Comparison of Nanofibrillated Cellulose and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose in Improving the Storage Stability of Waterborne Coatings

Waterborne coatings often delaminate and settle during long-term storage,requiring the addition of thickeners.The effects of nanofibrillated cellulose(NFC)and the commonly used thickener,hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC),on the storage stability of waterborne coatings were compared in this study.The morphology of NFC was characterized using infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The rotational viscosity and rheological properties of the waterborne coatings with NFC and HEC were tested.Stationary settling experiments were also conducted at different temperatures to compare the difference of NFC and HEC on improving the storage stability of the waterborne coatings.The results showed that the waterborne coating with NFC exhibited pseudoplastic fluid characteristics;a small addition of NFC can achieve the same improvement effect on the storage stability of waterborne coatings as HEC.Further,the improvement effect of NFC was not affected by temperature.The waterborne coating with NFC still exhibited good storage stability at high temperatures,which was significantly superior to that of HEC.Therefore,NFC is a feasible agent for improving the prolonged storage stability and warming-induced delamination of waterborne coatings.

Storage stability of SBS modified bitumen based on mixed-level orthogonal array design

The styrene-butadiene-styrene（SBS） modified bitumens with different contents of SBS modifiers are stored in different conditions to study the storage stability of SBS modified bitumen.Mixed-level orthogonal array design（OAD） is used and factors such as SBS modifier content,storage time,storage temperature and container size are chosen in a mixed-level OAD with an OA16（31×44） matrix.Parameters like the separation softening point difference（the separation difference of the ring and ball softening point of the top and bottom samples） and the average softening point（the arithmetic mean of the softening points of the top and bottom samples） are proposed to evaluate the separation and the ageing of modified bitumen during storage in this experiment,respectively.The results reveal that the separation and the ageing during storage exhibit a complicated variation for storage temperature and time.The separation softening point difference decreases with the storage temperature rising from 20 to 120 ℃ and increases with the temperature exceeding 120 ℃,and the average softening point drops with the storage time being prolonged.Different storage conditions have various effects on the storage stability of SBS modified bitumen.

Storage Stability in Reversion Mutation of a Rice Line Devoid of LOX-1, 2 Acquired by Ion Beam Irradiation

The effect of absence of lipoxygenase isoenzyme （LOX） on storage stability was investigated. Rice mutant 1297 without lipoxygenase isoenzyme-1 （LOX-1） or lipoxygenase isoenzyme-2 （LOX-2） generated by ion beam irradiation from Wanjian2090 and reversion mutant RM1297 with LOX-1 and LOX-2 were subjected to an accelerated-aging experiment. Shanyou63 （with LOX-1 and LOX-2 ） served as control. Results showed that the germination and dehydrogenase activity decreased while the electrical conductivity and free fatty acid content increased in all varieties with accelerated aging. In 1297 that lacked LOX-1 and 2, there were slight changes in germination, dehydrogenase activity, membrane permeability and free fatty acid content during the thirty-day accelerated-aging experiment. But in varieties with LOX-1 and LOX-2, significant changes were observed, suggesting that LOX-1, 2 might be a definite factor which influenced seed lifespan. This study also indicates that ion beam irradiation may be used as mutagen to generate mutant and reversion mutants for biological study and could become a new direction in ion beam application.

Relationship of chemical properties of different peanut varieties to peanut butter storage stability

This study examined the effect of peanut quality on the storage stability of peanut butter. The quality of 17 varieties of peanuts was analyzed, and each was used to prepare peanut butter. For different storage temperatures and durations, stability of the peanut butter was measured according to three indicators： peroxide value, acid value, and centrifugal rate. The correlation between peanut components and peanut butter storage stability was also investigated. The results indicated significant differences in fatty acid composition between different varieties of peanut. Peanut butter prepared with high oleic peanuts（Kainong 17-15） had a significantly longer shelf life than that of other varieties. The significant correlation between the stability of peanut butter and peanut quality suggests that oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main influencing factors on stability. This study finds that the high oleic peanuts（HOP） is the most suitable variety for making peanut butter, which can allow farmers and processors to choose the specific variety for better product and shelf life.

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave,as a new heat treatment technology,has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed.It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality.Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time.However,the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting con-ditions are limited.Herein,we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter.Different roasting powers(400 W,800 W and 1200 W)and times(4,4.5,5,and 5.5 min)were preliminarily tested.Among them,800 W at 5 min was the most suitable.The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color,sensory,bioactive compounds,storage stability,and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars(Silihong,Baisha-1016,Yuanza-9102,and Yuhua-9414).The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars(Silihong,Yuanza-9102,and Yuhua-9414)with moisture content between 5%and 7.2%had a similar sensory score(6-7)as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other.The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L*values of 51-52,respectively,for high initial moisture peanut cultivars.The total polyphenol(35.20-31.59±0.59μmol GAE/g)and tocopherol(19.05±0.35 mg/100 g)content in the butter obtained from three cultivars(Yuahua-9102,Yuhua,and Baisha-1016)and Silihong respectively,were significantly(P<0.05)higher than those in the commercial butter.The induction times of all pre-treated butter(19.80±0.99-7.84±0.07 h)were significantly(P<0.05)longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples.In addition,no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples.Collectively,the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one.These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.

The thermal and storage stability of bovine haemoglobin by ultraviolet-visible and circular dichroism spectroscopies

The effects of temperature,pH and long-term storage on the secondary structure and conformation changes of bovine haemoglobin（bHb） were studied using circular dichroism（CD） and ultraviolet-visible（UV-vis） spectroscopies.Neural network software was used to deconvolute the CD data to obtain the fractional content of the five secondary structures.The storage stability of bHb solutions in pH 6,7 and8 buffers was significantly higher at 4 ℃ than at 23 ℃ for the first 3 days.A complete denaturation of bHb was observed after 40 days irrespective of storage temperature or pH.The bHb solutions were also exposed to heating and cooling cycles between 25 and 65 ℃ and structural changes were followed by UVvis and CD spectroscopies.These experiments demonstrated that α-helix content of bHb decreased steadily with the increasing temperature above 35 ℃ at all pH values.The loss in a-helicity and gain in random coil conformations was pH-dependent and the greatest under alkaline conditions.Furthermore,there was minimal recovery of the secondary structure content upon cooling to 25 ℃.The use of bHb as a model drug is very common and this study elucidates the significance of storage and processing conditions on its stability.

Storage Stability of Alpha-Lipoic Acid-loaded Lipid Nanoparticles

Alpha-lipoic acid-loaded lipid nanoparticles(ALA-LNs) were prepared by high pressure homogenization method.The influences of storage conditions such as time and temperature on the physical and chemical storage stability of ALA-LNs were studied in details.The stability was evaluated by particle size and polydispersity index,morphology of ALA-LNs,and capacity of ALA loading.The dilution and pH stability of ALA-LNs suspensions were also studied.After three months storage,the mean size of ALA-LNs at 4 and 40 ℃ was increased by 2.68% and 3.62% compared with the original size,respectively.ALA-LNs stored at 40 ℃ had ellipsoid shape and the mean size was about 152 nm(SD=23.6).The loading capacity of ALA at 40 ℃ was much higher than those stored at other two temperatures.The good dilution and pH stability were also demonstrated.The sample had good fluidity even at 4 ℃.

An Investigation to Assess Storage Stability of Pomelo Seed Oil Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a biomass-based renewable and clean fuel. It can be used directly in existing diesel engines without any modification. In spite of having so many advantages, it has an issue regarding long-term storage stability. Biodiesel oxidizes when it comes in proximity of light, temperature, humidity, metals etc. The oxidation causes precipitation and sedimentation in the fuel. Such biodiesel is unfit to use in engines. Hence, this study aims to assess the storage stability of pomelo seed oil （Citrus maxima） biodiesel over a period of five months upon storage both in open and closed condition. Storage stability of biodiesel is determined in terms of acid value, peroxide value and viscosity at regular interval of time. It is observed that there is a strong relationship between oxidation and outside factors such as light, temperature fluctuations and humidity level. Upon exposure to these factors, oxidation in biodiesel accelerated greatly.

Study on Improving Storage Stability of Marine Engine Oil

According to the conductivity test results,it is found that oil conductivity increases with an increasing additive content,and the turbidity of engine oil is also augmented with an increasing additive content.After testing the turbidity and stability of oils containing the typical conventional calcium sulfonate,the overbased calcium sulfonate and the mixture of the above two calcium sulfonates,the results show that at the same amount of additives used,the oil with a higher turbidity demonstrated a worse stability.A nonionic dispersant that was added into lube oils at a definite concentration could improve the detergent compatibility.For this reason,the sediment volume in three kinds of oils all decreased obviously,resulting in successful improvement of storage stability of marine engine oils.

Storage Stability of Imidacloprid Residues in Different Matrixes of Lycium barbarum

The storage stability and degradation trends of imidacloprid residues in different matrix of Lycium barbarum were investigated by directly adding 0.1 mg/kg imidacloprid, frozen storage and phase detection. The results showed that under frozen condition, the storage stability of imidacloprid residues remained good for half a year in dry fruit, and a year in fresh fruit of L. barbarum . There was no significant change of imidacloprid residues between different processing of dry fruit and fresh fruit, and sample processing methods （crushing or homogenizing） had no significant effect on the degradation trends of imidacloprid. Therefore, the samples could be processed into crushed samples or homogenized samples for storage as soon as possible according to the needs, and the dry fruit should be detected within half a year, while the fresh fruit should be detected within a year.

Effect of Polysaccharide Species on Storage Stability of Alginate Capsules Containing <i>α</i>-Tocopherol

Alginate capsules containing α-tocopherol were prepared adding polysaccharide species such as κ-carrageenan, gellan gum, pectin, curdlan and ghatti gum. The effects of polysaccharide species and the diameters of α-tocopherol on storage stability of the capsules were investigated and characterized in detail. As the contact angle of α-tocopherol to the capsule shell strongly affected storage stability, the contact angle was measured on the model sheet made of calcium alginate with polysaccharide species. The leakage ratio decreased with the contact angle and increased with the diameter of α-tocopherol. The capsules made of calcium alginate with gellan gum showed the largest contact angle and the highest storage stability. The capsules made of calcium alginate with curdlan, ghatti gum and pectin were harder than other capsules and showed higher storage stability. All the capsules showed the almost similar swelling ratio in the acidic solution with pH 4, but showed the different swelling ratios according to the polysaccharide species in the alkali solution with pH 9. The tablets were prepared with the wet and the dried capsules. The tablets prepared with the dried capsules showed higher storage stability.

Treatment on Crumb Rubber Modifier towards Enhanced Storage Stability of Asphalt Rubber

Breaking waste tires into crumb and adding it to asphalt as modifier to prepare asphalt rubber (AR) is an effective method to solve the waste tire problem and improve the performance of matrix asphalt. The modified asphalt has better high and low temperature performance. However, the segregation of the crumb rubber modifier (CRM) causes storage instability of the AR. At present, studies have been conducted that improving the solubility of the CRM or adding some macromolecular polymer can improve the storage stability of the AR. However, the structure and polarity of the CRM surface are rarely explored for its correlation with the storage stability of AR. In this paper, the surface structure and polarity of the CRMs was changed by four different reagents, and the properties of the ARs prepared by the CRM were measured to analyze the adhesion between the CRM and the asphalt. It is concluded that the CRM with rough porous and non-polar surface has higher storage stability due to the better interfacial adhesion, which provides a research direction for improving the storage stability of rubber asphalt.

A 2D stability analysis of the rock surrounding underground liquified natural gas storage cavern based on COMSOL Multiphysics

Underground liquified natural gas(LNG)storage is essential in guaranteeing national energy strategic reserves,and its construction is being accelerated.The stability of surrounding rock of underground LNG storage caverns under stress-low temperature coupling effect is the key factor determining the feasibility of LNG storage.First,a mathematical model used for controlling the stress-low temperature coupling and the processes of rock damage evolution is given,followed by a 2-D numerical execution process of the mathematical model mentioned above described based on Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab code.Finally,a series of 2-D simulations are performed to study the influence of LNG storage cavern layout,burial depth,temperature and internal pressure on the stability of surrounding rocks of these underground storage caverns.The results indicate that all the factors mentioned above affect the evolution of deformation and plastic zone of surrounding rocks.The research results contribute to the engineering design of underground LNG storage caverns.

Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Storage in Salt Caverns:Evaluation of Operation,Safety,and Potential in China

Underground salt cavern CO_(2) storage(SCCS)offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO_(2) storage and facilitating the utilization of CO_(2) resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market.Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option.Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances,differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness,carbon injection,brine extraction control,long-term carbon storage stability,and site selection criteria.These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO_(2) and the application scenarios of SCCS.Therefore,targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative.This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS,emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions,carbon utilization,and renewable energy peak shaving.It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods,and addresses associated scientific challenges.In this paper,we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction,that considers the phase change characteristics of CO_(2),and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection.By comparing the viscosities of CO_(2) and other gases,SCCS’s excellent sealing performance is demonstrated.Building on this,we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices,which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability.Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed.Site selection criteria for SCCS are established,preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China,and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8-77.7 million tons,utilizing only 20%-30%volume of abandoned salt caverns.This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters,such as the operating pressure,burial depth,and storage scale,and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.

Studies on Ultra-dry Storage and Genetic Stability of Vegetable Seeds

[Objective] To study the long-term ultra-dry storage method and genetic stability of vegetable seeds.[Method] Seeds of Lycopersicum esculentum,Raphanus satuvus and Apium graveolen.were chosen as material.The changes of seed vigor,viability and genetic stability after ultra-storage were discussed by studying the seed potentiality,shoot length,germination percentage and the chromosome aberration rate of root tip cells.[Results] Maintaining the low moisture content,different vegetable species had different storage effects of the long-term storage seeds under normal temperature.The Lycopersicum esculentum and Raphanus satuvus seeds were more suitable to ultra-dry storage at normal temperature,and could keep good genetic stability,while the seeds of Apium graveolen had bad performance.[Conclusion] This study established the foundation of studying ultra-dry storage of vegetable seeds.

Preparation,Characterization and Hot Storage Stability of Asphalt Modified by Waste Polyethylene Packaging

Waste polyethylene packaging （WPE） was used to modify asphalt, and hot storage stability of the modified asphalt was studied in this paper. The morphological change and component loss of WPE modified asphalt were characterized by fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, thermogravimetry （TG） and isolation testing. In addition, the mechanism of the hot storage stability of WPE modified asphalt was discussed. The results showed that the modification of asphalt with WPE was a physical process. It was found that the filament or partly network-like structure formed in the modified asphalt system was beneficial to improving the hot storage stability. Moreover, the addition of WPE resulted in a decrease in both the light components volatilization and the macromolecules decomposition of asphalt. It was demonstrated that when the content of WPE in matrix asphalt was less than 10 wt%, the service performances of modified asphalt could be better.

Stability and changes in astaxanthin ester composition from Haematococcus pluvialis during storage

In this paper,we investigated the effects of temperature,oxygen,antioxidants,and corn germ oil on the stability of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis under different storage conditions,and changes in the composition of astaxanthin esters during storage using high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry.Oxygen and high temperatures(22–25°C) significantly reduced the stability of astaxanthin esters.Corn germ oil and antioxidants(ascorbic acid and vitamin E)failed to protect astaxanthin from oxidation,and actually significantly increased the instability of astaxanthin.A change in the relative composition of astaxanthin esters was observed after 96 weeks of long-term storage.During storage,the relative amounts of free astaxanthin and astaxanthin monoesters declined,while the relative amount of astaxanthin diesters increased.Thus,the ratio of astaxanthin diester to monoester increased,and this ratio could be used to indicate if astaxanthin esters have been properly preserved.If the ratio is greater than 0.2,it suggests that the decrease in astaxanthin content could be higher than 20%.Our results show that storing algal powder from H.pluvialis or other natural astaxanthin products under vacuum and in the dark below 4°C is the most economical and applicable storage method for the large-scale production of astaxanthin from H.pluvialis.This storage method can produce an astaxanthin preservation rate of at least 80%after 96 weeks of storage.

Storage stability of dried tomato slice

Unlike fresh farm produce,processed fruits and vegetables such as sun dried tomatoes can be categorized as ambient temperature shelf stable products.However,large quantities of these products yet easily go bad most especially when the appropriate conditions for their storage are not offered.To minimize these losses,it is important to know and exploit the optimum environmental conditions and moisture content range for the storage of the products.The present study through systematic theoretical assertions employed by other researchers on other crops seeks to establish the storage stability of dried tomato slice at three probable temperatures of 10,30 and 45°C.Results showed that in this temperature range,upper limit moisture content varied between 6%-7.5%and 6.5%-8.3%d.b.for adsorption and desorption,respectively.The corresponding lower limit moisture contents varied between 4.29%-5.52%and 5.15%-6.29%d.b.In order to minimize moisture migration into or out of dried tomato slice during storage,the study revealed that the product should be stored within 29%-62%relative humidity.

Storage stability of freeze-dried colostral whey powders with different additives

Effects of different additives(sucrose and maltodextrin)on storage stability of colostral whey(CW)powders packaged in aluminium-laminated polyethylene pouches were investigated under different storage conditions(4℃and 40%-70%relative humidity(RH),25℃and 50%RH,and 50℃and 20%-60%RH).All the samples stored under 50℃and 20%-60%RH showed the highest levels of lipid oxidation,Maillard reaction,proteolysis,and color difference,and the lowest immunoglobulin G(IgG)retention.Moisture contents showed an increase trend with increasing RH.Addition of sucrose into CW powders increased water adsorption capacity and Maillard reaction,whereas addition of maltodextrin showed the opposite effects.Maltodextrin as drying aids was suitable for keeping quality during storage.Sucrose did not clearly play any roles in protecting denaturation of IgG during 90-day storage.The low storage temperature and RH were helpful for keeping storage stability of CW powders with different additives.

Effects of rapid quenching on structure and cycle stability of La-Mg-Ni-Co type hydrogen storage alloy

In order to improve the cycle stability of La-Mg-Ni-Co type alloy electrode, rapid quenching technology was employed. The effects of rapid quenching on the microstructure and cycle stability of the alloy were investigated. The obtained results show that the La2Mg(Ni0.85Co0.15)9M0.1 (M=B, Cr) alloy electrodes are composed of (La, Mg)Ni3 phase, LaNi5 phase and a small amount of the LaNi2 phase. A trace of the Ni2B phase exists in the as-cast MB alloy, and the Ni2B phase in the alloy nearly disappears after rapid quenching. Rapid quenching technology can slightly improve the cycling life of the alloy. When the quenching rate increases from 0 m·s-1 (As-cast is defined as quenching rate of 0 m·s-1) to 30 m·s-1, the cycle lives of the MB, MCr alloys enhance from 86 and 87 cycles to 106 and 119 cycles, respectively. On the other hand, the average capacity decay rates of the MB, MCr alloys decrease from 1.7172 and 1.7178 mAh·g-1·cycle-1 to 1.5751 and 1.3060 mAh·g-1·cycle-1 after 86 charge-discharges cycling, respectively.