Diversity of Stored Grain Insect Pests in the Logone Valley, from Northern Cameroon to Western Chad Republic in Central Africa

Insects are major pests of stored grains. In sub Sahara Africa, stored grain insect pests are mainly Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. In the Logone Valley, area covering the Far North Region of Cameroon and South-West of Chad, to our knowledge, the diversity of insect pests noxious to stored products is not established. These beetles and weevils （Insecta：Coleoptera） during their development depreciate food in storage, were able to destroy a whole stock in a very short period of time if no protection of stored food is made. To achieve the diversity of insect pests, inspections of granaries were done in 209 villages of Logone Valley where insect pests were collected and identified. Secondly, the stored grains were sampled in peasant＇s granaries of Logone Valley and reared in incubators in the Unit of Entomological Research of the University of Ngaound6r6. After their emergence, insects were removed, collected and identified. Their noxious efficiency on stored grains is done by the calculation of the density of each insect pests per gram of grains. This study indicates that 12 species of harmful insects attack cereals and leguminous grains in the Logone Valley during storage. The Bruchids were the main insect pests of legumes. Callosobruchus maculatus was the main pest of legume and attacking mainly cowpeas （34.92 bruchids/g of seed） and peanuts （20.75 bruchids/g of seed）. Seven harmful species destroy the cereals. Sitophilus zeamais is the main pest of maize （15.86 weevils/g of maize） and S. oryzae, for sorghum （36.59 weevils/g of maize）. Tribolium castaneum were the main secondary pest. T. castaneum infests both cereals and leguminous. This work summarizes the importance and the diversification of stored grain pests in Logone Valley. Knowing the pest diversity is an important step in the strategy to develop a friendly and ecological control method of these harmful insects.

A novel high-voltage light punch-through carrier stored trench bipolar transistor with buried p-layer

A novel high-voltage light punch-through（LPT） carrier stored trench bipolar transistor（CSTBT） with buried p-layer（BP） is proposed in this paper.Since the negative charges in the BP layer modulate the bulk electric field distribution,the electric field peaks both at the junction of the p base/n-type carrier stored（N-CS） layer and the corners of the trench gates are reduced,and new electric field peaks appear at the junction of the BP layer/N drift region.As a result,the overall electric field in the N drift region is enhanced and the proposed structure improves the breakdown voltage（BV） significantly compared with the LPT CSTBT.Furthermore,the proposed structure breaks the limitation of the doping concentration of the N-CS layer（NN CS） to the BV,and hence a higher NN CS can be used for the proposed LPT BP-CSTBT structure and a lower on-state voltage drop（Vce（sat）） can be obtained with almost constant BV.The results show that with a BP layer doping concentration of NBP = 7 × 10^15 cm^-3,a thickness of LBP = 2.5 μm,and a width of WBP = 5 μm,the BV of the proposed LPT BP-CSTBT increases from 1859 V to 1862 V,with NN CS increasing from 5 × 10^15 cm^-3 to 2.5 × 10^16 cm^-3.However,with the same N-drift region thickness of 150 μm and NN CS,the BV of the CSTBT decreases from 1598 V to 247 V.Meanwhile,the Vce（sat） of the proposed LPT BP-CSTBT structure decreases from 1.78 V to 1.45 V with NN CS increasing from 5 × 10^15 cm^-3 to 2.5 × 10^16 cm^-3.

Method for pests detecting in stored grain based on spectral residual saliency edge detection

Pests detecting is an important research subject in grain storage field.In the past decades,many edge detection methods have been applied to the edge detection of stored grain pests.Although some of them can realize the stored grain pests detecting,precision and robustness are not good enough.Spectral residual(SR)saliency edge detection defines the logarithmic spectrumof image as novelty part of the image information.The remaining spectrumis converted to the airspace to obtain edge detection results.SR algorithm is completely based on frequency domain processing.It not only can effectively simplify the target detection algorithm,but also can improve the effectiveness of target recognition.The experimental results show that the edge results of stored grain pests detected by SR method are effective and stable.

Effects of Stored Pollens from Wild <i>Actinidia eriantha</i>Vines on Some Fruit Quality Traits

Our study was conducted to determine In vitro germination ability of pollens from 25 wild Actinidia eriantha genotypes after one year freeze storage, afterwards we examined fertilization ability of stored pollens of 8 genotypes selected according to In vitro test results from aforementioned 25 genotypes, and finally investigated effects of stored viable pollens from “MH67”, “MH55”, “MH48” and “MH45” genotypes on fruit quality characters of the female experimental plant “M3” as the main purpose. Non-pollinated “M3” kiwifruit plant was taken as control. We found that In vitro germination and fertilization ability of different stored pollen sources, and also fruit quality characters including dry matter, total sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C, total polyphenol, total flavonoid, chlorophyll (“a”, “b”, and total) and carotenoid contents except total soluble solid content were significantly different. MH67 and MH45 genotypes were evaluated as the most suitable pollenizers which can be recommended as new candidate cultivars because of long term storage ability and brought about desired fruit quality characters. They also will be investigated more at further breeding studies.

Anisotropic Continuum Stored Energy Functional Solved by Lie Group and Differential Geometry

An anisotropic continuum stored energy (CSE), which is essentially composed of invariant component groups (ICGs), is postulated to be balanced with its stress work done, constructing a partial differential equation (PDE). The anisotropic CSE PDE is generally solved by the Lie group and the ICGs through curvatures of elasticity tensor are particularly grouped by differential geometry, representing three general deformations: preferred translational deformations, preferred rotational deformations, and preferred powers of ellipsoidal deformations. The anisotropic CSE constitutive models have been curve-fitted for uniaxial tension tests of rabbit abdominal skins and porcine liver tissues, and biaxial tension and triaxial shear tests of human ventricular myocardial tissues. With the newly defined second invariant component, the anisotropic CSE constitutive models capture the transverse effects in uniaxial tension deformations and the shear coupling effects in triaxial shear deformations.

Using Genetic Algorithm as Test Data Generator for Stored PL/SQL Program Units

PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity of the execution of a specific operation behind a name. Also, it acts as an interface between SQL database and DEVELOPER. Therefore, it is important to test these modules that consist of procedures and functions. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA), as search technique, is used in order to find the required test data according to branch criteria to test stored PL/SQL program units. The experimental results show that this was not fully achieved, such that the test target in some branches is not reached and the coverage percentage is 98%. A problem rises when target branch is depending on data retrieved from tables;in this case, GA is not able to generate test cases for this branch.

Prevalence of Wolbachia in 10 Tenebrionidae stored-product insects and spatiotemporal infection dynamics in Tribolium confusum(Jaquelin Du Val)(Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)

Insect symbionts Wolbachia used for pest population control has focused on vector pest species and agricultural insects while rare reports in Chinese stored-product insect samples.In this paper,we surveyed the prevalence of Wolbachia using a PCR detection method in ten Tenebrionidae stored-product insects.Subsequently,the spatiotemporal Wolbachia infection dynamics in Tribolium confusum and Wolbachia elimination patterns using tetracycline treatment were investigated in detail by TaqMan®probe real-time quantitative PCR,and host reproductive fitness parameters were compared.T.confusum was the only Wolbachia infected species in all the surveyed species.Wolbachia infection density consistently increased with the development of T.confusumand plateaued at 3.7×107 wsp copies per individual insect at the young adult stage.Wolbachia densities in females were higher than that in males with a significant difference at the pupae stage and varied among different tissues and organs.Uninfected female beetles were completely incapable of producing mature progenies when crossed with Wolbachia infected males.Embryogenesis and egg hatch rate were specifically inhibited after Wolbachia elimination,while other traits,including the number of eggs,pupation rate and sex ratio,remained unaffected by tetracycline treatment.Our results showthat the TaqMan®probe qPCR is a reliable detection method for quantifying the density of Wolbachia as compared to qualitative detection of wsp gene by PCR and relatively quantified by real-time qPCR.The fitness results indicated that Wolbachia infection was not an obligate symbiont and benefited the host confused flour beetle.

THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE EFFECTOF OXYGEN DIFFUSION ON THE FUNCTIONOF PLATELETS STORED IN BLOOD BAGS

In this paper,from the oxygen diffusion point of view we study the effect of thepolyvinyl chloride （PVC） blood bags plasticized by several different plasticizers onthe function of platelets stored in them.Measured by Archer’s modifieative method,the diffusion oxygen capacities are 4,17 （PVG-DNUP,diffusion area 92cm2,as be-low）,3.51 （PVC-AEHTC）,2.78 （PVC-DEHP） and 2.01 （PVC-TEHTM） μmoleO2/hr.With coplasticized bags,we find that their diffusion oxygen capacities are e-

Stored energy analysis of Zn-5Al eutectic alloy in superplastic deformation

The stored energy and the energy release during SPD (superplastic deformation) of a Zn-5 Al alloy were studied. The alloy after rolling process gains more stored energy, and the as-rolled specimen can obtain maximum elongation and minimum flow stress without hot holding treatment before SPD. Experimental results show that stored energy release process is along with SPD process and is also an impetus to SPD. The as-rolled Zn-5Al alloy has 48 J/mol stored energy which was measured with DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) and conforms well to the calculated value. The as-rolled Zn-5Al alloy after SPD with an elongation of 2 500% releases 112 J/mol stored energy. Analysis shows that the strain rate is in direct ratio to the rate of stored energy release.

THE PERIODIC VARIATION OF MOTION OF ^(171)Yb^+STORED ION IN PAUL RF TRAP

The periodic variation of motion of 171Yb+ stored ion in a Paul r.f.trap is observed.The reason of which and its influence to the uncertainty and stability of stored ton frequency standard are going to be studied.

High performance carrier stored trench bipolar transistor with dual shielding structure

We propose a novel high performance carrier stored trench bipolar transistor(CSTBT)with dual shielding structure(DSS-CSTBT).The proposed DSS-CSTBT features a double trench structure with different trench profiles in the surface,in which a shallow gate trench is shielded by a deep emitter trench and a thick oxide layer under it.Compared with the conventional CSTBT(con-CSTBT),the proposed DSS-CSTBT not only alleviates the negative impact of the shallow gate trench and highly doped CS layer on the breakdown voltage(BV),but also well reduces the gate-collector capacitance CGC,gate charge Q_(G),and turn-off loss E_(OFF)of the device.Furthermore,lower turn-on loss E_(ON)and gate drive loss E_(DR)are also obtained.Simulation results show that with the same CS layer doping concentration N_(CS)=1.5×10^(16)cm^(-3),the BV increases from 1312 V of the con-CSTBT to 1423 V of the proposed DSS-CSTBT with oxide layer thickness under gate(T_(og2))of 1μm.Moreover,compared with the con-CSTBT,the C_(GC)at V_(CE)of 25 V and miller plateau charge(Q_(GC))for the proposed DSS-CSTBT with T_(og2)of 1μm are reduced by 79.4%and 74.3%,respectively.With the VGEincreases from 0 V to 15 V,the total QGfor the proposed DSS-CSTBT with T_(og2)of 1μm is reduced by 49.5%.As a result,at the same on-state voltage drop(V_(CEON))of 1.55 V,the E_(ON)and E_(OFF)are reduced from 20.3 mJ/cm^(2)and 19.3 mJ/cm^(2)for the con-CSTBT to8.2 mJ/cm^(2)and 9.7 mJ/cm^(2)for the proposed DSS-CSTBT with T_(og2)of 1μm,respectively.The proposed DSS-CSTBT not only significantly improves the trade-off relationship between the V_(CEON)and E_(OFF)but also greatly reduces the E_(ON).

Effect of Indole Butyric Acid on the Transportation of Stored Calcium in Malus hupehensis Rhed. Seedling

Calcium （Ca） plays an important role in the metabolism of higher plants. Recently, research on Ca^2＋ in plants has been focused especially at the cellular and molecular levels. Uptake, transport, and distribution are also very important for Ca to accomplish its function at the whole-plant level. In this experiment, one-year-old apple seedlings （M. hupehensis Rehd.） were investigated to determine the distribution of stored Ca, the different forms of Ca, and Ca^2＋-ATPase activity after treatment with indole butyric acid （IBA）. The results showed that the total Ca measured in mature leaves and Ca^2＋- ATPase activity in tender leaves were higher compared with those in the control （CK）. Calcium nitrate and calcium chloride （ALe-Ca） and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate （HAC-Ca） decreased in both mature leaves and shoots, whereas water-soluble calcium （H2O-Ca）, calcium pectate （NaCl-Ca）, and calcium oxalate （HCl-Ca） increased. The percentage of active calcium, calcium pectate, and water-soluble calcium increased, whereas the percentage of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate decreased. When treated with IBA, calcium fractions and percentage of the different forms of Ca was enhanced in 40 part per million （ppm） IBA compared with 20 ppm IBA and water. The results indicated that IBA increased the percentage of both active calcium （NaCl-Ca and H2O-Ca） in tender shoots and boosted the transportation of stored Ca in plants. IBA promoted Ca^2＋-ATPase activity and Ca^2＋ uptake in tender shoots of M. hupehensis. It can improve the total Ca contents and the relative percentage of Ca.

A Design of Acoustic Signal Wireless Acquisition System for Stored Grain Pests Based on Compressed Sensing

In order to achieve the acoustic signal distributed acquisition of stored grain pests, a novel acoustic signal acquisition system was presented based on the wireless sensor networks. And the system architecture, hardware configuration, and software were introduced in detail. Considering bandwidth limitation of wireless sensor networks, random sampling algorithm based on the compressed sensing theory was proposed. The developed acoustic signal acquisition system was applied in sampling the crawl acoustic signal of Tribolinm castaneum Herbst adults in granary. Preliminary experimentation indicated the rationality and practicability of the developed system and the proposed algorithm. They can implement the remote, real-time, and reliable wireless transmission for the acoustic signal sampled data of multiple points stored grain pests effectively.

The Continuum Stored Energy for Constitutive Modeling Finite Deformations of Polymeric Materials

With symmetries measured by the Lie group and curvatures revealed by differential geometry, the continuum stored energy function possesses a translational deformation component, a rotational deformation component, and an ellipsoidal volumetric deformation component. The function, originally developed for elastomeric polymers, has been extended to model brittle and ductile polymers. The function fits uniaxial tension testing data for brittle, ductile, and elastomeric polymers, and elucidates deformation mechanisms. A clear distinction in damage modes between brittle and ductile deformations has been captured. The von Mises equivalent stress has been evaluated by the function and the newly discovered break-even stretch. Common practices of constitutive modeling, relevant features of existing models and testing methods, and a new perspective on the finite elasticity-plasticity theory have also been offered.

NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITS A RISE OF ATP-INTRODUCED CYTOSOLIC FREE Ca^(2+) CONCENTRATION AND RELEASE FROM INTRACELLULAR STORED Ca^(2+)

Object. The effects of ATP-introduced a rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and inhibition of nitric oxide were investigated. Method. Measurement of free Ca2+([Ca2+] i)of cultured rat tail arterial smooth muscle cells using Fura-2/AM dual excitation wavelength spectrofluorometer. Results. There are two components of [Ca2+] i can be evoked by ATP. One part is Ca2+ entry from Ca2+ channel and formed a plateau. The another part is a peak that released from Ca2+ store. Both of them can be inhibited by NO. Conclusion. The ATP induced [Ca2+] i rise that release Ca2+ from both Insp 3 and ryanochine receptors and Ca2+ entry through calcium channels. The inhibition of NO on ATP induced [Ca2+] i rise that was mediated by cGMP.

Modeling on Heat and Mass Transfer in Stored Wheat during Forced Cooling Ventilation

A mathematical model based on the theory of heat and mass transfer in porous media was developed to simulate the evolution of grain temperature and moisture content in a wheat storage bin during ventilation with cooling air at the constant temperature and humidity.Unlike the previous works on this aspect,the present work was not focused on cooling the stored grain by ventilation with ambient air,but with the refrigerated air.Validation was performed by comparing between predicted and measured grain temperature and grain moisture content for two cases.Predicted data were in reasonable good agreement with measured ones.The model and the parameter values used in the model are applicable for predicting temperature and moisture of stored grains under ventilation conditions.

Diatomaceous earths as alternatives to chemical insecticides in stored grain

Diatomaceous earth （DE） is a natural inert dust used to control insect pests in stored grain as an alternative to synthetic residual insecticides. Various DE formulations are now registered as a grain protectant or for structural treatment in many different countries throughout the world. The mode of action of DE is through the absorption of cuticular waxes in the insect cuticle, and insect death occurs from desiccation. The main advantages of using DE are its low mammalian toxicity and its stability. The main limitations to widespread commercial use of DE are reduction of the bulk density and flowability of grain, irritant hazards during application and reduction in efficacy at high moisture contents. This paper is an updated review of published results of researches related to the use of DEs and discusses their potential use in large-scale, commercial storage and in small scale applications.

Potential of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the oxadiazine indoxacarb for controlling five coleopteran pests of stored grain

The potential for using imidacloprid （a neonicotinoid） and indoxacarb （an oxadiazine） as grain protectants was investigated in bioassays against resistant strains of five stored grain beetles. The species investigated were Rhyzopertha dominica （E） （the lesser grain borer）, Sitophilus oryzae （L.） （the rice weevil）, Tribolium castaneum （Herbst） （the rust-red flour beetle）, Oryzaephilus surinamensis （L.） （the saw tooth flour beetle）, and Cryptolestesferrugineus （Stephens） （the fiat grain beetle）. Each of these species has developed resistance to one or more protectants, including organophosphorus insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids and the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene. Mortality and re- production after a 2-week exposure of adults to treated wheat depended on species, dose and insecticide. Imidacloprid had no effect on S. oryzae at any dose, but none of the other species produced any live progeny at 10 mg/kg. Indoxacarb had no effect on T. castaneum at any dose, but none of the other species produced any live progeny at 5 mg/kg. The results show that although both imidacloprid and indoxacarb can control at least four of the five key pests tested at doses comparable to those used for organophosphorus protectants, more potent neonicotinoid or oxadiazine insecticides would be needed than either of these to provide broad spectrum protection of stored grain .