Analysis of Hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems in Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Simulations

In this paper, an extended analysis of the performance of different hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS) for use in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with a series drivetrain topology is analyzed, based on simulations with three different driving cycles. The investigated hybrid energy storage topologies are an energy optimized lithium-ion battery (HE) in combination with an Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) system, in combination with a power optimized lithium-ion battery (HP) system or in combination with a Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiCap) system, that act as a Peak Power System. From the simulation results it was observed that hybridization of the HE lithium-ion based energy storage system resulted from the three topologies in an increased overall energy efficiency of the RESS, in an extended all electric range of the PHEV and in a reduced average current through the HE battery. The lowest consumption during the three driving cycles was obtained for the HE-LiCap topology, where fuel savings of respectively 6.0%, 10.3% and 6.8% compared with the battery stand-alone system were achieved. The largest extension of the range was achieved for the HE-HP configuration (17% based on FTP-75 driving cycle). HP batteries however have a large internal resistance in comparison to EDLC and LiCap systems, which resulted in a reduced overall energy efficiency of the hybrid RESS. Additionally, it was observed that the HP and LiCap systems both offer significant benefits for the integration of a peak power system in the drivetrain of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle due to their low volume and weight in comparison to that of the EDLC system.

On Designing of the Main Elements of a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Driving System

The paper deals with the designing of an electric drive system used for hybrid electric vehicles. The driving system is realized with an induction motor and a voltage source inverter. Specifically, the application is for a series hybrid vehicle powered by electric storage batteries charged by solar batteries. In the first part of the paper the designing of the electric storage batteries and of the photoelectric system is presented. In the second part of the paper some aspects regarding the designing of the induction motor are presented. Then some aspects concerning the voltage source inverter designing are exposed.

A comprehensive review on energy storage in hybrid electric vehicle

The sharp inclination in the emissions from conventional vehicles contribute to a significant increase in environmental issues,besides the energy crises and low conversion efficiency leads to the evolution of electric vehicles(EV).Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV) have efficient fuel economy and reduce the overall running cost,but the ultimate goal is to shift completely to the pure electric vehicle.Despite this,the main obstruction of HEV is energy storage capability.An EV requires high specific power(W/kg) and high specific energy(W$h/kg) to increase the distance travelled and reduce the time required for charging.The main focus of this paper is on the energy sources as these are the main components in EVs towards making them eco-friendly and cost-effective.Various topologies of EV technology such as HEVs,plug-in HEVs,and many more have been discussed.These topologies of EVs are based on the diverse combination of batteries,fuel cells,super-capacitor,flywheels,regenerative braking systems,which are used as energy sources and energy storage devices.

Comparison of the topologies for a hybrid energy-storage system of electric vehicles via a novel optimization method

The combination of batteries and ultracapacitors has become an effective solution to satisfy the requirements of high power density and high energy density for the energy-storage system of electric vehicles.Three aspects of such combination efforts were considered for evaluating the four types of hybrid energy-storage system(HESS)topologies.First,a novel optimization framework was proposed and implemented to optimize the voltage level of a battery pack and an ultracapacitor pack for the four types of HESS topologies.During the optimization process,the dynamic programming(DP)algorithm was iteratively applied to determine the optimal control actions.The simulation results with DP were used to evaluate the energy efficiency of different HESS topologies at different voltage levels.Second,the optimized voltage level of the battery and ultracapacitor in each topology indicates that a higher voltage level usually results in a better system performance.The simulation results also illustrate that the optimized rated voltage level of the battery pack is approximately 499.5 V,while for the ultracapacitor pack,the optimized voltage level is at its maximum allowed value.Note that the constraint of the battery voltage is initialized at200–600 V.Third,the control rules for different HESS topologies were obtained through the systematic analysis of the simulation results.In addition,advantages and disadvantages of the four topologies were summarized through evaluation of the efficiency and operating currents of the batteries and the ultracapacitor.

Hierarchical Sizing and Power Distribution Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System

This paper proposes a hierarchical sizing method and a power distribution strategy of a hybrid energy storage system for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs),aiming to reduce both the energy consumption and battery degradation cost.As the optimal size matching is significant to multi-energy systems like PHEV with both battery and supercapacitor(SC),this hybrid system is adopted herein.First,the hierarchical optimization is conducted,when the optimal power of the internal combustion engine is calculated based on dynamic programming,and a wavelet transformer is introduced to distribute the power between the battery and the SC.Then,the fuel economy and battery degradation are evaluated to return feedback value to each sizing point within the hybrid energy storage system sizing space,obtaining the optimal sizes for the battery and the SC by comparing all the values in the whole sizing space.Finally,an all-hardware test platform is established with a fully active power conversion topology,on which the real-time control capability of the wavelet transformer method and the size matching between the battery and the SC are verified in both short and long time spans.

基于混合储能技术的光储式充电站直流微网系统协调控制

基于混合储能的电动汽车充电站直流微网协调控制技术的研究对于维持直流微网母线电压的稳定、提高微网系统的经济效益都具有重要意义。提出了以飞轮和蓄电池混合储能作为光储充电站直流微网系统的储能形式,其中飞轮用于平滑高频功率波动和部分低频功率,蓄电池用于平衡基准功率以维持母线电压平滑稳定。并设计了直流母线5层电压(分层)协调控制策略,实现了微网系统中光伏发电、电动汽车充放电、负荷功率需求的协调控制。针对孤岛运行和并网运行中的5种不同工况,在Matlab/Simulink软件平台上对所提出的控制策略进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,在所有工况下,所提控制策略都能使直流母线电压在不同电压层间有效切换,维持光储充电站直流微网系统的直流母线电压平衡,实现了整个系统的灵活、可靠运行,因此该控制策略具有可行性和有效性。

混合动力电动车能源管理系统的研制与开发

能源管理系统是混合动力电动车的一个重要管理系统。该系统全面管理能源在电动车上的释放、存储、分配与回收,是实现混合动力电动车的关键技术之一。和其他同类系统相比,本系统具有抗干扰性好、可靠性高、控制简单、成本低等特点。该系统已经研制成功,试运行情况良好。

低速电动汽车混合能源存储系统效率分析

利用超级电容的高功率密度特性和磷酸铁锂电池的高能量密度特性,设计了低速电动车主动并联混合储能系统方案.采用实验方法分析磷酸铁锂电池的效率,并通过理论公式分析了双向直流功率变换器的效率.探讨了将超级电容和磷酸铁锂电池结合使用,结果发现,采用双向直流变换器的混合能量存储系统能提高效率.通过实验验证,双向直流变换器的实际效率为90.5%,接近理论公式计算得到的效率91.6%.

基于Advisor的仿真软件的二次开发及其在复合电源混合动力汽车上的应用

对Advisor仿真平台进行了二次开发,获得了界面友好且适合复合电源混合动力汽车建模与仿真的专有技术平台,克服了用Advisor软件不能对由蓄电池和超级电容组成的复合电源混合动力汽车进行性能仿真的缺点。对复合电源混合动力汽车进行了性能仿真,并与原车单一蓄电池系统或超级电容系统进行了对比。仿真与对比结果表明:复合电源混合动力汽车的燃油经济性和动力性都得到了提高。

HEV用动力蓄电池的最大充放电性能

结合动力蓄电池在混合动力汽车(HEV)上的应用特点,分析了最大充放电性能的影响因素和描述方法,并使用车辆在城市和高速道路上的运行情况统计数据设计了新的实验程序,包括长持续期(30 s)和短持续期(10 s)两部分。对Opti ma D34型12 V55 Ah VRLA电池进行的实验结果表明,长短持续期的充放电性能相差很大。对于HEV,应将长持续期和短持续期性能区分对待。

基于PMP算法的HEV能量优化控制策略

针对常用混合动力汽车(Hybrid electric vehicle, HEV)中锂离子电池在功率波动较大时难以满足需求,以及单个驱动周期内HEV燃油能耗大且能量不能很好回收等问题,研究采用锂离子电池和超级电容器混合储能系统(Lithium-ion battery and super-capacitor hybrid energy storage system, Li-SC HESS)与内燃机共同驱动HEV运行.结合比例积分粒子群优化算法(Particle swarm optimization-proportion integration, PSO-PI)控制器和Li-SC HESS内部功率限制管理办法,提出一种改进的基于庞特里亚金极小值原理(Pontryagin s minimum principle, PMP)算法的HEV能量优化控制策略,通过ADVISOR软件建立HEV整车仿真模型,验证该方法的有效性与可行性.仿真结果表明,该能量优化控制策略提高了HEV跟踪整车燃油能耗最小轨迹的实时性,节能减排比改进前提高了1.6%～2%,功率波动时减少了锂离子电池的出力,进而改善了混合储能系统性能,对电动汽车关键技术的后续研究意义重大.

混合动力汽车中最小反向充电电压的研究

通过对混合动力汽车充电电路的分析,引入了蓄电池等效内阻的概念。从理论上建立了最大充电电压增益与电路内阻、电池内阻的关系,并以此来确定不同工作电流下的最低充电电压值。该值在混合动力系统中对应于实际的电机转速,可以由此确定能量回馈的最低车速。实验结果表明,采用提出的最低电压确定法可使充电回路正常工作,并具有很好的恒流效果,可用于混合动力汽车系统中。

混合动力电动汽车核心技术分析与研究

混合动力汽车在节能和环保方面有着巨大优越性,必将成为21世纪城市的重要地面交通工具,阐述了混合动力汽车的基本结构,分析了电池技术、电力电子技术等核心技术在HEV中的应用,并提出了急需解决的问题。

超级电容混合动力汽车能量存储技术发展研究

混合动力汽车因具有低排放和低油耗而备受关注。超级电容充放电速度快、寿命长,可以作为蓄电池的辅助电源为混合动力汽车提供能量。阐述了超级电容和蓄电池的性能,并分析了它们的工作特点,同时还介绍了混合动力汽车能量存储系统的研究现状。

基于CAN总线的混合动力/电动汽车蓄电池ECU的研制

本文提出了利用单片机为主控制芯片组成混合动力 /电动汽车蓄电池ECU的实施方案 ,该ECU由信号采集、运算与处理、CANBUS通讯模块等组成 ,能实现对蓄电池的均衡充电的管理。

基于电池寿命的复合储能系统参数优化及能量管理

为延长锂离子电池的使用寿命,提出了一种复合储能系统(HESS)参数优化及能量管理方法。以某混合动力电动汽车(HEV)为目标,利用工况条件下电池寿命模型的动态规划算法,对一个复合储能系统HESS进行参数优化,得到最低成本下的锂离子电池和超级电容参数。以车速、整车功率需求、超级电容能量状态(SOE)为输入,设计了模糊控制器,对该HESS进行能量管理。对一个自行设计的样机进行了实验验证。结果表明:加入超级电容后,在新欧洲行驶循环(NEDC)、美国城市机动车行驶规程(UDDS)、欧洲经济委员会(ECE)等法规工况下,该电池寿命分别延长了18.0%、31.2%、38.3%,每km成本下降了17.2%。

电动车混合电源系统设计

设计了一种用于电动车的混合电源系统。该系统以蓄电池为主电源,采用具有双电层结构的超级电容器为辅助能源。利用单片机控制电动车在不同状态选择不同电源进行供电。以200 kg的人与车沿着仰角为30°,落差为6 m的坡度行驶进行实验,可增加130 m的行驶距离。这表明该混合电源有效地增加了电动车的行驶里程,同时可延长蓄电池的使用寿命,具有很大的现实推广意义。

混合动力汽车再生制动能量回收技术研究

混合动力汽车的频繁制动会产生大量的电能,为了有效吸收汽车再生制动产生的能量,提出了一种超级电容储能与蓄电池相结合的吸收方案,超级电容储能可以高效回收制动产生的能量,蓄电池的辅助吸收可以降低超级电容器容量的限制,有效稳定直流电压.

换电生态下换电站电池配置及经济性研究

随着新能源汽车换电模式应用试点启动,利用换电站电池的需求响应柔性特性及全网数量优势部分解决风光电供需错位问题成为可能。在此背景下,本文计及电池储能价值,基于“车-源-网”换电生态系统,设计“风-光-动力电池”和“风-光-动力电池-储能电站”混合储能模式,构建兼顾环境效益和经济效益的电池充电优化模型。基于蒙特卡洛算法预测换电需求,对北京市7月份某一天的风光出力数据进行仿真分析。结果表明,单一储能模式0.33C充电倍率、混合储能模式1C充电倍率,均具有较好的经济性。此外,混合储能模式的风光消纳率比单一储能模式高13%以上,更能积极推动换电生态系统正循环发展。