Aloe vera Coating Efficiency on Shelf Life of Eggplants at Differential Storage Temperatures

The core objective of instant study was to check the effectiveness of Aloe vera edible coating on postharvest life and physicochemical characteristics of eggplants under different storage temperatures. For this purpose, different formulations of Aloe vera based coating （non-poisonous） was applied at concentration of 0, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively on eggplants. The coated eggplants were stored at two different temperatures [10℃ and （30±2）℃] and examined for weight loss, firmness, stem color, shriveling, total soluble solids, pH, acidity, vitamin C, sugar （total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar） and N, P, K, Ca and Na for two weeks. The obtained results showed that weight loss, shriveling, total soluble solids, pH, sugar （total sugar and non-reducing sugar） increased and firmness, stem color, acidity, reducing sugar, vitamin C minimized during the storage period. The 0.5% Aloe coating at 10℃ showed significant effect and delayed the changes in above parameters. Aloe vera coating remained almost ineffective in altering nutrient homeostasis （N, P, K, Ca and Na） of eggplants. The optimistic results gained in the current study could additionally investigate in larger market experiments and also could extensive to other tropical/subtropical fruits and vegetables.

Effects of Transport,Storage Temperature and Time on Parthenogenetically Developmental Competence of Sheep Oocyte

This study was to investigate the effects of transport, storage temperature and time on parthenogenetical developmental competence of sheep oocyte. The ovaries were collected and randomly immersed in physiological saline at （ 10 - 15 ） ℃, （20 - 25 ） ℃ and （30 - 35 ） ℃ and transported to the laboratory for culture. They were divided into three groups randomly in an optimized transport temperature, kept in physiological saline at4 ℃, （14 -18） ℃ and （25 -30） ℃ respectively; 15 - 17 h later, the ovaries were cutured for the maturation and parthenogenetic activation of oocytes. The results showed that the optimal transport temperature of ovaries was 20 -25 ℃, when the maturation rate and blastocysts rate reached 67.44% and 35.93% respectively. Incubating sheep ovaries at （ 14 - 18 ） ℃ for （15 -17） h did not reduce the maturation rate （61.81%） and blastocysts rate （29.03%） of oocyte significantly. However, incubating sheep ovaries at 4 ℃ or （25 -30） ℃ significantly reduced the maturation rate （41.90%, 18.40% ） and cleavage rate （9.09%, 13.04% ）, and the ovaries could not develop into blastocysts at these two temperature ranges. It can be concluded that the optimal transport temperature of the sheep ovaries is 20 - 25 ℃, and incubation at 14 - 18 ℃ overnight in vivo does not affect the developmental competence of oocytes.

Effects of Storage Temperature on the Effective Activity of Straw Frozen Semen after Thawing

The aim was to discuss the optimal storage environment and proper insemination time after thawing of 0.25 mL straw frozen semen. Straw frozen semen was thawed at 40 ℃ for 20 s, and then stored at 0 -4 ℃, 14 - 16 ℃, 25 -27 ℃ for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h, respectively. The sperm motility was detected. After thawing, semen was stored at 0 - 4 ℃ and 14 - 16 ℃ for 10 h. Their sperm motilities （0.434 ±0. 016 7 and 0.423 ±0.019 6） had no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） with initial thawing motility （0.441 ± 0.030）. Sperm motility reduced as the storage time prolonged at 25 -27 ℃. Sperm motility after 6 h had signifi- cant differences with that of initial thawing motility （P 〈 O. 05 ）, and sperm motilities after 8 and 10 h showed extremely significant differences （P 〈 0.01 ）. Thus, sperm motility after thawing was still very high after stored at 0 -4 ℃ and 14 - 16 ℃ within 10 h, which met the requirements for insemination. Under this temperature and time ranges, sperm could be carried over long distances, which had small effects on sperm quality and reached the expected insemination effects. However, under the temperature of 25 - 27 ℃, semen should be used for insemination within 6 h after thawing.

Effects of Storage Temperature on Postharvest Physiology of Amorphophallus cormifer Microbulb

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the optimum storage temperature of Amorphophallus cormifer microbulbs.[Methods]With A.cormifer as the raw material,the effects of different storage temperatures(4,12 and 20℃)on postharvest physiology of A.cormifer during the storage period of 80 d were investigated.[Results]There was no significant difference in starch content among the treatments,and the content of reducing sugar at 4℃was significantly higher than those of other treatments during the storage period.There was no significant difference in total water content among treatments,and the specific gravity of free water at 4℃was significantly lower than those at 12 and 20℃,respectively.At 60 d post storage,the POD activity at 4℃was significantly higher than those at 12 and 20℃,respectively.At the 80th day of storage,the PPO activity at 4℃was significantly lower than those at 12 and 20℃,respectively.[Conclusions]The low temperature of 4℃is more conducive to the storage of A.cormifer microbulbs,and the results also provide the theoretical basis for long-term storage of A.cormifer bulbs.

Interfacial built-in electric field and crosslinking pathways enabling WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction with robust sodium storage at low temperature

Developing efficient energy storage for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)by creating high-performance heterojunctions and understanding their interfacial interaction at the atomic/molecular level holds promise but is also challenging.Besides,sluggish reaction kinetics at low temperatures restrict the operation of SIBs in cold climates.Herein,cross-linking nanoarchitectonics of WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,featuring built-in electric field(BIEF),have been developed,employing as a model to reveal the positive effect of heterojunction design and BIEF for modifying the reaction kinetics and electrochemical activity.Particularly,the theoretical analysis manifests the discrepancy in work functions leads to the electronic flow from the electron-rich Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) to layered WS_(2),spontaneously forming the BIEF and“ion reservoir”at the heterogeneous interface.Besides,the generation of cross-linking pathways further promotes the transportation of electrons/ions,which guarantees rapid diffusion kinetics and excellent structure coupling.Consequently,superior sodium storage performance is obtained for the WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,with only 0.2%decay per cycle at 5.0 A g^(-1)(25℃)up to 1000 cycles and a high capacity of 293.5 mA h g^(-1)(0.1A g^(-1)after 100 cycles)even at-20℃.Importantly,the spontaneously formed BIEF,accompanied by“ion reservoir”,in heterojunction provides deep understandings of the correlation between structure fabricated and performance obtained.

Effect of dietary protein sources and storage temperatures on egg internal quality of stored shell eggs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various protein sources(soybean meal, SBM; cottonseed protein, CSP; double-zero rapeseed meal, DRM) on the internal quality(Haugh unit, yolk index,albumen pH,yolk hardness and yolk springiness) of eggs when stored at either 4 or 28℃ for 28 d. A total of 288 laying hens(32 wk of age) were randomly allotted to 6 treatment groups(4 replicates per treatment) and fed diets containing SBM, CSP, or DRM individually or in combination with equal crude protein content(SBM-CSP, SBM-DRM, and CSP-DRM) as the protein ingredient(s). A 6 x 2 factorial arrangement was employed with dietary types and storage temperatures(4 and 28℃) as the main effects. After 12 wk of diet feeding, a total of 216 eggs was collected for egg internal quality determination.The results showed as follows: 1) lower egg quality was observed in the DRM group compared with the other groups when stored at 4 and 28℃ for 28 d(P < 0.05), while there was no difference in egg internal quality among the other groups. 2) The CSP diet resulted in higher yolk hardness compared with the other diets when eggs were stored at 4℃ for 28 d(P < 0.05). Lower Haugh unit was observed in the DRM and SBM-DRM groups compared with the other groups when eggs were stored for 28 d at 4℃(P < 0.05).3) Yolk breakage occurred in the DRM group and eggs could not be analyzed for egg internal quality when stored at 28℃ for 28 d. The overall results indicated that CSP or DRM as the sole dietary protein source for laying hens may adversely affect the internal quality of stored eggs as compared with the SBM diet, and half replacement of CSP combined with SBM may maintain similar egg quality to SBM diet alone for eggs stored under refrigerated conditions.

Changes in Physicochemical,Cooking and Sensory Characteristics of Rice Shifted from Low-temperature Storage

The physicochemical, cooking, and sensory characteristics of stored rice were measured in order to investigate the quality changes in it after low-temperature storage. The quality of the stored rice was compared to that of the rice stored at ambient temperature(20℃, 30%–70% RH) at a 25 d interval during 200 d of storage. The rice was stored in a temperature controller at 4℃ for 3 months and later under a simulated condition similar to that of the main rice consumption areas in China(35℃, 80% RH and 30℃, 70% RH). The results showed that the fatty acid value, b value, and moisture content of rice stored at 35℃, 80% RH and 30℃, 70% RH had increased significantly, whereas its L value had decreased as compared to the rice stored at ambient temperature. Higher temperature storage caused a greater water uptake, whereas the dry mass in the residual cooking water notably reduced under the storage at 35℃ as compared to that at 20℃. Hardness increased and adhesiveness reduced under the storage at 35℃ as compared to that at 20℃. The shelf life of the stored rice which was shifted from a low temperature to three storage conditions used in this study was 75 d, 100 d and 150 d, respectively, in the main rice consumption areas of China.

Viability of Two Freeze-dried Strains of Bifidobacterium Preparations at Various Temperatures during Prolonged Storage

Viability of bifidobacteria in freeze-dried probiotic products at various temperatures during prolonged storage was assessed. Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium infantis were freeze-dried. The freeze-dried preparations were stored at -18 , 4 , and 20 ℃. Cell counts were enumerated using BS agar at 37 ℃ for 48 h under anaerobic conditions at 0, 45 and 120 days. Storage at 20 ℃ showed the greatest decline in the viability of bifidobacteria, whereas that at -18 ℃ showed the least decrease.

Effect of Different Preservation Treatments on the Room Temperature Storage of “Gala” Apple

In this experiment," Gala" apples were used as test materials,and 1-MCP treatment and fresh-keeping film packaging were used for storage at room temperature.The results showed that the storage effects of 1-MCP treatment and fresh-keeping film packaging were better than those of the control.Moreover,1-MCP treatment was better than fresh-keeping film packaging in hardness,soluble solids content,titratable acid content,and inhibition of ethylene release.

Effect of Low Temperature Storage on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Dragon Fruit

In order to explore the best storage temperature and storage period of dragon fruit seeds,with the constant-humidity germplasm cold storage of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences as a platform and storage temperature as an environmental factor,the germination characteristics of dragon fruit seeds and seedling growth characteristics under low temperature storage(8,4,-1,-10℃)and room temperature storage(25-30℃)over time were explored.The results showed that with the extension of the storage time,the seed germination rates,germination index,healthy seedling rates,seedling heights and fresh weights of 10 seedlings of the three dragon fruit varieties showed basically the same trends,showing a downward trend.After 367 d of cold storage,the germination rate decreased from 100%to 92.33%-98.00%,and the room temperature treatments decreased to 54.00%-86.30%;and the healthy seedling rates of cold-stored seeds decreased from 96.33%-98.00%to 77.33%-97.3%,and the values of the room temperature treatments dropped to 12.00%-68.33%.The germination rates,germination index,healthy seedling rates and seedling heights of the three dragon fruit varieties stored at low temperatures were basically significantly higher than those of the room temperature treatments within 367 d of storage.The germination rates of the three varieties stored at 8℃had no significant differences from other low temperature treatments,but the germination index was significantly lower than other low temperature treatments at 367 d.It showed that low temperature storage at-10-8℃could significantly prolong the vigor and storage time of dragon fruit seeds.Considering cost and other factors,it is better to store dragon fruit seeds in a dry environment at 4℃.The seeds stored at 4℃for 1 year showed a germination rate maintained over 90%and a healthy seedling rate over 85%.

Analysis on the Changes in Fruit Quality of ‘Beishan’ Apricots during Storage at Room Temperature

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the changes in fruit quality during storage of local high-quality apricot variety ‘Beishan’ in Xinjiang at room temperature, and to clarify the suitable storage time of the variety. [Methods] Under normal temperature storage conditions, the changes of fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acid, soluble sugar, vitamin C and rot rate were observed every day. [Results] With the increase of storage days at room temperature, the fruit weight and firmness of ‘Beishan’ apricots gradually decreased;the contents of titratable acid and vitamin C decreased gradually;and the contents of soluble solids and soluble sugar increased slightly on the 2^(nd) day of storage, and then gradually decreased. The fruit quality began to decline sharply after the 6^(th) day of storage. The fruit began to rot on the 3^(rd) day of storage, and the rot rate was higher than 60% and increased significantly after the 6^(th) day. After the ‘Beishan’ apricots were stored at room temperature until the 6^(th) day, the fruit quality began to decline sharply, and the rot rate exceeded 60%. The suitable storage time at room temperature was about 6 d. [Conclusions] This study provides data support for the research and promotion of the ‘Beishan’ variety.

High-temperature energy storage dielectric with inhibition of carrier injection/migration based on band structure regulation

Dielectric capacitors have a high power density,and are widely used in military and civilian life.The main problem lies in the serious deterioration of dielectric insulation performance at high temperatures.In this study,a polycarbonate(PC)-based energy storage dielectric was designed with BN/SiO_(2)heterojunctions on its surface.Based on this structural design,a synergistic suppression of the carrier injection and transport was achieved,significantly improving the insulating properties of the polymer film.In particular,the composite film achieves optimal high-temperature energy-storage properties.The composite film can withstand an electric field intensity of 760 MV m^(-1)at 100℃and obtain an energy storage density of 8.32 J cm^(-3),while achieving a breakthrough energy storage performance even at 150℃(610 MV m^(-1),5.22 J cm^(-3)).Through adjustment of the heterojunction structure,free adjustment of the insulation performance of the material can be realized;this is of great significance for the optimization of the material properties.

小麦种子在不同贮存条件下保存10年后生活力的差异

冬小麦农大139含水量为6.7%和11.8%。分别密封保存于室温和0～5℃冰箱。10年后,测定其发芽势,发芽率等指标,结果表明:①在室温条件下,含水量为11.8%的种子全部死亡,含水量为6.7%的种子有近50%的发芽率同保存前种子发芽率相比明显下降。②在0～5℃冰箱保存的种子,两种含水量均达到80%左右的发芽率,同保存前相比没有明显差别。统计分析表明,贮存温度及贮存温度和种子含水量的互作对贮存种子活力的影响达到极显著水平。

Modeling and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Thermal Power Plant with High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage(HTTES)

This paper presents the recent research on the study of the strategies for the flexible operation of the thermal power plant to meet the requirement of load balance. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of bringing the High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage(HTTES) to the thermal power plant steam-water cycle, to identify the suitable HTTES in the cold(hot) section of the reheating pipeline and to test the efficiency of the HTTES integration to increase the flexibility of peak shaving and energy efficiency via thermal power plant with HTTTES modelling and simulation. Thermoflex was adopted to perform the simulation and a 300 MW subcritical coal-fired power plant model was implemented onto the software platform. The simulation results show that it is feasible to extract steam from the steam turbine to charge the HTTES, and to discharge the stored thermal energy back to the power generation process, and to analyse the improved capability of the plant flexible operation with HTTES. Then the study was extended to analyse the effect of thermal energy temperature, the opening of the regulating valve, and the pipeline pressure loss aspects on thermal efficiency of the whole plant. The study is beneficial to achieve more economic operation of the thermal power plant with HTTES integration. It is concluded that the introduction of the HTTES can improve the consumption of wind power, and these ideas and methods for solving the energy consumption of the renewable energy and reducing the peak energy consumption are provided.

Lowering the cost of large-scale energy storage:High temperature adiabatic compressed air energy storage

Compressed air energy storage is an energy storage technology with strong potential to play a significant role in balancing energy on transmission networks,owing to its use of mature technologies and low cost per unit of storage capacity.Adiabatic compressed air energy storage(A-CAES)systems typically compress air from ambient temperature in the charge phase and expand the air back to ambient temperature in the discharge phase.This papers explores the use of an innovative operating scheme for an A-CAES system aimed at lowering the total cost of the system for a given exergy storage capacity.The configuration proposed considers preheating of the air before compression which increases the fraction of the total exergy that is stored in the fom of high-grade heat in comparison to existing designs in which the main exergy storage medium is the compressed air itself.Storing a high fraction of the total exergy as heat allows reducing the capacity of costly pressure stores in the system and replacing it with cheaper thermal energy stores.Additionally,a configuration that integrates a system based on the aforementioned concept with solar thermal power or low-medium grade waste heat is introduced and thoroughly discussed.

Formation mechanisms of reactive carbonyl species from fatty acids in dry-cured fi sh during storage in the presence of free radicals

This study aimed to better understand the changes of fatty acids in dry-cured fish during storage,and to analyze the reactive carbonyl species(RCS)formation mechanism primarily from the standpoint of oxygen-derived free radical reactions interactions.Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids in dry-cured fish.The content of unsaturated fatty acids in dry-cured fish increased over time at 4℃,while decreased at 25℃.Singlet oxygen,superoxide anion and hydroxyl-alkyl radical levels increased with time,and more free radicals were yielded in the samples held at 25℃.Redundancy analysis revealed that hydroxyl-alkyl radicals had the greatest influence on the oxidation of lipids.Hydroxyl-alkyl radicals and singlet oxygen levels were positively correlated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal(HNE),malondialdehyde(MDA),peroxide value and acid value levels,but adversely to 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal(HHE)and fatty acids levels.Moreover,HNE and MDA were both inversely linked with fatty acids contents.It is possible that the intermediates of lipid oxidation undergo oxidation,cleavage and other reactions due to free radical activity,resulting in the generation of aldehyde precursors.These findings help us further characterize the lipid oxidation and RCS formation mechanism in dry-cured fish during storage.

Mechanical characteristics of Hanfu apple at low temperature

To find out a low temperature storage method for the maintenance of Hanfu apple’s firmness,crispness and moisture content,three storage methods in refrigerator,large cellar,and small cellar were experimented.Tests and comparisons were conducted for parameters including maximum absolute deformation,elastic modulus,firmness in compression test,and weight loss rate using mechanical characteristics monitoring and regular weighing during and after storage.Five testing groups with different pretreatments were arranged for refrigerator tests.The results showed that lower weight loss rates were achieved in two cellars than in the refrigerator;and difference between the large and small cellars was insignificant.However,cellar storage was only feasible for a relatively short term.Refrigeration storage with humidification sealing treatment yielded the optimal result in maintaining firmness,crispness and moisture of Hanfu apples,showing advantage in long-term storage.

Comparative Study on Methods for Computing Soil Heat Storage and Energy Balance in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Observations collected in the Badan Jaran desert hinterland and edge during 19-23 August 2009 and in the Jinta Oasis during 12-16 June 2005 are used to assess three methods for calculating the heat storage of the5-20-cm soil layer.The methods evaluated include the harmonic method,the conduction-convection method,and the temperature integral method.Soil heat storage calculated using the harmonic method provides the closest match with measured values.The conduction-convection method underestimates nighttime soil heat storage.The temperature integral method best captures fluctuations in soil heat storage on sub-diurnal timescales,but overestimates the amplitude and peak values of the diurnal cycle.The relative performance of each method varies with the underlying land surface.The land surface energy balance is evaluated using observations of soil heat flux at 5-cm depth and estimates of ground heat flux adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The energy balance closure rate increases and energy balance is improved when the ground heat flux is adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The results achieved using the harmonic and temperature integral methods are superior to those achieved using the conduction-convection method.

Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels functionalized with chitosan for supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance

Three-dimensional porous nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels（NGAs） were synthesized by using graphene oxide（GO） and chitosan via a self-assembly process by a rapid method.The morphology and structure of the as-prepared aerogels were characterized.The results showed that NGAs possesed the hierarchical pores with the wide size distribution ranging from mesopores to macropores.The NGAs carbonized at different temperature all showed excellent electrochemical performance in 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte and the electrochemical performance of the NGA-900 was the best.When working as a supercapacitor electrode,NGA-900 exhibited a high specific capacitance（244.4 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g）,superior rate capability（51.0% capacity retention） and excellent cycling life（96.2% capacitance retained after 5000 cycles）.

Effect of Fe Content on the Interfacial Reliability of SnAgCu/Fe—Ni Solder Joints

Fe-Ni films with compositions of Fe-75Ni, Fe-50Ni, and Fe-30Ni were used as under bump metallization （UBM） to evaluate the interracial reliability of SnAgCu/Fe-Ni solder joints through ball shear test, high temperature storage, and temperature cycling. The shear strengths for Fe-75Ni, Fe-5ONi, and Fe-3ONi solder joints after reflow were 42.57, 53.94 and 53.98 MPa, respectively, which were all satisfied the requirement of industrialization （〉34.3 MPa）. High temperature storage was conducted at 150, 175 and 200 ℃. It was found that higher Fe content in Fe-Ni layer had the ability to inhibit the mutual diffusion at interface region below 150 ℃, and the growth speed of intermetallic compound （IMC） decreased with increasing Fe concentration. When stored at 200 ℃, the IMC thickness reached a limit for all three films after 4 days, and some cracks occurred at the interface between IMC and Fe-Ni layer. The activation energies for the growth of FeSn2 on Fe-30Ni, Fe-5ONi, and Fe-75Ni films were calculated as 246, 185, and 81 kJ/mol, respectively. Temperature cycling tests revealed that SnAgCu/Fe-5ONi solder joint had the lowest failure rate （less than 10%）, and had the best interfacial reliability among three compositions.