Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: I. The Stellar Nucleogenesis of Elements Necessary for the Life Origin

Chemical elements in space can be synthesized by stellar nuclear reactors. Studying the dynamics of processes occurring in the stars introduces a concept of the ensemble-averaged stellar reactor. For future interstellar missions, the terrestrial and solar abundances were compared with considerable number of stars allocated in the ~200 pc solar neighborhood. According to the value of the effective temperature, four stellar classes are distinguished, for which the correlation coefficients and standard deviation are calculated. The statement about the possibility of transferring heavy elements synthesized by stars over long distances in space has been completely refuted. There is no immutability of the distribution of elements on neighboring stars and in the Solar System. It is shown that chemical elements are mainly synthesized inside each stellar reactor. The theory of the buoyancy of elements is generalized to stars. It has been suggested that stars overheat due to a shift in the parameters of nuclear processes occurring inside stars, which leads to the synthesis of heavy elements.

Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: II. Scanning for Habitable Stellar Systems on Behalf of Future Space Missions

The possibility of the life origin in the stellar systems, located at a distance of ~200 pc from the solar system, was investigated. The stars, in the spectrums of which C (carbon), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), and P (phosphorus) are found, are called DNA-stars. Based on stellar abundances a new method for searching for habitable exoplanets has been developed and a list of 48 DNA-stars in the solar neighborhood, on which life is possible, has been defined. The quota of DNA-stars is equal 1.3% of the total amount of Hypatia Stellar Catalog. Only three DNA-stars out of selected 48 stars belong to the spectral class as our Sun (G2V). The closest to the solar system is the DNA-star with the number HIP 15510, which belongs to the G8V class and is 6 pc away from the solar system. Nine DNA-stars, which have the highest chemical similarity with solar spectrum, were identified. It is identified that one of these nine stars, HIP 24681, has six planets.

SFNet:Stellar Feature Network with CWT for Stellar Spectra Recognition

Stellar spectral classification is crucial in astronomical data analysis.However,existing studies are often limited by the uneven distribution of stellar samples,posing challenges in practical applications.Even when balancing stellar categories and their numbers,there is room for improvement in classification accuracy.This study introduces a Continuous Wavelet Transform using the Super Morlet wavelet to convert stellar spectra into wavelet images.A novel neural network,the Stellar Feature Network,is proposed for classifying these images.Stellar spectra from Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope DR9,encompassing five equal categories(B,A,F,G,K),were used.Comparative experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and network,achieving significant improvements in classification accuracy.

Numerical study of plasmas start-up by electron cyclotron waves in NCST spherical tokamak and CN-H1 stellarator

According to the physics of tokamak start-up,this study constructs a zero-dimensional(0D)model applicable to electron cyclotron(EC)wave assisted start-up in NCST spherical torus(spherical tokamak)and CN-H1 stellarators.Using the constructed 0D model,the results obtained in this study under the same conditions are compared and validated against reference results for pure hydrogen plasma start-up in tokamak.The results are in good agreement,especially regarding electron temperature,ion temperature and plasma current.In the presence of finite Ohmic electric field in the spherical tokamak,a study on the EC wave assisted start-up of the NCST plasma at frequency of 28 GHz is conducted.The impact of the vertical magnetic field B_(v)on EC wave assisted start-up,the relationship between EC wave injection power P_(inj),Ohmic electric field E,and initial hydrogen atom density n_(H0)are explored separately.It is found that under conditions of Ohmic electric field lower than ITER(~0.3 V m^(-1)),EC wave can expand the operational space to achieve better plasma parameters.Simulating the process of28 GHz EC wave start-up in the CN-H1 stellarator plasma,the plasma current in the zerodimensional model is replaced with the current in the poloidal coil of the stellarator.Plasma startup can be successfully achieved at injection powers in the hundreds of kilowatts range,resulting in electron densities on the order of 10^(17)-10^(18)m^(-3).

Stellar Populations of AGN-host Dwarf Galaxies Selected with Different Methods

In this paper we investigate the stellar populations and star formation histories of 235 active galactic nucleus(AGN)-host dwarf galaxies,consisting of four samples identified separately with different methods(i.e.,radio,X-ray,mid-IR and variability),utilizing the synthesis code STARLIGHT and spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 8.Our results show that the variability sample is the oldest,while the mid-IR sample is the youngest,for which the luminosity at 4020?is dominated(>50%)by the young population(t<10~8yr).The light-weighted mean stellar age of the whole sample is in general about 0.7 dex younger than the optical sample studied in Cai et al.We compare the population results between fitting models with and without a power-law(PL)component and find that the neglect of a PL component would lead to an under-and over-estimation by 0.2 and0.1 dex for the light-and mass-weighted mean stellar age,respectively,for our sample of dwarf galaxies,which has a mean fractional contribution of~16%from the AGN.In addition,we obtain further evidence for a possible suppression of star formation in the host galaxy by the central AGN.We also find that there exists an anticorrelation between the extinction-corrected[O III]luminosity and light-weighted mean stellar age,confirming our previous finding that there is a physical connection between AGN and star-forming activities in AGN-host dwarfs.

Underground laboratory JUNA shedding light on stellar nucleosynthesis

Extremely low background experiments to measure key nuclear reaction cross sections of astrophysical interest are conducted at the world’s deepest underground laboratory,the Jingping Underground laboratory for Nuclear Astrophysics(JUNA).High precision measurements provide reliable information to understand nucleosynthetic processes in celestial objects and resolve mysteries on the origin of atomic nuclei discovered in the first generations of Pop.III stars in the universe and meteoritic SiC grains in the solar system.

Measuring stellar populations,dust attenuation and ionized gas at kpc scales in 10010 nearby galaxies using the integral field spectroscopy from MaNGA

As one of the three major experiments of the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey(SDSS-IV),the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apatch Point Observatory(MaNGA)survey has obtained high-quality integral field spectroscopy(IFS)with a resolution of 1–2 kpc for104galaxies in the local universe during its six-year operation from July 2014 through August 2020.It is crucial to reliably measure the physical properties of the different components in each spectrum before one can use the data for any scientific study.In the past years we have made lots of efforts to develop a novel technique of full spectral fitting,which estimates a model-independent dust attenuation curve from each spectrum,thus allowing us to break the degeneracy between dust attenuation and stellar population properties when fitting the spectrum with stellar population synthesis models.We have applied our technique to the final data release of Ma NGA,and obtained measurements of stellar population properties and emission line parameters,as well as the kinematics and dust attenuation of both stellar and ionized gas components.In this paper we describe our technique and the content and format of our data products.The whole dataset is publicly available in Science Data Bank with the link https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00088.

恒星活动与系外宜居行星探索卫星——“紫瞳”科学卫星

生命从哪里来?人类在宇宙中是否独一无二?这些都是各国科学界研究的重大科学问题。恒星辐射与活动性是决定行星宜居性的关键因素。本文提出的科学卫星“紫瞳”,瞄准了系外宜居行星探测等重大科学问题,首次在近紫外-可见光双波段开展恒星活动观测与系外行星搜寻,并期望在“另一个地球”搜寻上取得重大突破。“紫瞳”载荷为4个共视场(10°×10°)的30 cm口径望远镜,等效口径50 cm。“紫瞳”主要科学目标包括:对1000多万颗恒星开展活动性监测,揭示恒星活动性规律;发现2000多颗系外行星候选体,揭示热行星的大气特征;发现红矮星周围的“另一个地球”。此外,“紫瞳”在太阳系小天体探测、暂现源监测、超大质量黑洞搜寻和刻画、引力波对应体搜寻等时域天文学领域也发挥着重要作用,帮助理解宇宙中极端高能事件的物理机制。

基于多尺度特征融合的恒星光谱分类方法

近年来,随着各大光谱巡天项目的陆续实施,观测得到的天体光谱数据急剧增长。大型光谱巡天项目对光谱的自动分类和分析提出了更高的要求。采用多尺度特征融合模块来获取光谱在不同尺度上的光谱特征,结合CNN网络在分类任务上的优势,提出了一种基于多尺度特征融合的恒星光谱分类模型(MSFnet),对恒星光谱进行光谱型预测。主要包含多尺度特征融合模块和一个含4个卷积层,2个最大池化层,1个全连接层的卷积神经网络。为了防止出现过拟合的问题,添加了dropout,添加dropout后可以使得模型不依赖某些局部特征,防止过拟合,优化网络的鲁棒性。实验中的数据集均来自LAMOST DR9数据库,在输入到模型进行训练之前,需要对光谱数据进行预处理:重新对光谱进行均匀采样,之后进行最大最小值归一化。该实验的编程语言为python 3.9,引入了Pytorch深度学习框架来构建网络。实验部分为两部分:第一部分是研究卷积神经网络的层数、特征图个数与准确率的关系;第二部分将本文提出的MSFnet模型和Resnet18模型的结果对比实验,从精准率P、召回率R、调和平均值F1、准确率A、运行时间等指标来对两个模型进行对比评估。两个模型所采用的训练集、验证集和测试集均按6∶2∶2的比例进行分配,保证了两个模型的训练样本一致。结果表明,采用4个卷积层、特征图数量为16的卷积神经网络的准确率最高。基于此结论,本文提出了特征融合模块与卷积神经网络的组合MSFnet模型,相对于18层的残差神经网络模型,该模型的结构更简单,在上述指标的表现上也与Resnet18模型相当,并且在A、F、K型光谱的分类效果更好,速度更快。MSFnet模型在测试集上的准确率接近97%,比传统的CNN和Resnet18模型的准确率更高,表明了MSFnet模型有助于提升光谱自动分类的准确性。

色差对星敏感器成像模型参数影响分析与补偿

星敏感器在投入使用之前需要对其进行标定以获取准确的成像模型参数值来保证姿态测量精度。现有标定方法采用单一谱段光源模拟恒星成像未考虑恒星光谱特性,色差导致标定的模型参数值和真实值存在差异。为提高模型参数准确度,首先建立了光谱差异下星敏感器恒星成像模型,进一步分析了色差对不同光谱型恒星成像模型参数的影响。在此基础上,提出采用三个典型谱段模拟恒星成像,利用三谱段成像位置信息来推算不同光谱型恒星在星敏感器工作谱段范围内成像位置,以实现对任意光谱型恒星成像模型参数的补偿。实验结果表明:相对于现有利用单一谱段标定参数测量的星角距,该补偿方法测量的星角距均方根误差降低了40.81%,有效减小了色差对星矢量测量的影响。

SATS:一种基于多重特征提取的恒星光谱分类算法

对恒星光谱进行深入研究,可以了解恒星的化学组成和物理特性。恒星光谱分类是恒星光谱研究领域的一个重要方向,随着海量恒星光谱数据的出现,人工分类手段就无法满足科研的需要。基于此,搭建了SATS(SVD Analysis Transformer SoftMax)算法,该算法实现了对F、G、K型恒星光谱的自动分类。SATS算法,首先以奇异值分解(SVD)的方式,对归一化后的恒星光谱做去噪处理;然后对恒星光谱进行特征提取,特征提取层共有六个模块:增量主成分分析(Incremental PCA)、核主成分分析(Kernel PCA)、稀疏主成分分析(Sparse PCA)、因子分析(Factor Analysis)、独立成分分析(Fast ICA)和Transformer(前五个模块统称为Analysis模块),为保证方差贡献率在0.95以上,IPCA、KPCA、Sparse PCA、Factor Analysis和Fast ICA将恒星光谱特征提取为300维;最后,将恒星光谱输入到SoftMax层进行自动分类。SATS算法将多个Analysis模块结合使用,进一步提高了使用单一Analysis模块的分类正确率。Transformer模块和多个Analysis模块的结合使用,再一次提高了分类正确率。SATS算法最大的优势在于对恒星光谱进行了多重特征提取,以不同的特征提取方式,最大程度地保留了原始恒星光谱信息,将信息损失做到最低。SATS算法的最终分类正确率为0.93,这一分类正确率也高于混合深度学习算法CNN(convolutional neural network)+Bayes、CNN+KNN、CNN+SVM、CNN+Adaboost和CNN+Adaboost0.86、0.88、0.89、0.87、0.89的分类正确率。

TDSC-Net:一种基于注意力机制与特征融合的二维恒星光谱分类模型

面对信噪比较低的天体,传统一维光谱的分类效果很差。因此,从二维光谱出发,提出了结合注意力机制的特征融合模型TDSC-Net(two-dimensional spectra classification network)用于恒星分类。TDSC-Net通过完全相同的特征提取层分别对恒星蓝端和红端的二维光谱图像进行特征提取,之后针对这些特征进行融合,然后进行分类。本文实验中的恒星光谱数据选自LAMOST(the large sky area multi-object fiber spectroscopic telescope)数据库,预处理采用Z-score进行光谱归一化,以减少由于光谱流量值差别大造成的模型收敛困难问题。使用精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1-score和准确率(Accuracy)四个指标来评估模型性能。实验包括:第一部分利用TDSC-Net进行A、F、G、K、M型恒星分类,以验证利用二维光谱对恒星多分类的可靠性;第二部分将二维光谱按照不同的信噪比区间进行分类,以探究信噪比对分类准确率的影响。第一部分的结果表明,进行五分类总的准确率达到84.3%。其中,A、F、G、K、M各自的分类精度分别为87.0%,84.6%,81.2%,87.4%,89.7%,均优于自行抽谱后的一维光谱分类结果。第二部分的结果表明,即使在SNR<30的低信噪比区间,二维光谱分类准确率仍然可以达到78.9%;而当SNR>30之后,信噪比对光谱分类的影响就不明显了。由此证明了低信噪比时使用二维光谱分类的重要性以及TDSC-Net对恒星光谱分类的有效性。

结合注意力机制的恒星视向速度计算方法

视向速度法是一种根据目标恒星的视向速度变化来推断系外行星是否存在的有效方法,它对系外行星探测有重要作用。由于恒星活动、观测光谱与模板光谱的差异以及其他因素导致的光谱噪声,采用交叉相关算法计算恒星的视向速度会存在一定误差。提出了一种结合注意力机制的恒星视向速度计算方法,该方法对恒星光谱数据进行处理以去除光谱中的噪声,根据恒星视向速度变化的周期性计算恒星的视向速度。首先,采用高斯过程回归算法建立光谱模型,减少噪声的影响,得到更加准确的光谱数据。子集近似法被应用到光谱建模的过程中以减少计算量。然后,结合注意力机制的思想,为光谱中的吸收线赋予不同的权重,计算不同光谱间的视向速度差。最后,根据各视向速度差之间的关系,计算出恒星的视向速度。本文通过仿真实验分析了信噪比和恒星光谱数量对视向速度计算误差的影响。实验结果表明,相较于交叉相关算法,当信噪比较低时,结合注意力机制的恒星视向速度计算方法能有效减小视向速度的计算误差,通过增加恒星光谱数量能在一定程度上提高视向速度的计算准确度。对HD85512的光谱数据进行了分析。与其他算法相比,本文提出的算法减小了视向速度的计算误差,较大地提高了计算精度。

恒星超级耀斑的研究进展

太阳耀斑是太阳系内最剧烈能量释放现象之一,其在数十分钟之内可以释放高达1025 J的能量。随着观测技术的发展,在恒星上也观测到类似的耀发事件,其典型强度是太阳耀斑的10∼10^(4)倍,被称为超级耀斑。研究恒星超级耀斑及其爆发机制,不仅在理解恒星内部结构、演化与磁场活动性质等方面起到重要的作用,而且对探究太阳系外行星宜居性和系外生命具有重要意义。首先扼要介绍了太阳耀斑及其相关磁活动现象、恒星磁场以及恒星超级耀斑;然后从恒星超级耀斑的筛选、能量计算、恒星黑子、耀斑参数与恒星参数的统计关系等方面叙述了对恒星超级耀斑的探测手段以及研究成果,并与太阳耀斑理论与相关物理过程进行对比,以探讨两者之间的相似性以及与现有理论的联系;最后进行了总结,并对将来可能开展的相关工作进行展望。

常见的恒星质量和恒星形成率计算方法之间的对比

针对斯隆数字巡天计划中有测光及光谱认证的正常星系的样本,利用天文多波段巡天数据,分别使用恒星质量和恒星形成率(SFR)的数种不同计算方法,从原理到结果进行相互对比。研究发现,不同的恒星质量估算方法的结果相互差异并不显著,然而SFR的不同方法之间存在不同程度且重要的误差。因此,在对星系间SFR进行相互比较,或是研究星系演化时的SFR分析时,应使用相类似的观测数据资料,以及同一种SFR估算方式,避免不同估算方式的偏差造成的错误解读。

我国磁约束核聚变能源的发展路径、国际合作与未来展望

[目的]聚变能源具有反应释放的能量大、运行安全可靠、燃料来源丰富、环境污染小等特点,有望成为一种可以大规模市场化供应的商业能源,在未来提供稳定的能源输出与电力供应。为了普及我国磁约束核聚变能源的发展路径,文章综述了聚变能的发现及实现途径。[方法]采用文献综述的方式简要介绍了我国磁约束聚变能源的早期研究发展历程,并以磁约束聚变能源的发展为例,初步给出了我国对于托卡马克装置、仿星器装置、球形托卡马克装置、反场箍缩装置、磁镜场装置、直线装置和偶极磁场装置等典型磁约束等离子体研究装置的建设情况。[结果]在这些装置的建设及研究基础上,我国磁约束聚变研究领域培养了一批科技人才,取得了长足的发展和进步。同时,文章概述了聚变能源研究的国际合作情况,以及我国参与建设的国际热核实验堆项目。[结论]虽然现阶段聚变能源的研究仍需克服来自燃烧等离子体物理、聚变堆材料、氚自持技术等多方面的巨大挑战,但在国家对能源结构转型的迫切需求以及对于聚变研究的大力支持下,相信在不远的将来我国磁约束聚变能源的发展将由蓝图变为现实。

基于LS-SVM的精确星光折射导航观测模型

星光折射自主导航系统的精度受到星光折射观测模型的限制。针对星光折射计算简化与大气参数随高度变化对星光折射观测模型的影响,提出一种基于最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的精确星光折射导航观测模型建立方法。首先通过光线追迹高精度模拟星光折射的过程,未对折射角计算进行简化,考虑大气参数随高度的变化,得到折射真高度与折射角的非线性映射关系。然后利用LS-SVM机器学习算法精确拟合折射真高度与折射角的关系,建立关于折射视高度的高精度星光折射导航观测模型。仿真结果表明,建立的精确星光折射导航观测模型精度较高,平均绝对误差为0.986 m。将该观测模型应用到星光导航系统中,导航精度较高,定位误差平均为130.7 m,平均速度误差为0.1479 m/s,证明了建模方法的有效性,对于星光折射自主导航的高精度研究具有一定意义。

Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: III. Spatial Distribution of Overheated Stars in the Solar Neighborhood

A concept of ensemble averaged stellar reactors is developed to study the dynamics of processes occurring in stars, allocated in the ~200 pc solar neighborhood. According to the effective temperature value, four stellar classes are identified, for which the correlation coefficients and standard deviation are counted. The theory of the buoyancy terrestial elements is generalized to stellar systems. It was suggested that stars are over-heated due to the shift parameters of the nuclear processes occurring inside the stars, which leads to the synthesis of transuranium elements until the achievement of a critical nuclear mass and star explosion. The heavy transuranium elements sink downward and are concentrated in the stellar depth layers. The physical explanation of the existence of the critical Chandrasekhar star limit has been offered. Based on the spatial analysis of overheated stars, it was suggested that the withdrawal of the stellar reactor from the equilibrium state is a consequence of extragalactic compression inside the galaxy arm due to the arm spirality (not to be confused with the spirality of the galaxy itself).

Recent Developments on the H_(I)Gas of Low-Redshift Galaxies Seen by the 21 cm Emission Lines

As a major interstellar medium,the atomic neutral hydrogen(H I)plays an important role in the galaxy evolution.It provides the ingredient for star formation,and sensitively traces the internal processes and external perturbations influencing the galaxy.With the beginning of many new radio telescopes and surveys,H_(I)may make a more significant contribution to the understanding of galaxies in the near future.This review discusses the major development of the 21 cm emission-line H_(I)observations and studies in the past few years,including its scaling relations with other galaxy properties,its kinematics and structures,its role in environmental studies,and its constraints on hydrodynamical simulations.The local-Universe H_(I)scaling relations of stellar-massselected samples extend smoothly to 10_(9)M⊙stellar mass,with a tentative evolution to the redshift of∼0.1.The development of measurement techniques enables better estimations of H_(I)non-circular motion,dispersion,and thickness,and new observations revealed extended or extra-planar H_(I)structures,both helpfully constraining the gas accretion,stellar feedback,and star formation processes of galaxy evolution models.H_(I)is very useful for tracing the satellite evolution in dense environments,the studies of which would benefit from ongoing blind H_(I)surveys.Though simulations still cannot fully reproduce H_(I)gas properties,they help to understand the role of possible factors in regulating H_(I)properties.

Proposal of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reactor Intended for a Large Power Plant

This article looks for the necessary conditions to use Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) fusion for a large power plant. At the moment, for nearly all the projects (JET, ITER…) only the Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) fuel is considered for a power plant. However, as shown in this article, even if a D-D reactor would be necessarily much bigger than a D-T reactor due to the much weaker fusion reactivity of the D-D fusion compared to the D-T fusion, a D-D reactor size would remain under an acceptable size. Indeed, a D-D power plant would be necessarily large and powerful, i.e. the net electric power would be equal to a minimum of 1.2 GWe and preferably above 10 GWe. A D-D reactor would be less complex than a D-T reactor as it is not necessary to obtain Tritium from the reactor itself. It is proposed the same type of reactor yet proposed by the author in a previous article, i.e. a Stellarator “racetrack” magnetic loop. The working of this reactor is continuous. It is reminded that the Deuterium is relatively abundant on the sea water, and so it constitutes an almost inexhaustible source of energy. Thanks to secondary fusions (D-T and D-He3) which both occur at an appreciable level above 100 keV, plasma can stabilize around such high equilibrium energy (i.e. between 100 and 150 keV). The mechanical gain (Q) of such reactor increases with the internal pipe radius, up to 4.5 m. A radius of 4.5 m permits a mechanical gain (Q) of about 17 which thanks to a modern thermo-dynamical conversion would lead to convert about 21% of the thermal power issued from the D-D reactor in a net electric power of 20 GWe. The goal of the article is to create a physical model of the D-D reactor so as to estimate this one without the need of a simulator and finally to estimate the dimensions, power and yield of such D-D reactor for different net electrical powers. The difficulties of the modeling of such reactor are listed in this article and would certainly be applicable to a future D-He3 reactor, if any.