High temperature strain glass in Ti–Au and Ti–Pt based shape memory alloys

Strain glass is a frozen short-range strain ordered state found in shape memory alloys recently, which exhibits novel properties around the ideal glass transition temperature T_(0). However, the T_(0) of current strain glass systems is still very low, limiting their potential applications and experimental studies. In this paper, we reported two new strain glass systems with relatively high T_(0). In Ti_(50)Au_(50-x)Cr_(x) alloys, the strain glass appears at x = 25, and exhibits a T_(0) of 251 K, while in Ti_(50)Pt_(50-y)Fey alloys, the strain glass takes place at y = 30, and shows a T_(0) of 272 K. Both of them are comparable with the highest T_(0) value reported so far. Moreover, the phase diagrams of main strain glass systems in Ti-based alloys were summarized. It is found that the influence of the martensitic transformation temperature of the host alloy on the T_(0) of the strain glass is limited. This work may help to design new strain glass systems with higher T_(0) above ambient temperature.

Observing strain glass transition in Ti_(33)Nb_(15)Zr_(25)Hf_(25)O_(2)high entropy alloy with Elinvar effect

Exploring the phase transition of high entropy alloys(HEAs)with multiple major elements is of great importance for understanding the underlying physical mechanisms.Macroscopic martensitic phase tran-sition has been frequently reported in HEAs,however,nanoscale microstructural phase evolution has not been investigated to the same extent.Herein,we have prepared the Ti_(33)Nb_(15)Zr_(25)Hf_(25)O_(2)HEA and investi-gated the strain glass transition and its associated properties using dynamic mechanical analysis and mi-crostructure characterization.We have found that the elastic modulus in Ti_(33)Nb_(15)Zr_(25)Hf_(25)O_(2)HEA deviates from Wachtman’s equation and observed the Elinvar effect in the form of temperature-independent mod-ulus in the temperature range from 150 K to 450 K and frequency-dependence modulus around 220 K.The strain glass transition has been evidenced in Ti_(33)Nb_(15)Zr_(25)Hf_(25)O_(2)HEA by the formation and growth of nano-sized domains during in-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)cooling,and substantiated by the broken ergodicity during zero-field-cooling/field-cooling.The strain glass transition is believed to account for the Elinvar effect,where the modulus hardening of nano-sized domains compensates dynam-ically with the modulus softening of the transformable matrix.

Strain glass in defect-containing ferroelastic Ti_(44)Ni_(51)Nb_5 alloy

An abnormal phenomenon was investigated in Ti44Ni51Nb5 alloy which exhibits an absence of martensite transformation and a negative temperature dependence of electrical resistivity with the temperature decreasing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the matrix phase keeps a B2 structure during cooling without a martensite transformation, and dynamic mechanical analysis displays a frequency-dependent AC modulus/loss anomaly at T g according to Vogel-Fulcher relation. Simultaneously, transmission electronic microscope (TEM) analysis manifests the superlattice spots at near 1/3 commensurate position, implying an existence of strain nanodomains with an R-like structure. And above experiment results provide evidence for the “strain glass” transition in defect-containing ferroelastic Ti44Ni51Nb5 alloy.

Temperature-field history dependence of the elastocaloric effect for a strain glass alloy

The singular change of the order parameter at the first order martensitic transformation(MT)temperature restricts the caloric response to a narrow temperature range.Here the MT is tuned into a sluggish strain glass transition by defect doping and a large elastocaloric effect appears in a wide temperature range.Moreover,an inverse elastocaloric effect is observed in the strain glass alloy with history of zerofield cooling and is attributed to the slow dynamics of the nanodomains in response to the external stress.This study offers a design recipe to expand the temperature range for good elastocaloric effect.

High strain rate induced embrittlement of Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Quasi-static and high strain rate mechanical behavior of the Zr_ 1.25Ti_ 13.75Ni_ 10Cu_ 12.5Be_ 22.5 bulk metallic glass was determined covering strain rates from 1.02×10 -4s -1 to 3.258×103s -1. By use of split hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) equipment, it is found that the alloy fractures in the high strain rate period with a strength well below that of its quasi-static counterpart and thus a strain rate induced embrittlement happens. Considering the glassy nature of the alloy and with careful analysis of the fracture morphology, dynamic damage accumulated in the high speed deformation period is suggested to be the reason for this embrittlement.

大掺量废玻璃混凝土受压基本力学性能研究

废玻璃掺入混凝土中有助于解决直接填埋废玻璃造成的环境污染问题,且具有改善混凝土性能的作用。选取粒径为1072μm的废玻璃颗粒和粒径为13μm的废玻璃粉分别大掺量替代混凝土中的砂和水泥,制备废玻璃细骨料混凝土和废玻璃掺合料混凝土,对两种混凝土进行流动性和抗压强度试验,研究废玻璃混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系变化规律和破坏形态,并利用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟两种废玻璃混凝土棱柱体受压破坏过程。研究结果表明:废玻璃细骨料混凝土和废玻璃掺合料混凝土流动性均随废玻璃取代率的增加而增强;废玻璃细骨料混凝土的力学性能在废玻璃取代率为15%时达到最佳;随着废玻璃取代率的增加,废玻璃掺合料混凝土抗压性能大幅减弱;利用过镇海模型计算得到的两种混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系曲线与试验曲线吻合较好;有限元模型能够较好地模拟两种废玻璃混凝土棱柱体单轴受压破坏过程。

装配式桥梁板玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋湿接缝受力与变形分析

为解决装配式桥梁板体系湿接缝处力学性能不稳定、易变形的问题,提出采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案优化湿接缝性能,以雄安新区荣乌高速荣乌主线桥为背景进行研究。选取主线桥2个试验段(试验段A湿接缝采用普通混凝土-U形钢筋方案,钢筋点焊;试验段B湿接缝采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案,钢筋满焊)进行梁板体系湿接缝性能试验,监测湿接缝处搭接钢筋力学响应及混凝土接触面变形特征,同时对长期运载及强降雨影响下的钢筋受力与混凝土变形进行监测。结果表明:长期运载下,试验段B横筋受力约为试验段A的一半,其中部纵筋承受外力远大于试验段A,边缘纵筋承受外力较少,试验段B稳定性更优;试验段B较试验段A在湿接缝部位变形量小,其稳定性及耐久性更优;强降雨阶段,试验段B较试验段A变形及力学响应波动程度更低,其抗渗能力、耐久性更优。由此可知基于玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案的湿接缝构造在外力传导、抵抗变形方面具有较强稳定性,不易受恶劣环境影响。

TMD对人行桥疲劳寿命的影响研究

针对人群运动导致人行结构振动过大而日益突出的疲劳破坏问题,可供参考的研究成果甚少。本文以钢-玻璃人行桥为试验平台开展关于安装TMD前后人致人行桥疲劳性能的研究,采用APS400电子激振器激励模拟人行荷载,通过长期应变监测数据,分析得出了该结构下的疲劳应力谱以及日平均损伤度,进而预估其疲劳寿命。结果表明:安装TMD后,结构1/2处的加速度峰值由0.15 m/s²减少到0.084 m/s²,减振率达44.0%;位移峰值由2.98 mm减少到0.92 mm,减振率达69.1%;应变幅值由40με减少到13με,减振率达67.5%。结构跨中处等效应力幅值最大,疲劳寿命最短,为74年;安装TMD后,结构跨中处疲劳寿命为2880年,延长近39倍,其他测点处依次延长了3.95倍、7.41倍。

废玻璃砂混凝土力学性能与应力-应变关系研究

为有效解决河砂短缺与废玻璃回收再利用问题,将废玻璃制品研磨成砂,取代混凝土中的河砂,制备废玻璃砂混凝土。对废玻璃砂混凝土进行抗压强度测试、弹性模量测试与单轴受压应力-应变曲线测试,分析不同的废玻璃砂取代率对混凝土力学性能的影响规律,利用分段式本构模型描述废玻璃砂混凝土的应力-应变关系,采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟分析废玻璃砂混凝土的受压力学行为。结果表明:随着取代率的提高,废玻璃砂混凝土的力学性能先增强后减弱,当取代率为15%时废玻璃砂混凝土的性能最佳;掺入废玻璃砂对混凝土应力-应变曲线的形态无明显影响;有限元模型能够清晰地反映各试件受压过程中内部损伤的演化规律。

湿热环境下玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料梁阻尼特性的细观力学分析

基于复合材料细观力学,利用能量耗散原理及宏观应变能法建立了湿热环境下玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料层合梁的阻尼预测模型。利用MATLAB软件编写了湿热环境下玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料损耗因子的计算程序,研究了纤维铺设角度、体积分数、铺层顺序以及湿热效应对玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料层合梁阻尼性能的影响规律。结果表明:湿热环境导致材料产生湿热应变是影响阻尼特性的主要机理;玻/碳纤维混杂复合材料层合梁的损耗因子均随温度及吸水浓度的增大而增大,且温度的影响远大于吸水浓度的影响;纤维体积分数越高,受湿热影响程度越大;铺层角度对损耗因子影响远高于湿热、混杂方式、纤维体积分数的影响。

基于玻璃纤维复合筋结构的光栅连续应变传感研究

为解决光纤光栅(FBG)无法实现连续应变传感的问题,提出了采用玻璃纤维复合筋(GFRP)结构的连续应变传感及信号解调方案。建立了在模拟支梁条件下5个测点(其中2个为FBG测点)的GFRP-FBG应变有限元模型,分析了各测点应变与FBG应变的关系,仿真证明该结构可实现连续应变传感。设计了与模型结构一致的GFRP-FBG传感器,并对可调谐扫描信号进行了卡尔曼滤波和最小二乘法二次拟合以保证测量精度。对GFRP-FBG进行应变测量实验,实验选取的3个模拟测点应变值与有限元模型分析基本一致,误差在6.74%以内。研究表明GFRP-FBG为实现光栅连续应变传感提供了可行的解决方案。

High-cycle Fatigue Life Extension of Glass Fiber/Polymer Composites with Carbon Nanotubes

The present work shows that the addition of small volume fractions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes （CNTs） to the matrix results in a significant increase in the high-cycle fatigue life. It is proposed that carbon nanotubes tend to inhibit the formation of large cracks by nucleating nano-scale damage zones. In addition, the contribution to energy absorption from the fracture of nanotubes bridging across nano-scale cracks and from nanotube pull-out from the matrix are mechanisms that can improve the fatigue life. An energy-based model was proposed to estimate the additional strain energy absorbed in fatigue. The distributed nanotubes in the matrix appear to both distribute damage as well as inhibit damage propagation resulting in an overall improvement in the fatigue strength of glass fiber composites.

Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Rosette

In this paper a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Strain Rosette is designed, developed and tested. Traditional FBGs measure strain in only one direction. However, in-plane strain at a point consists of two normal strains and one shear strain. Hence a FBG strain rosette needs to be designed. The sensing principle of FBGs as a strain and temperature sensor and fundamental principles of strain transformation and strain gage rosettes are discussed.FBG strain rosettes are fabricated and embedded in two materials namely, Silicon Gel RTV 146-9 and Glass Fiber Composite Laminates. Experiments were conducted on the FBG strain rosette structures that were embedded in Silicon Gel (RTV 146-9). Initial findings from the experiments as well as preferred embedding material are presented.

Effect of Al addition on formation and mechanical properties of Mg-Cu-Gd bulk metallic glass

The effect of partial substitution of Al for Cu on the glass forming ability(GFA) and mechanical properties of Mg65Cu25-xAlxGd10 (x=0, 1, 3 and 5, molar fraction, %) alloys were studied by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and uniaxial compression test. The result reveals that GFA of the alloys changes slightly with increasing x from 0 to 3, and then abruptly decreases with x increasing up to 5. The plasticity can be greatly improved with appropriate substitution of Cu by Al (3%, molar fraction) in Mg65Cu25Gd10 bulk metallic glass, and the resultant fracture strength, total strain to failure, and plastic strain are 898 MPa, 2.19% and 0.2%, respectively.

CONSTITUTIVE MODEL AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS-CLOTH/EPOXY LAMINATES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

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Synthesis,structure and mechanical properties of Zr-Cu-based bulk metallic glass composites

The unusual glass-forming ability（GFA） of the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 alloy and the high ductility of the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 metallic glass-matrix composites containing Ta powder were reported.The bulk metallic glass rod with a diameter of 25 mm was successfully synthesized using copper mold casting for the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 alloy.High GFA of this alloy was found to be related to a large supercooled liquid region and a quaternary eutectic point with low melting temperature.The bulk metallic glass matrix composites were prepared by introducing extra Ta particles into the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 melt.The composites consist of Ta particles homogenously distributed in the Zr48Cu36Ag8Al8 metallic glass matrix.The optimum content of Ta powder is 10at%for the composite with the highest plasticity,which shows a plastic strain of 31%.

Trace element partitioning between amphibole and hydrous silicate glasses at 0.6–2.6 GPa

Partitioning behavior between amphibole and silicate glass of thirty-three minor and trace elements(Sc,Ti, V, Cr, Co, Rb, Sr, P, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, K, La, Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Pb,Th, and U) have been determined experimentally. Products of crystallization of hydrous basalt melts from 0.6 GPa/860 °C up to 2.6 GPa/970 °C were obtained in a multianvil apparatus. Major and trace element compositions of amphibole and glass were determined with a combination of electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The main mineral phase is calcic amphibole, and the coexisting glass compositions are tonalite, granodiorite, and granite. The compatibility of rare earth elements increase at 915 °C and then decrease at 970 °C, but the compatibility of most of these elements shows a continued, significant increase with increasing pressure. For high-field strength elements, large ion lithophile elements, actinide compatibility decrease with increasing temperature or pressure, but transition metals show a continued increase in compatibility within the temperature–pressure conditions. From mathematical and graphical fitting, we determined best-fit values for the ideal ionic radius(r_0, 1.01–1.04 ?), the strain-free partitioncoefficient(D_0, 1.18–1.58), and apparent Young's modulus(E, 142–370 GPa) for the M4 site in amphibole according to the lattice strain model. The D_0^(M4) for rare earth elements rises at 915 °C and then drops at 970 °C at 0.6 GPa.However, the D_0^(M4) values are positively proportional to the pressure for rare earth elements in the amphibole-glass pairs at 0.6–2.6 GPa and 970 °C. Furthermore, the derived best-fit values for r_0^(M4) and E^(M4) are almost constant and trend to increase with rising temperature and pressure,respectively. The partition coefficient is distinctly different for different melt compositions. The rare earth elements become more enriched in amphibole if the quenched glass is granodiorite or granite compared to the tonalitic glasses.

Comparative study of bulk metallic glass composites with high-volume-fractioned dendritic and spherical b. c. c. phase precipitates

A dendritic β-phase reinforced bulk metallic glass(BMG) composite named as D2 was prepared by rapid quenching of a homogenous Zr60Ti14.67Nb5.33Cu5.56Ni4.44Be10 melt, and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation and room-temperature compression test. The microstructure and mechanical properties were compared with those of the spherical β-phase reinforced composite named as composite S2. It was found that the composite D2 contains β-phase dendrites up to 56% in volume-fraction, and exhibits a ductile compressive behavior with plastic strain of 12.7%. As the high-volumefractioned β-phase dendrites transferred to coarse spherical particles of about 20 μm in diameter in the composite S2, a much improved plastic strain up to 20.4% can be achieved. Micrographs of the fractured samples reveal different interaction modes of the propagating shear bands with the dendritic and spherical β phase inclusions, resulting in different shear strains in the composite samples. The matrix of composite S2 undergoes a significantly larger shear strain than that of the composite D2 before ultimate failure, which is thought to be mainly responsible for the greatly increased global plastic strain of the S2 relative to D2.

Testing of High-Strength Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.

水玻璃模数对地聚物再生混凝土力学性能的影响

采用地聚物为胶凝材料、废弃混凝土为粗骨料,制备了地聚物再生混凝土(GRAC),研究了不同水玻璃模数(n)条件下GRAC的力学性能,分析了其微观结构对力学性能的影响机理.结果表明:地聚物的强度由两种凝胶态水化产物提供,其分别具有层状的水化硅铝酸钙(C-A-S-H)结构和网络状的水化硅铝酸钠(N-A-S-H)结构;GRAC的抗压强度随n降低而增加;GRAC抗压强度的尺寸换算系数与n的大小相关,强度标准差随n增加而减小;在以n为变量的GRAC抗压强度本构方程中,n与GRAC应力-应变曲线的上升段拟合系数为多项式函数关系,与下降段拟合系数为有理分式函数关系.