Stormwater Runoff Pollution in a Rural Township in the Hilly Area of the Central Sichuan Basin,China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships.To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township,a catchment(2.32 ha) in Linshan Township,Sichuan,China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation,flow rate,and total nitrogen(TN),dissolved nitrogen(DN),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved phosphorus(DP),particulate phosphorus(PP),chemical oxygen demand(COD) and suspended solid(SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007.Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha-1 for TN,6.64 kg ha-1 for TP,1186 kg ha-1 for COD,and 4297 kg ha-1 for SS.DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff.TP,COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes,in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume.The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches.The EMC values of TN,TP,DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity,precipitation,total flow volume,and runoff duration(P<0.05,n=12),while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics.The FF30(FF,First Flush) for TN,TP,COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.

Discharge Water Quality Models of Storm Runoff in a Catchment

The relationships between the water qualities of nitrogen and phosphorous contents in the discharge water and the discharge of storm runoff of an experimental catchment including terraced paddy field are analyzed based on experiment results of the catchment. By summarizing the currently related research on water quality models, the water quality models of different components of storm runoff of the catchment are presented and verified with the experiment data of water quality analyses and the corresponding discharge of the storm runoffs during 3 storms. Through estimating the specific discharge of storm runoff, the specific load of different components of nitrogen and phosphorus in the discharge water of the catchment can be forecasted by the models. It is found that the mathematical methods of linear regression are very useful for analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the water discharge of storm runoff. It is also found that the most content of the nitrogen (75%) in the discharge water is organic, while half of the content (49%) of phosphorus in the discharge water is inorganic.

Environmental Factors, Constraints and Risks of Rainwater Runoff in Commune II of Maradi (Republic of Niger)

The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.

Distributions of typical contaminant species in urban short-term storm runoff and their fates during rain events:A case of Xiamen City

The pollutants in urban storm runoff, which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities, are of great concems. The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated. The concentrations of various contaminants, including organic matter, nutrients （i.e., N and P） and heavy metals, were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff. The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen （TN 6-19 mg/L） and total phosphorus （TP 1-3 mg/L）. A large proportion （around 60%） of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen （TDN） species in most runoff. The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP. In addition, only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals, and both Pb （25-120 μg/L） and Zn （0.1-1.2 mg/L） were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff. Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species （50%-99%）, which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased. This would have the great impact to the environment.

Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China

The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total ni- trogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September 6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 rag/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants.

Green roofs for storm water management:a review

The rapid urbanization and industrialization involve an unsustainable use of natural systems,leading to various problems in cities.The urban hydrological system experiences fluctuating amount of surface runoff water when it rains heavily.It has been suggested that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in tropical climate.Green roofs have become popular due to its proven benefits by mitigating urban heat island effects and protecting biodiversity.The annual rainfall and runoff relationship for green roofs is determined by the depth of the substrate.Water retention capacity mostly depends on substrate's physical conditions such as dry or wetness.Generally 6 mm to 12 mm rainfall is required for dry substrate to initiate runoff whereas response of wet conditions is mostly straight.Besides,there are some other factors affecting runoff dynamics such as type of a green roof and its slope,age of green roof,type of vegetation,soil moisture characteristics,weather.The review indicates that there is not much research in green roofs performance over storm water runoff;hence there is a need for further research.This paper reviews and addresses the role of green roofs in urban storm water management.

城市建成区海绵容量评估与排水系统优化设计

低影响开发理念成为解决我国城市化所带来的洪涝灾害、面源污染、水生态破坏等城市水问题的新思路。灰-绿基础设施联用可同时达到削减径流量和污染负荷的目的。但区域本底海绵容量、绿色基础设施调蓄量与关键设计参数缺乏定量依据。该研究通过SWMM模型模拟、数值计算和现场实测评估研究区域本底海绵容量,结合综合径流系数法明确了研究区域水敏感区分级,其海绵容量分级为优、良、中、差、极差5级的子汇水区占比分别为8.6%、9.1%、24.6%、55.0%和2.7%,绝大部分子汇水区分级为中和差;结合现场实测和RECARGA模型模拟,明确了绿色基础设施海绵容量及灰色基础设施入流参数,结果表明:相较于填料厚度变化,绿色基础设施对降雨量大小的响应更为明显。从排水管道系统优化和灰-绿组合排水系统优化两个方面进行了系统方案设计,构建了灰-绿联用雨水调蓄技术路径,为其关键设计参数的选取和管道改造方案的制定提供了有效依据。

基于低影响开发理念的给水厂设计

为应对因雨水径流量改变而导致的水安全问题,以合肥某给水厂为例,探讨利用低影响开发技术调节厂区径流的可能性,并建立基于SWMM的水文模型,校核调控效果。结果表明:分散式布设下凹式绿地、雨水花园、绿色屋顶、透水铺装4种LID措施,在5 a重现期内,厂区地表径流削减率平均值达到61.95%,地表下渗率平均提高36.90%,洪峰流量平均减小73.59%,节点积水量平均减少79.74%,年径流总量控制率达到77.27%,比目标年径流总量控制率提高2.27%,降低了厂区内涝风险,为安全生产提供了保障。

基于SWMM-MIKE21耦合模型的圩区海绵城市建设效果评估研究

该研究基于SWMM模型和MIKE21模型的耦合使用,针对江苏省连云港市徐圩新区的海绵城市建设进行了水文和水质的综合评估。通过SWMM模型模拟陆地雨洪管理和MIKE21模型模拟湖泊水动力及水质,实现了两模型在水动力水质模块中的耦合,主要分析了雨洪控制、径流减量、污染负荷减少以及水质的改善。研究结果显示,模型拟合精度高(MSE为0.787,MAPE为6.72%),表明模型能够准确反映出海绵城市建设的效果。实施海绵设施后,徐圩新区的年径流总量控制率达到76.92%,面源污染负荷由80%降至40%,湖泊的最高水位降低了0.02 m,水质得到显著改善。这一耦合模型的应用有效评估了海绵城市建设的综合效益,为类似区域提供了科学的技术参考和实践指导,对促进区域水安全和水环境持续改善具有重要的实际意义。

面向复杂情景的SWMM水质参数敏感性分析

为了研究多种降雨情景下不同下垫面类型的水质参数敏感性,采用修正Morris筛选法解析了SWMM的水质参数敏感性总体特征,阐明了不同降雨强度和下垫面类型对水质参数敏感性的影响程度,揭示了各水质指标的高敏感参数分异特征。结果表明:高敏感及敏感参数数量及敏感性随降雨强度增大而增加,暴雨条件下道路和绿地水质参数敏感性水平显著升高,而降雨峰现时间滞后会导致部分高敏感水质参数的敏感性降低,敏感性从高到低依次为径流指数、最大积累量、冲刷系数、速率常数、半饱和常数;下垫面类型对高敏感及敏感水质参数数量的影响程度高于降雨条件;屋顶的敏感性参数数量及其敏感性总体较大,主要受下垫面面积占比和透水性影响,农田氨氮的径流指数敏感性显著高于化学需氧量、总磷、总氮,与肥料水解及氨氮流失过程有关。

深圳新城公园低影响开发改造工程效果

暴雨管理模型用于评价中国广东省深圳市新城公园低影响开发改造工程的径流控制效果.采用实测数据进行模型参数率定与验证,研究不同降雨条件下的场次径流总量削减率、径流峰值削减率、峰现时刻延后时间、年径流总量控制率及影响因素.模拟结果表明,当以2~50 a一遇的短历时设计降雨事件进行模拟时,改造后的径流过程线相对平缓,径流峰值削减率为30.4%~47.2%,峰现时刻延后了17~26 min;当以监测场次降雨事件和连续多年降雨事件作为模型输入时,改造后的径流总量控制率分别为70.7%~94.8%和79.8%.研究表明,深圳新城公园低影响开发改造工程对高频降雨条件下产生的径流总量、径流峰值具有良好的削减作用,对低频降雨条件下产生的径流总量及峰值削减效果有限,新城公园低影响开发设施长期运行工况下的雨水径流控制效果依然显著.

基于SWMM的银川市金凤区雨洪模拟及LID效果评估

针对城市内涝及非点源污染问题,从海绵城市建设的角度出发,以银川市金凤区作为研究区域,采用SWMM建立雨洪模型,选取设计雨峰系数为0.4的5种降雨重现期和降雨重现期为0.5 a的4种雨峰系数共9场降雨,评估研究区在下凹式绿地、透水铺装、雨水花园、下凹式绿地组合透水铺装及雨水花园组合透水铺装5种LID方案下对径流及4种污染物的控制效果。模拟结果表明:随着重现期的增大,5种方案的径流控制率及污染物负荷削减率均有所减小;下凹式绿地组合透水铺装方案的削减效果最为显著,重现期为0.5~5 a时,该方案径流控制率均大于65%,污染物负荷削减率均大于45%;重现期为10 a时,径流控制率及TSS、COD、TP与TN负荷削减率分别为61.38%、42.86%、58.23%、44.03%和55.95%;重现期为0.5 a时,随着雨峰系数的增大,5种LID方案的径流控制率及污染物负荷削减率的变化均不明显。LID方案对中小重现期降雨有较好的控制效果,但因组合方案各措施间受到相互作用及不透水面积等因素的影响,并未达到“1+1>2”的叠加效应,最优方案还需深入研究。

基于SWMM模型的城市排水模拟应用研究

城市积水、内涝问题随城镇化进程的不断加快而日益严重。为有效解决这一问题,分析其出现的原因,以武汉市谌家矶片区为例,基于SWMM模型,结合城市DEM数据和雨水管网规划数据构建了城市排水模型,以溢流雨水井数量和超载管段长度为评价指标,模拟了不同雨峰位置系数和径流系数下雨水管的排水能力,并对评估指标做归一化处理,评估了雨峰位置系数和径流系数对城市排水的影响。结果表明:(1)积水雨水井数量、超载管段长度均正相关于径流系数和雨峰位置系数,城市积水内涝情况随径流系数和雨峰位置系数的增大而加剧,且受径流系数的影响更为严重;(2)不同评价指标下的相对敏感度有明显差异,径流系数对地面积水影响较大,雨峰位置系数对管段超载影响较大。

基于SWMM模型的城市水环境污染情况模拟

以我国某南部沿海城市30 km2的范围为研究区域,构建城市排水系统现状和新建工程措施工况下城市管网河道水质动态预测模型,计算分析区域雨季污染负荷,对比现状和排水工程建设措施实施后的河道水质浓度在2021年雨季和旱季情况下的变化。结果表明:利用SWMM模型可计算分析雨季的污染负荷,雨污混接是影响该区域河道水质污染的重要因素;SWMM模型可模拟分析管网河道水质污染,雨污分流、活水调度、生态护坡、海绵城市等排水工程建设措施可有效改善雨季和旱季的河道污染状况;通过模型预测可对城市排水系统进行科学评价,有助于为流域排水设施新建提出指导性意见。

南昌市朝阳新城径流污染特征研究及SWMM模型构建

以南昌市朝阳新城作为研究区域,选取了3类城市功能区(物流区、居住区、公建区)进行研究,根据降雨实测数据,以悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)作为主要水质指标,研究不同城市功能区径流污染物随降雨强度、降雨历时的变化规律,分析地表径流中各项水质指标变化原因;并构建SWMM径流污染模型,通过径流污染水质的监测数据,结合降雨情况,不断优化调整率定得到SWMM模型的相关参数。研究结果表明,朝阳新城不同功能区地表径流中同一污染物质量浓度截然不同,在整个降雨历时内,SS污染初期冲刷效应明显,而COD和TP污染随降雨强度的增减变化明显,均呈现出滞后性的特点;物流区SS污染较其他功能区更严重,居住区COD污染最严重,公建区TP污染最严重;各项水质指标模型模拟值与实测值吻合度高,水质参数率定结果可靠。该研究结果为径流污染控制提供了参数依据。

上海城市降水径流营养盐氮负荷及空间分布

在野外采样和室内化学分析的基础上 ,研究了上海市区、郊区各不同功能区内降水径流中营养元素氮的含量水平及其空间分布差异。研究结果表明 ,城市降水径流中营养元素氮具有较高的含量水平 ,其中TIN、NH4 -N、NO3-N的均值含量分别为 7.45、3 .14、2 .98和 1.33mg/L ,与同期河流水体中氮含量相比 ,降水径流中营养元素氮对河流水中氮含量水平具有重要的贡献 ,反映城市降水径流是一种不容忽略的非点污染源。从城市降水径流中营养元素氮负荷的空间分布来看 ,在工业区、交通要道 ,氮含量普遍偏高 ,而在居民居住区和商业区 ,氮含量普遍较低 ;此外 ,市区和郊区相比 。

社区尺度绿色基础设施暴雨径流消减模拟研究

当前快速的城市化进程导致了城市地区内涝事件频繁发生。绿色基础设施是减轻城市洪涝的有效措施之一。SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)等模型的复杂性使得规划管理者对模型的操作和应用存在困难,而且缺乏对绿色基础设施径流消减机制的展现。目前的研究中,比较单个与综合绿色基础设施配置径流消减效果的研究相对较少。基于水量平衡和城市水文过程,开发了社区尺度绿色基础设施消减作用的暴雨径流模型,并以北京市一典型社区为例,模拟研究了一年一遇和五年一遇两种暴雨条件下不同绿色基础设施配置对暴雨径流流量和峰值的消减效率。结果表明:用两场野外监测的降雨和径流数据验证模型得到的决定系数分别为0.68和0.71,纳什效率系数分别达到0.99和0.96,表明模型是可靠的。在一年一遇和五年一遇两种暴雨条件下,将常规绿地改造成5 cm深度的下凹式绿地,径流量分别减少了8.23%和23.30%,径流峰值分别减少了20.31%和29.11%;在建造300 m3调蓄池的情景下,径流量分别减少了84.90%和20.97%,径流峰值分别减少了88.99%和0.10%;在50%的不透水地表铺装透水砖情景下,径流量分别减少了46.51%和38.52%,径流峰值分别减少了39.96%和35.48%。3种绿色基础设施都可以较好的消减社区暴雨径流,但是随着暴雨强度的增强,下凹式绿地的消减效果略增强,调蓄池的消减效果变差,透水砖铺装的消减效果较稳定。综合3种措施对暴雨径流具有显著消减效果,可以100%消减一年一遇暴雨产生的径流,在五年一遇设计暴雨条件下,分别消减75.47%的总径流量和64.52%的径流峰值。

厦门市城市绿地雨洪减排效应评价

城市绿地在对雨水的渗透、滞留和调蓄方面具有非常显著的作用,能够有效削减城市的雨洪流量,缓解内涝压力.以海绵城市试点——厦门市为典型区,在日降雨数据、土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、城市绿地空间分布数据和城市建成区空间范围数据等多源数据的支撑下,系统评价了厦门市建成区城市绿地的雨洪减排效应.其中,雨洪减排效应的实物量通过SCS(Soil Conservation Service)模型进行评估,价值量则利用替代市场法进行估算.结果表明:2010年厦门市单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为262. 28 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为4 385. 40×10~4m^3,减排服务价值为2. 75×108元;2015年单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为335. 77 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为7 634. 37×10~4m^3,减排服务价值为5. 49×108元.城市绿地面积、降水量及其时程分配是影响城市绿地雨洪减排效应的关键因子,在其共同驱动下,2015年厦门市城市绿地的雨洪减排效应较2010年显著增加.研究显示,SCS模型在数据输入和参数率定等方面具有显著优势,能够在地理空间上连续模拟厦门市整个建成区的产流量,进而实现行政区单元和城市绿地类型单元雨洪减排效应的双重评价,3种城市绿地类型(乔木、灌木和草本)单位面积的雨洪减排效应并无明显差异,受绿地面积支配,厦门市80%的城市绿地雨洪减排效应由乔木绿地产生.

城市降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应对BMPs选择的启示

指出城市降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应(FFE)在城市非点源污染的研究中占有重要地位。综述FFE的判定及大小定量化方法、季节性FFE的概念和污染物的相态对FFE的影响。FFE初中期雨水径流污染物浓度高的特性,为选择经济高效的最佳管理措施(BMPs)提供了理论依据和重要启示。结合FFE及冲刷过程中污染物的形态提出的工程BMPs,能使资源配置和污染控制效果达到最优化,为城市公共管理部门的决策和实践提供建议。

雨水干管污染物输送规律研究

根据城市汇水面源头污染物的径流冲刷规律 ,进一步从理论上推导分析了降雨径流通过任意多个雨水口汇入雨水干管后的污染物输送数学模型及规律 ,并结合现场取样分析数据对输送规律进行了验证 ,分析了部分实测数据与理论模型存在一定偏差的原因。基本掌握了城市雨水管系中污染物的输送规律 。