Straightening out Legal Procedures

China’s top legislature mulls giving the green light to class action litigations The long-awaited amendment of China’s Civil Procedure Law has taken a crucial step.On October 28,the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress(NPC),China’s top legislature,reviewed a draft amendment to the law for the first time.

RESEARCH ON STRAIGHTENING TECHNOLOGY CAM SYSTEM

Automatic straightening process is a nonlinear process, and affected by manyfactors. The straightening technology CAM system has been designed and built up to straightenshafts, which mainly consists of the straightening technology's database and the model ofstroke-controlled precise straightening calculation model. The operational test of the CAM systemhas been passed.

Innovation in the Computing System of Straightening Force

Currently in China, the computing system of the straightening force of the six-rollers straightening machine generally follows the traditional computing system. The force status of the traditional computing system for the straightening force deviates far away from the actual force status of the roller system in the six-rollers straightening machine. In the traditional system, the computing model of the straightening force of the six-roller straightening machine was based on the roller shape of hyperbola, which led to the length of the contacting line between the tube and the straightening roller to be excessively short, i.e., only 0.1~）.2 of the length of the roller. Thus the constructed computing system has relatively large difference from the actual measured result. To solve the above problems, flattening straightening and bend straightening are analyzed on the basis of materials mechanics and bend beam theory, the roll er shape using the envelope method of A.I4.~e：mKoB is generated, and a new computing system for straightening force in six-rollers straightening machine is built. The roller shape of the straightening roller, on which the new computing system for the straightening force is based, is designed according to the envelope method under the condition of ideally full contacting between the tube and the roller body of the straightening roller, therefore the new computing model accords with the practical status of straightening force. According to the comparison of the new computing system with finite element method and the actual measured result of straightening force, it has been proved that the computation accuracy of the new computing system for straightening force satisfies the practical requirements of engineering. New six-rollers straightening machines are designed and manufactured according to the new calculation system, and the new machines not only have higher precision and quality, but also have adopted the force sensor and computer and combined with the new computing system for straightening force to realize the fully automatic adjustment of the straightening machine. The new six rollers straightening machine have obtained notable economical and social benefits.

The Role of Corrugation Die Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy (AA 5083) Processed by Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening

The microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy (AA 5083) processed through Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening (RCS) was studied. The RCS process consists of corrugating a flat specimen with a pair of systematically grooved dies and straightening was done with two parallel flat dies. The aluminium samples were subjected to RCS process using two different die: Die I-semi grooved die with breath = height = 5 mm and θ = 30。 and Die II-semicircular profile with radius = 10 mm. The specimens were subjected to maximum 8 passes for die I but the other one went upto 14 pass. The grain refinement was studied from the microstructure examination using TEM. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and the grain size were compared. The tensile strength and hardness were found increasing with respect to the number of passes. The tensile strength increased 25% in the sixth pass when compared to the parent material. But the strength and hardness values were reduced at 8th pass due to the surface cracks. The TEM studies showed that the Die-I is superior to Die-II in terms of grain refinement.

A Solution of Drawing Straightening Roller Curve by Conjugate Revolving Quadric Theory

Based on the theory of conjugate revolving quadric theory,the analytic method of calculating the straightening roller curve in the procedure of straightening the bar has been given. Meanwhile,the equations,which describe roller curve and the longitudinal section,are given and simulated in computer. A brief method of designing and drawing the straightening roller curve is introduced.

The mathematic model of tension straightening process of magnesium alloy and experimental validation

The stress-strain curve of bending bar and the stress relax curve of AZ31 was obtained by a tension test using Gleeble-1500.The tension straightening process mainly consisted of the elastic loading-I and unloading stage,the elastic loading-II and unloading stage,and the elastic-plastic loading stage,which were based on the stretch force change during straightening.The circular bar straightening under one-dimensional bending was investigated and assumed to be linear strain-hardening elastic-plastic material.According to the elastic-plastic mechanics theory,the mathematical displacement-force model of a tension straightening process established,on which was based,the predicted displacement of tension straightening for various original deflection was calculated.The tension straightening experiment for AZ31 magnesium was conducted under the guidance of the predicted displacement.The experiment results present good straightness when there is a stress relaxation phenomenon or the temperature of tension straightening is 25℃.

Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of curved root canals after mechanical preparation with three nickel-titanium rotary instruments

Cone beam computed tomography is a 3-dimensional high resolution imaging method. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different NiTi rotary instruments used to prepare curved root canals on the final shape of the curved canals and total amount of root canal transportation by using cone-beam computed tomography. A total of 81 mesial root canals from 42 extracted human mandibular molars, with a curvature ranging from 15 to 45 degrees, were selected. Canals were randomly divided into 3 groups of 27 each. After preparation with Protaper, Revo-S and Hero Shaper, the amount of transportation and centering ability that occurred were assessed by using cone beam computed tomography. Utilizing preand post-instrumentation radiographs, straightening of the canal curvatures was determined with a computer image analysis program. Canals were metrically assessed for changes （surface area, changes in curvature and transportation） during canal preparation by using software SimPlant; instrument failures were also recorded. Mean total widths and outer and inner width measurements were determined on each central canal path and differences were statistically analyzed. The results showed that all instruments maintained the original canal curvature well with no significant differences between the different files （P=0.226）. During preparation there was failure of only one file （the protaper group）. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, all instruments maintained the original canal curvature well and were safe to use. Areas of uninstrumented root canal wall were left in all regions using the various systems.

Effect of flame heating pass on microstructure and properties of A6N01 aluminum alloy welded joint

Flame heating combined with water cooling was used to straighten A6N01 aluminum alloy welded joint and effect of flame heating pass on its microstructure and mechanical properties was studied. Results showed that the flame induced the precipitation and growth of the Mg_2Si phase on the Al substrate for the thermal aging A6N01 aluminum alloy welded joints,thus it led the decrease of micro-hardness and tensile strength of the A6N01 aluminum alloy welded joint with the increase of the heating pass. However,the fatigue property of the flame heated joint was improved because the Mg_2Si precipitation hindered the initiation and propagation of the fatigue crack.

High-temperature mechanical properties of near-eutectoid steel

The high-temperature mechanical properties of near-eutectoid steel were studied with a Cleeble-1500 simu- lation machine. Zero strength temperature （ZST）, zero ductility temperature （ZDT）, hot ductility curves, and strength curves were measured. Two brittle zones and one plastic zone were found in the temperature range from the melting point to 600℃. Embrittlement in zone I is caused by the existence of liquid film along dendritic interfaces. Ductility loss in zone Ⅲ mainly results from precipitates and inclusions as well as S segregation along grain boundaries. Pearlite transformation also accounts for ductility deterioration in the temperature range of 700-600℃. Moreover, the straightening temperature of the test steel should be higher than 925℃ for avoiding the initiation and propagation of surface cracks in billets.

COLD-WORKING AND HEAT-CRACKING IN Ni-Cu-BASE MONEL ALLOY K-500

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Processing practice of Baosteel drill pipes

Drill pipe products are the most critical service requirement,the highest performance requirement and the highest quality reliability OCTG products.Through the continuous research on steelmaking,upset, heart treatment,straightening and friction welding,Baosteel improves the key technical parameters which affect the quality of drill pipe,such as material purity,Miu of internal upset transition area,toughness and straightness.Baosteel drill pipe products have met the demanding requirement of drilling operations.By BRP dephosphorization and LF desulfurization,the P,S content of Baosteel drill pipe is very low.The S content of S-135 drill pipe can be controlled in less than 10ppm.Baosteel designs a new closed-loop control system of upset end induction heating system.The system use temperature measurement inside the oven and closed-loop control.The temperature accuracy of the system can be guaranteed within the±15℃to get a stable upset quality.The upsetting process of the drill pipe is optimized by using patented technology and made the Miu from 100 mm to 140 mm.This make a substantial increase in fatigue life of the drill pipe.To improve the impact toughness of the drill pipe body,the drill pipe body material is changed from Cr-Ni-Mo system to Cr-Mo-V system and the heat treatment is changed from oil quenching to water quenching.To improve the impact toughness of the tool joint,the tool joint furnace is upgraded to improve heating capacity.To improve the impact toughness of the weld zone,a new fuzzy control system of weld zone heat treatment is developed.The temperature accuracy of the system can be guaranteed within the±5℃to get a stable heat treatment quality.A new drill pipe straightness automatic detection devices and self-learning method of straightening are developed to achieve automated straightening.A welding process with high speed,single-stage pressure and high forging force is applied to inertia friction welding.A welding process with low speed,three-stage pressure and low forging force is applied to continous friction welding.

Improvement on straightness of metal bar based on straightening stroke-deflection model

The straightening technics is one of important means to improve the straightness of metal bar. A nove way of predicting the straightening stroke is proposed based on mathematical methods and bending experimental and numerical simulation. The experimental and numerical simulation is conducted by following the mathematical load-stroke model of press straightening process under the elastic-plastic theory. For the linear guide rails, as an example, the stroke-deflection model focusing on the straight-ening stroke prediction can be achieved by contrasting and integrating the bending experimental results and finite element methods (FEM) simulation data. And then the formula for predicting the straightening stroke is presented based on the precise straightening stroke-deflection model. The stroke prediction formula with high precision can be applied to the straightening stroke prediction in the high straightness metal bar manufacturing process and automatic straightening machine conveniently.

Principle of Multi-roller Straightening Process and Quantitative Resolutions of Straightening Strategies

The multi-roller straightening process of section steel is analyzed by the springback theory of small curva- ture plane bending. The theoretical analysis results prove the curvature unification in straightening process and clear- ly reveal the principle of the multi-roller straightening process. The principle can be described as~ the initial curva- tures are reduced by several times anti-bendingl meanwhile the initial curvature differences are diminished and the residual curvatures are unified~ finally, the member after curvature unification is straightened by the last anti-ben- ding. With the plastic region ratios becoming larger, the initial curvatures are more easily unified in straightening process. Based on the plastic region ratios and the required number of roller systems for unifying the initial curva- tures, the large deformation straightening strategy and the small deformation straightening strategy are redefined. The new definition provides an important theoretical basis for setting reliable reduction rules. Through the theoretical analysis results, a new straightener design philosophy is proposed to improve the straightening quality and further increase the adjustment precision as well as the flexibility of the last roller system. The adjustable end roller emerges as the times required, achieving a good effect in practical application.

Bauschinger-Like Effect of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Wide Sheet During the Straightening Process

The Bauschinger-like effect, which showed up in the straightening process of the AZ31 magnesium alloy wide sheet, was investigated through the multi-pass discrete three-point bending–unloading–bending(BUB) experiments. The stress variable, anisotropy, and asymmetry of tension and compression on the straightening process were corresponding to the Bauschingerlike effect. The Bauschinger-like effect in the initial, intermediate, and end of the straightening process was dominated by the twinning, detwinning, and dislocation induced by pyramidal < c + a > slip, respectively. Also, they were responsible for the transformation of the Bauschinger stress parameter(BSP) and Bauschinger energy parameter(BEP). Later, the anisotropic nonlinear kinematic hardening model(ANK model) to describe the Bauschinger-like effect was optimized and simplified.

Continuous bending and straightening technology of Q345c slab based on high-temperature creep deformation

A new continuous bending and straightening casting curve with the aim of full using of high-temperature creep deformation was proposed. The curvature of bending and straightening segment varies as sine law with arc length. The basic arc segment is shortened significantly so that the length of bending and straightening area can be extended and the time of creep behavior can be increased. The distance from so lidifying front in the slab was calculated at 1200 ℃ by finite element method. The maximum strain rate of new casting curve at different locations inside the slab is 6.39 × 10 ^-5 s ^-1 during the bending segment and it tends to be 3.70 × 10 ^-5 s ^-1 in the straightening segment. The minimum creep strain rate is 7.45× 10 ^-5 s ^-1 when the stress is 14 MPa at 1 200 ℃. The strain rate of new casting machine can be less than the mini mum creep strain rate. Thus, there is only creep deformation and no plastic deformation in the bending and straightening process of steel continuous casting. Deformation of slabs depending on creep behavior only comes true. It is helpful for the design of the new casting machine and improvement of old casting machine depending on high temperature creep property.

Effect of Temperature on Grain Size in AA6063 Aluminum Alloy Subjected to Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening

The influence of processing temperature on grain size reduction in AA 6063 aluminum alloy subjected to repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS) is investigated in this work. The aluminum alloy was processed by RCS at different temperatures (room temperature, 100 ℃, 200 ℃ and 300 ℃) till the maximum number of passes possible before failure and the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness were measured. The grain size and their misorientation of grains of the processed samples were analyzed using the electron backscattered diffraction. The results indicated that the transformation of low-angle grain boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries and dislocation tangles were highly dependent on the strain imparted, which could be controlled by selecting the proper processing temperature. As a result, the mechanical properties are affected. In particular, the room temperature tensile strength and hardness values of the processed material decrease with increasing processing temperature.

Effect of process parameters on steel tube roundness in straightening process

The inclined six-roll tube straightener is an important equipment for the finishing line.It can not only straighten the steel pipe,but also finish the ovality of the cross section.In the actual straightening process,the cross section of the tube is prone to deform,that is,the round ness is not good.The flatteni ng displacement is an import a nt parameter to control cross-section forming of tube.According to the established mechanical model,the analytical calculation equations of the flattening force and the flattening displacement were derived using the energy method.Based on the finite element simulation data,the ratios of the finite element results of the什attening force to the analytical ones were fitted.The correlation coefficient after fitting is greater than 99%,and the fitting effect is excelleni.The flattening experiment was carried out on tubes of different materials and different specifications,and the setting method of the optimal flattening displacement during straightening process was obtained.In the actual straightening process,using this flattening displacement,the ovality of straightened steel tube is less than 0.3%.Therefore,the proposed method can provide a reference for the flattening displacement in the actual straightening process.

Longitudinal profiled plate straightening process based on curvature integral method

Considering the variable cross section thickness of longitudinal profiled plate and the dynamic reductions of straightening rolls,an analytical model combining curvature integral method with linear decreasing straightening scheme was proposed to investigate the longitudinal profiled plate straightening process.Moreover,the calculation flow and solution algorithm of longitudinal profiled plate straightening process were presented.To verify the proposed model,calculated straightening forces were compared with the measured values,and very good agreements were achieved.Then,the reduction,contact angle,reverse bending curvature,residual curvature,straightening force and straightening moment of longitudinal profiled plate in the straightening process were calculated and analyzed,and the calculated results show that the curvature integral method can be used to reveal the mechanism of longitudinal profiled plate straightening.

A new design of automatic vertical drilling tool

In order to effectively improve penetration rates and enhance wellbore quality for vertical wells,a new Automatic Vertical Drilling Tool(AVDT)based on Eccentric Braced Structure(EBS)is designed.Applying operating principle of rotary steering drilling,AVDT adds offset gravity block automatic induction inclination mechanism.When hole straightening happens,tools take essentric moment to be produced by gravity of offset gravity lock to control the bearing of guide force,so that well straightening is achieved.The normal tool's size of the AVDT is designed as 215.9 mm,other major components'sizes are worked out by the result of theoretical analysis,including the offset angle of EBS.This paper aims to introduce the structure,operating principle,theoretical analysis and describe the key components'parameters setting of the AVDT.