving horizon parallel steering control approach, various validations are conducted, and the results are compared with a parallel steering scheme that does not consider automated driving situations. The results illustrate that the proposed parallel steering controller achieves acceptable performance under both conventional conditions and hazardous conditions.

Steering performance of an inverted pendulum vehicle with pedals as a personal mobility vehicle

From the viewpoints of environmental protection, support for the aged and ensuring the right to mobility, there is a need to develop a new type of mobility vehicle that provides more effective transportation. The authors propose an inverted pendulum vehicle with pedals as one of the forms of personal mobility vehicles （PMVs）. In this paper, the steering performance of the inverted pendulum vehicle with pedals is discussed based on experiments on a prototype. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the errors from the five subjects for the target trajectory and the five-grade evaluation of the maneuverability were similar. Finally, we created an inverted pendulum vehicle with pedals to which was added a reaction actuator for the steering system. From the experimental results, it was found that setting appropriate feedback gains for the handle steering angle and its rate of rotation, which control the right and left wheel driving torques, resulted in greatly improved maneuverability. C 2013 The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. [doi：10.1063/2.1301309]

Research on the Variable Steering Ratio of Four-Wheel-Steering Vehicle

The steering characteristic of a four-wheel-steering vehicle is numerically simulated for in-depth research of the handling stability of four-wheel steering. The research results show that the deteriorating tendency of the steering stability due to the increase of the vehicle speed is improved obviously in the case of four-wheel steering. The approach of variable steering ratio is discussed. The use of the variable steering ratio can not only raise the steering stability of vechicles at high vehicle speed, but also reduce the dicomfort and steering burden of drivers; and hence is helpful for the subjective evaluation of four-wheel steering vehicles.

Research on Improving Directional Stability for Airborne Laser Designator

The major purpose of this paper is to reduce the laser directional deviation of laser designator on a moving platform.A new method of inhibiting the laser beam positional error caused by platform movement and vibration is proposed.In this method,quadrant detector(QD)and fast steering mirror are combined to measure the angle between laser designator axis and the line-of-sight of the target,then a control signal composed with the angle errors is generated to aim the axis of the laser designator at the target steadily.This is a real time processing method and it is suitable for airborne laser-guided weapons with second-class guiding time.

空间天文望远镜自适应精密稳像闭环控制

针对空间天文望远镜低频段视轴扰动补偿问题,提出了一种基于主动光学技术的自适应精密稳像闭环控制方法。该方法以精细导星仪(Fine Guide Sensor,FGS)为高精度视轴扰动检测器,以四点支撑压电驱动大口径快摆镜机构(Fast Steering Mirror,FSM)为视轴扰动补偿器。首先,采用位置式PID控制器串联积分环节进行精密稳像闭环控制,得到补偿FGS检测出的二维视轴扰动所需FSM的二维摆动角度,进而根据驱动结构转换为每个支撑点的压电陶瓷执行器(Piezoelectric actuators,PZT)的伸缩量。然后,利用基于广义Bouc-Wen逆模型的压电动态迟滞前馈补偿方法进行高精度的压电陶瓷执行器定位控制。最后,根据有监督的Hebb学习规则,利用具有自学习和自适应能力单神经元对PID控制器参数进行调整,从而得到最优控制器参数。实验结果表明,所提控制方法能够有效地补偿空间天文望远镜的视轴偏差,可以将精细导星仪X方向和Y方向的星点质心位置偏差功率谱密度在0~6 Hz频段内积分值分别抑制了98.54%和98.62%。

面向线控制动车辆单轮制动失效的稳定性控制

基于线控制动系统四轮可独立控制的特点,提出一种协同线控转向与线控制动的制动力实时分配的控制方法。该方法根据三轮富余制动力能否补偿失效轮损失制动力,按制动强度分为轻度、中度和重度制动3种工况,针对重度制动工况下制动力补偿不足问题,基于积分滑模控制方法设计前轮主动转向器,综合考虑单轮制动失效时各轮垂直载荷的变化和前轮转角介入后轮胎力的耦合,采用序列二次规划算法(sequental quadratic programming,SQP),实时分配剩余三轮制动力。仿真结果表明:在不同制动强度及不同轮制动失效下所提控制方法相较于无控制,横向跑偏分别减少了89.98%、91.90%、96.96%、89.62%,制动强度至少达到正常制动时的97.5%。因此,该控制方法在保证横向稳定性的同时最大限度地满足驾驶员的制动期望,有效抑制因单轮制动失效导致的车辆跑偏甩尾等问题。

分布式驱动车辆操纵稳定性控制综述

为研究分布式驱动车辆的驱动控制问题,从转向控制、独立驱动控制及2个系统联合控制等3个角度入手,分析了分布式驱动车辆操纵稳定性控制策略的研究进展。首先,基于转向控制技术对影响操纵稳定性的方面进行分类;其次,分析了分层式与集中式控制结构的特点;然后,分析了基于控制结构的操纵稳定性研究;最后,结合分布式驱动车辆操稳性改善的研究现状和技术进展,展望了未来的发展趋势。

线控主动四轮转向汽车控制策略研究

目的针对线控四轮转向汽车横向稳定性不足及控制鲁棒性差等问题,提出一种主动转向反馈控制策略。方法使用Simulink搭建线控转向系统转向执行机构动力学模型,将MATLAB/Simulink与Carsim联合仿真,建立线控四轮转向整车模型;基于二自由度模型分析横摆角速度和质心侧偏角对汽车稳定性的影响,推导理想的横摆角速度和质心侧偏角;以横摆角速度增益恒定为依据设计理想传动比,得到期望前轮转角,以横摆角速度误差为控制量设计模糊控制器得到附加前轮转角对期望转角实时修正,实现前轮主动转向;针对横摆角速度和质心侧偏角与理想值之间的误差,加权得到稳定性控制目标;设计自适应积分滑模反馈控制策略输出后轮转角,对理想值进行跟踪,实现后轮主动转向。结果仿真实验结果表明:所搭建的线控转向系统能够准确反映汽车动力学特性。相比无控制的机械前轮转向汽车与横摆反馈控制的四轮转向汽车,线控主动四轮转向汽车在双移线工况下将质心侧偏角控制在0值附近波动,横摆角速度跟踪误差控制在1.149 deg/s以内;在角阶跃工况下将质心侧偏角稳态值控制在0.065 deg,横摆角速度稳态值误差为0.074 deg/s。结论线控主动四轮转向控制策略在双移线和角阶跃工况下控制效果显著,鲁棒性能好,能有效提高汽车的操纵稳定性和主动安全性。