Numerical investigation of air-entrainment in skimming flow over stepped spillways

As a widely used flood energy dissipator, the stepped spillway can significantly dissipate the kinetic or hydraulic energy due to the air-entrainment in skimming flow over the steps. The free-surface aeration involves the sharp deformation of the free surface and the complex turbulent shear flows. In this study, the volume of fluid （VOF）, mixture, and Eulerian methods are utilized to simulate the air-entrainment by coupling with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation （RANS/LES） turbulence models. The free surface deformation, air volume fraction, pressure, and velocity are compared for the three different numerical methods. Only the Eulerian＋RANS method fails to capture the free-surface aeration. The air volume fraction predicted by the VOF＋LES method best matches the experimental measurement, while the mixture＋LES method predicts the inception point of the air entrainment more accurately.

Physical modelling and scale effects of air-water flows on stepped spillways

During the last three decades, the introduction of new construction materials (e.g. RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete), strengthened gabions) has increased the interest for stepped channels and spillways. However stepped chute hydraulics is not simple, because of different flow regimes and importantly because of very-strong interactions between entrained air and turbu- lence. In this study, new air-water flow measurements were conducted in two large-size stepped chute facilities with two step heights in each facility to study experimental distortion caused by scale effects and the soundness of result extrapolation to pro- totypes. Experimental data included distributions of air concentration, air-water flow velocity, bubble frequency, bubble chord length and air-water flow turbulence intensity. For a Froude similitude, the results implied that scale effects were observed in both facilities, although the geometric scaling ratio was only Lr=2 in each case. The selection of the criterion for scale effects is a critical issue. For example, major differences (i.e. scale effects) were observed in terms of bubble chord sizes and turbulence levels al- though little scale effects were seen in terms of void fraction and velocity distributions. Overall the findings emphasize that physical modelling of stepped chutes based upon a Froude similitude is more sensitive to scale effects than classical smooth-invert chute studies, and this is consistent with basic dimensional analysis developed herein.

Response of turbulent fluctuations to the periodic perturbations in a flow over a backward facing step

The flow structures in a separated shear layer actuated by a synthetic jet actuator were studied using experimental methods. When forced at a frequency much lower than the natural shedding frequency （fH/U = 0.042 orfXr/U = 0.24）, the vertical flapping motion of the shear layer downstream of the separation point became prominent. The size of the peak in the pressure spectra at the forcing frequency （Sta = fAH//U） measured near the separation point （x/H = 1） increased linearly with the forcing ampli- tude （u＇/U） suggesting a linear response of the pressure fluctuations to the forcing by the synthetic jet. The linear response did not hold for the pressure fluctuations away from the jet exit as the magnitude of the peak for StA measured at x/H = 3 soon saturated when the forcing amplitude became larger than 0.3.

Air Entrainment and Pressure Fields over Stepped Spillway in Skimming Flow Regime

This paper deals with some aspects of the air entrainment process along the chute of spillway and study of pressure fluctuations. The experimental study has been carried out using stepped spillway model located in the campus of Government College of Engineering, Amravati (India). It is observed that air concentration is increasing with discharge as well as with number of step. Air concentration is increasing along the length of spillway. It is also observed that the bottom mean air concentration increases with step height in the upstream reach of stepped spillway, which is prone to cavitation. The pressure profiles exhibit a wavy pattern down the stepped chute and pressure on each step increases with ratio of critical depth to step height (yc/h).

Direct observation of bunching of elementary steps on protein crystals under forced flow conditions

Bunching of elementary steps by solution flow is still not yet clarified for protein crystals. Hence, in this study, we observed elementary steps on crystal surfaces of model protein hen egg-white lysozyme （HEWL） under forced flow conditions, by our advanced optical microscopy. We found that in the case of a HEWL solution of 99.99% purity, forced flow changed bunched steps into elementary ones （debunching） on tetragonal HEWL crystals. In contrast, in the case of a HEWL solution of 98.5% purity, forced flow significantly induced bunching of elementary steps. These results indicate that in the case of HEWL crystals, the mass transfer of impurities is more significantly enhanced by forced solution flow than that of solute HEWL molecules. We also showed that forced flow induced the incorporation of microcrystals into a mother crystal and the subsequent formation of screw dislocations and spiral growth hillocks.

Effects of Baffle on Entropy Generation in Separated Convection Flow Adjacent to Inclined Backward-Facing Step

Numerical simulations of a two-dimensional laminar forced convection flow adjacent to inclined backward-facing step in a rectangular duct are presented to examine effects of baffle on flow, heat transfer and entropy generation distributions. The main aim of using baffles is to enhance the value of convection coefficient on the bottom wall. But the useful energy can be destroyed due to intrinsic irreversibilities in the flow by the baffle. In the present work, the amount of energy loss is estimated by the computation of entropy generation. The values of velocity and temperature which are the inputs of the entropy generation equation are obtained by the numerical solution of momentum and energy equations with blocked-off method using computational fluid dynamic technique. Discretized forms of the governing equations in the (x, y) plane are obtained by the control volume method and solved using the SIMPLE algorithm. Numerical expressions, in terms of Nusselt number, entropy generation number, Bejan number and coefficient of friction are derived in dimensionless form. Results show that although a baffle mounted onto the upper wall increases the magnitude of Nusselts number on the bottom wall, but a considerable increase in the amount of entropy generation number takes place because of this technique. For validation, the numerical results for the Nusselt number and entropy generation number are compared with theoretical findings by other investigators and reasonable agreement is found.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURES OF LAMINAR SEPARATION FLOW OVER A BACKWARD FACING STEP

The experimental investigation is conducted with LDV and hydrogen bubble technique in water flow. The shear layer thickness. the vorticity thickness. the maximulll value of turbulence intensities. the turbulent coherent structure. the variations of wall shear stress and the boundary layer shape factor are obtained. In the redevelopment region. the detailed analysis is first made for the streak structures in the near wall region and the turbulent boundary layer is formed at (x-xr) / h = 20.

Analysis of Combined Radiation and Forced Convection Heat Transfer in 3D Laminar Flow over an Inclined Forward Facing Step

In the current study, a numerical investigation of three-dimensional combined convection-radiation heat transfer over an inclined forward facing step (FFS) in a horizontal rectangular duct is presented. The fluid is treated as a gray, absorbing, emitting and scattering medium. To simulate the incline surface of FFS, the blocked-off method is employed in this study. The set of governing equations for gas flow are solved numerically using the CFD technique to obtain the temperature and velocity fields. Since the gas is considered as a radiating medium, all of the convection, conduction and radiation heat transfer mechanisms are presented in the energy equation. For computation of radiative term in energy equation, the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is solved numerically by the discrete ordinates method (DOM) to find the divergence of radiative heat flux distribution inside the radiating medium. The effects of optical thickness, radiation-conduction parameter and albedo coefficient on heat transfer behavior of the system are carried out.

抽水蓄能电站无压泄洪洞台阶消能型式研究

基于甘肃某抽水蓄能电站泄洪洞洞内消能设计,探讨在流量及底坡恒定的条件下,台阶尺寸与消能率的相关关系,探寻台阶尺寸的初拟原则,采用现行NB/T 10867-2021《溢洪道设计规范》中跌落流上限及滑行流下限的经验公式(坡角范围为2.86°~59.53°)进行台阶消能流态的初步判别,通过Chanson半经验公式理论计算和CFD数值模拟水工隧洞底板布置不同台阶尺寸对应的消能特性。结果表明:在流量及坡度不变的情况下,台阶尺寸(台阶步长及高度)对消能率的影响有限;台阶尺寸越大,水力要素受流动边界条件影响和扰动越明显;初拟台阶尺寸时,应分析水流掺气点位置及出现掺气均匀流位置随台阶尺寸变化向上游移动的速率,同时结合实际边界条件、便于施工及后期运维等方面综合考虑,台阶高差宜控制在0.20~0.60 m。

基于子循环自适应串行交错时间匹配算法的油浸式变压器绕组瞬态温升计算

针对传统算法存在的步长调整及耦合点选择问题,该文提出基于子循环自适应串行交错(SCAS)的时间匹配算法。首先,在步长调整方面,通过加入自适应(ATS)-启发式(HTS)混合变步长算法,解决步长无法实时调整的问题;然后,针对耦合点选择问题,该文在传统常规串行交错(CSS)时间匹配算法及现有改进方案子循环常规串行交错(SCSS)的基础上,提出SCAS时间匹配算法,采用自适应方案确定计算时间窗及预定耦合点,并引入指数平滑法对其精度进行保证;最后,该文基于110 kV油浸式电力变压器建立二维瞬态单分区分匝绕组模型,并将所提算法与其他传统方法进行对比分析。结果表明:在精度方面,与传统CSS算法相比SCAS算法的流场及温度场最大平均相对误差均不超过0.45%,在可接受误差范围内;在效率方面,SCAS算法总体计算效率较CSS算法提高了近20倍。同时,为了说明所提算法的工程价值,该文搭建基于110 kV变压器绕组模型的温升实验平台,将SCAS时间匹配算法应用于该模型中,实验结果表明:在精度方面,SCAS算法与实验达到稳态时最大绝对误差为2.7 K;在计算效率上,本文所提算法的计算效率较传统算法提升约46倍,计算步数约为传统的1/47,减少了计算冗余。

两步法连续高效合成依达拉奉工艺研究

通过1,3-二羰基化合物或类似物与取代肼合成依达拉奉建立了一种高效的两步流动连续合成工艺;对连续合成的反应温度、停留时间、溶剂用量、环化用碱量等影响产品品质和收率的因素进行优化,确定工业化连续合成依达拉奉最佳工艺条件。结果表明,两步连续法与一步间歇法相比反应所需时间缩短近93%,产品收率提高17%;连续工艺能有效降低生产成本,避免因原料暴露空气而导致产品颜色过深,获得的产品无需纯化、脱色、再结晶即可得到高质量的依达拉奉。

分流通道对台阶型篦齿封严性能影响研究

为提高涡轮级间篦齿的封严性能,设计了一种带分流通道的台阶型篦齿封严结构,研究了不同压比与转速下分流通道对篦齿封严泄漏特性和传热特性的影响规律,并与光滑篦齿进行对比。结果表明:在衬套上增设一个分流通道后,处于通道出口处的气流在离心力作用下被卷吸进通道,增强了篦齿的封严效果;分流通道的周向间隙率β越大,封严效果越佳,当周向间隙率β为3时,绝热壁面流量系数为13.47%,绝热壁面风阻温升为48.7 K;分流通道数量增加,篦齿的泄漏加剧;随着压比增加,密封泄漏量增大,分流通道可以引导核心射流回流,故泄漏量增速逐渐变缓而绝热壁面风阻温升增速加剧;当转速从3×10^(3)r/min增加到2.1×10^(4)r/min,气流摩擦耗散加剧,篦齿绝热壁面流量系数逐渐降低,绝热壁面风阻温升逐渐升高,分流通道对高转速下篦齿的封严效果提升显著。

模块知识融合反应工程大作业设计的思考

化学反应工程是高校化学工程专业的重要核心课之一,致力于研究化学动力学并根据反应特点设计合适的反应器。课程教学团队根据多年教学经验,将课程内容分为理想反应器、非理想流动、非均相催化和工业反应器四个模块,并针对非理想流动与非均相催化模块的知识关联较弱而导致学生无法综合运用所学知识解决复杂反应工程问题的现象,设计了基于模块知识融合的课程大作业。本文阐述了课程大作业对加强模块间知识关联的重要作用,梳理了课程大作业的设计和实施要点,并以催化剂氧空位测量的课程大作业为例,介绍如何通过非理想流动和非均相催化模块知识的融合提升学生解决复杂工程问题的能力,最后总结了课程大作业实施过程中的共性问题并提出了改进建议。

锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵仿真及实验

针对锥形流管无阀压电泵输出流量小、回流流量多等问题,结合锥形流管和溢流坝阶梯式结构的阻流作用,研制了一种锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵。对锥形阶梯流管的流阻特性进行了理论分析,利用有限元软件对锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵和锥形无阶梯无阀压电泵进行了流场仿真对比,制作了锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵实验样机,测量不同频率和驱动电压下两种泵的流量。实验结果表明:当驱动电压峰峰值为180 V、驱动频率为18 Hz时,锥形无阶梯流管无阀压电泵流量最大为6.20 ml/min,锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵输出流量最大为8.04 ml/min,与锥形无阶梯流管无阀压电泵相比泵最大输出流量提升了29%,验证了锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵能有效抑制锥形流管中的回流现象,且相比于无阶梯流管无阀压电泵具有更好的输出流量。

基于两步正则化Gauss-Newton迭代算法的ECT图像重建

电容层析成像(ECT)技术求解图像重建问题属于非线性问题,并且存在严重的不适定性。为提高图像重建精度,提出了一种基于两步正则化Gauss-Newton迭代算法的ECT图像重建方法。针对标准正则化Gauss-Newton迭代算法在图像重建中存在的不收敛问题,引入了两步迭代方法;改进了正则化矩阵,提高了解估计的精确度;考虑到Gauss-Newton算法对迭代初值的依赖性,加入了同伦算法。最后,进行仿真和静态实验,并与线性反投影(LBP)算法、Landweber算法、Tikhonov正则化算法进行对比。结果表明,该方法可有效提高图像重建精度。

高超声速喷管流场不均匀性分析与改进

飞行器的发展,对风洞不同模拟条件下气动和操稳特性的准确预测提出了更高需求。风洞流场品质是影响试验数据精准度的主要因素之一,本文以某风洞马赫数5.5喷管为研究对象,开展喷管出口流场不均匀性研究。通过数值计算捕捉喷管内部微弱波系结构,分析喷管型面设计方法、型面加工精度和型面拼接处阶差等因素对喷管出口流场品质的影响,并与风洞流场校测结果进行对比分析,得出目前影响喷管出口流场品质的主要因素是拼接处阶差,并针对该因素提出了改进策略,通过对喷管合理分段减少波系对试验区域影响,以进一步提升风洞流场品质。

GO-FLOW法在产品装配过程可靠性分析中的应用

借鉴可靠性工程理论,运用GO-FLOW法分析产品装配过程的可靠性。通过分析装配过程各工步之间的关系,建立起产品装配过程可靠性控制的一般框架模型。以齿轮油泵装配过程为例,建立起齿轮油泵装配过程的GO-FLOW图,并分析其信号流、操作符和运算规则;通过GO-FLOW运算,求出各信号流的故障率和可靠度,找到影响产品装配过程可靠性的关键环节。结果表明,GO-FLOW法在产品装配过程可靠性分析中的应用是方便有效的。

基于Flow-3D的多阶明渠工程数学模型研究

[目的]研究灌区多级阶梯明渠水流的水动力特性及泥沙淤积问题,并评价其对多阶明渠工程的影响.[方法]基于VOF方法,在Flow-3D平台上建立了山东省德州市牛角店输水工程的三维数学模型,通过模拟不同工况下的三维多阶明渠水流,对比分析水流流速分布、水面线变化及渠底泥沙淤积情况.[结果]水流流态平稳后,最大流速出现在第二级阶梯上,挟沙水流流速较清水流速大0.50~0.86 m/s;在挑坎及第二级阶梯上,水面线变化幅度较大;随着时间推移,泥沙主要淤积于挑坎前及第三级阶梯底部,200 s时淤积厚度最高达0.143 mm.[结论]在牛角店输水工程施工及后期运行中,适当加固第二级阶梯渠底,提升第二级侧墙高度,并通过调控下游水位以保证灌渠的安全运行.

基于POD-αATS的油浸变压器瞬态温升降阶自适应变步长计算方法

针对油浸式电力变压器瞬态温升计算效率过低的问题,该文提出本征正交分解-αATS(proper orthogonal decomposition-adaptive time stepping based onαfactor,POD-αATS)降阶自适应变步长瞬态计算方法。首先,推导变压器绕组瞬态温升计算的有限元离散方程;其次,采用POD降阶算法改善传统瞬态计算中存在的条件数过大及方程阶数过高的问题;同时对于瞬态计算中的时间步长选择问题,提出适用于非线性问题的αATS变步长策略;然后,为验证方法的有效性,基于110 kV油浸式电力变压器绕组的基本结构建立二维八分区数值计算模型,同时将计算结果与基于110 kV绕组的温升实验结果进行对比。数值计算及实验结果表明,所提算法与全阶定步长算法在流场和温度场中的精度几乎相同,且流场计算效率提升约45倍,温度场计算效率提升约38倍,计算速度得到显著提高。这一点在温升实验中同样得到验证,说明该文所提算法的准确性、高效性及一定的工程实用性。

计及自适应阶梯碳势-碳价与供需双响应基于主从博弈的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

针对碳流视角下综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)低碳化调度潜能挖掘不充分和用能侧碳排放责任承担不足的问题,提出了计及自适应阶梯碳势-碳价与供需双响应基于主从博弈的IES低碳经济调度策略。首先,设计自适应阶梯碳势-碳价模型,并构建基于能量枢纽矩阵标准化模型的IES碳流模型,获取用户侧各能源负荷节点碳势,进而完成碳势分级下碳价区间的划分;其次,兼顾源荷两侧的灵活调整及响应机制,建立用户侧参与的IES主从博弈低碳经济调度模型,上层IES运营商通过制定动态变化的负荷节点碳势-碳价,引导下层用户聚合商低碳化用能;最后,提出改进霜冰优化算法(improved rime optimization algorithm,IRIME),利用其独特阶梯式逐步搜索策略与主从博弈迭代过程相贴合的特性,并改进权重系数设计与选择策略,实现主从博弈模型的高精度、快速求解。仿真结果表明:所提自适应阶梯碳势-碳价模型提升了用户侧的碳势感知能力,与阶梯型碳排放固定碳价模型相比可进一步降低4.76%的碳排放量,结合供需双响应机制可提高1.13%的IES运营商收益和降低0.81%的用户聚合商成本;IRIME提升了模型求解的快速性,同时改善了主体间博弈结果的均衡性;所提调度策略实现了碳排放责任的流动转移与两主体间的协同低碳经济运行。