Wireless Strain Measurement Based on a Microstrip Patch Antenna

Wireless interrogation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for strain measurement is investigated by simulations.To analyze the antenna performance,a microstrip line-feeding patch antenna at 10 GHz is designed.A patch antenna wirelessly fed by a horn is proposed to measure the strain.The direction information of strain detected by the patch antenna is also considered.The strain can be detected both in the width and length directions.It is shown that the strain can be measured wirelessly using a standard horn antenna.This kind of wireless strain-sensing technique offers significant potential for wireless structural health monitoring(SHM),especially for high-end equipment.

Strain Measurement on the Toroidal Field (TF) Coil Cases

The stress-strain state of the structure is a matter of interest to designer. The strain measurement of superconducting magnets at cryogenic temperature is a specific technique. Based on strain measurement of TF coil case for EAST, this paper presents a measuring technique at cryogenic temperature and on intense magnetic field. The compensation methods for both temperature and magnetic field effects of the gauges, together with the measured results are involved, and the discussions of the measured results are given in the paper.

Strain Measurement for Hollow Projectiles During Its Penetration of Concrete Targets

Gives a new technique to measure the dynamic deformation behavior and strain development of a hollow steel projectile during its penetration of concrete targets. Direct strain measurement was performed by applying strain gages attached to the inner walls of the hollow projectile, linked with on-board testing and storage recorder. This on-board test-record system is easy to operate, cost-effective and can provide reasonable, accurate and detailed information. Obverse ballistic experiments were carried out on ogival-nose hollow projectiles normally impacting concrete targets at velocities from 150 m/s to 300 m/s. The deformation process of projectiles was measured, recorded and played back. Profiles of voltage-time relationship were successively obtained and transfered to strain-time relationship with the aid of calibration tables. It was found that projectiles go through a series of compression and tension deformations intermittently. Relationships between strain development and projectile deformation process were discussed.

STRAIN MEASUREMENT IN THE SMART COMPOSITE

The smart composite structure is a new type of structure developed in recent years. It can be used in aircraft or some other important devices. The smart composite structure in which some sensors, actuators and other components are embedded can perform the tasks such damage evaluation, strain measurement, changing stress and suppressing vibration by itself. In the Performance of the tasks above, many parameters must be measured, among which the measurement of strain field is very important. In this paper, some distributed and quasi-distributed embedding optic fiber strain sensors are introduced, and their specialities are discussed.

APPLICATION OF GRATING DIFFRACTION IN STRAIN MEASUREMENT

In this paper a new technique for measuring strain is presented. Using grating as the strain sensor, we can obtain strain and stress components by measuring the deformation of the space position of diffraction spots. The cost of the holographic grating by embossing is much reduced. By using the video and computer techniques the strain and stress values can be obtained automatically.

In-situ strain measurement and error analysis of arc welding with 2D digital image correlation

The deformation and residual stress generated by the welding process can seriously affect the use of components.As a result,it is very important to understand the evolution of stress and strain during the welding process.The strain measurement method based on digital image correlation(DIC)is an excellent method to detect welding strain and residual stress.The out-of-plane translation and out-of-plane rotation introduce errors to the two-dimensional DIC.In this paper,the causes of errors are analyzed theoretically,and the formulas of errors caused by the out-of-plane displacement and the out-of-plane rotation are derived.The out-of-plane translation experiment and the out-of-plane rotation experiment were carried out to verify the theory,and the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis results.The error caused by the out-of-plane translation can be reduced by increasing the object distance;the error caused by the out-of-plane rotation is greatly affected by the rotation angle.

Carrier fringe method of moire interferometry for tiny strain measurements in micro-field

In this paper, we demonstrate a new optical method for tiny strain measurements based on the principle of carrier fringes of moire interferometry. A cross-line grating with frequency of 1200 lp/mm is replicated on the specimen surface, and the strain can be deduced from the changes in carrier fringes before and after the deformation of an object. Four coherent laser beams are used to obtain the carrier fringe patterns of field U and V. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation indicate that the ideal accuracy of strain can be controlled within a range of ±1με. Case study of a plane extension experiment shows that the measurement accuracy of strain can be controlled within the range of ±10με. The average strain values of every row of field U and every column of field V can be obtained by using this method, and approximated strain of every pixel in the whole-field can be further acquired, and thus it is possible to measure tiny strains occurred in a micro-field. The technology in this paper can provide comprehensive information for analyzing related mechanical content in the field of MEMS.

Instantaneous Creep in Face-centered Cubic Metals at Ultra- low Strain Rates by a High-resolution Strain Measurement

Instantaneous creep in face-centered cubic metals, 5N Al（99.999%）, 2N Al （99%） and 4N Cu （99.99%） with different grain sizes, was firstly investigated by sudden stress-change experiments at ultra- low strain rates ε ≤10-10 s-1 and temperature T 〈 0.32 Tn. The experimental results indicate that the observed instantaneous creep is strongly dependent on grain size, the concentration of impurity, and stacking fault energy. Creep in high-purity aluminum, 5N Al, with a very large grain size, d 〉 1600μm, shows non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery of dislocations in the boundary of dislocation cells. On the other hand, for 5N A1 with a small grain size, d=30μm, and low-purity aluminum, 2N A1, with d8= 25μm, creep shows viscous behavior and may be related to ＇low temperature grain boundary sliding＇. For high-purity copper, 4N Cu, with d= 40 grn and lower stacking fault energy, creep shows a non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery process of dislocations. For all of the samples, creep shows anelastic behavior.

Liquid modified photonic crystal fiber for simultaneous temperature and strain measurement

A liquid modified photonic crystal fiber(PCF)integrated with an embedded directional coupler and multi-mode interferometer is fabricated by infiltrating three adjacent air holes of the innermost layer with standard 1.48 refractive index liquids.The refractive index of the filled liquid is higher than that of background silica,which can not only support the transmitting rod modes but also the"liquid modified core"modes propagating between the PCF core and the liquid rods.Hence,the light propagating in the liquid modified core can be efficiently coupled into the satellite waveguides under the phase-matching conditions,resulting in a dramatic decrease of the resonant wavelength intensity.Furthermore,there is a multi-mode interference produced by modified core modes and rod modes.Such a compact(~0.91 cm)device integrated with an embedded coupler and interferometer is demonstrated for high-sensitivity simultaneous temperature(~14.72 nm∕℃)and strain(~13.01 pm∕με)measurement.

Non-uniform strain measurement along a f iber Bragg grating using optical frequency domain reflectometry

A novel method of measuring non-uniform strain along a fiber Bragg grating(FBG) using optical frequency domain reflectometry(OFDR) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. This method can overcome the problems of traditional non-uniform strain measurement methods for FBGs, i.e., the likelihood of chirping and multiple peaking in the spectrum when FBG is subjected to inhomogeneous strain fields. Wavelength interrogation is realized by OFDR with a narrow-line-width tunable laser as the optical source. When non-uniform strain distributions along areas adjacent to structural damage are measured by this method, good agreement is obtained between measurements and theoretical simulation results.

Development of highly sensitive mechanoluminescent sensor aiming at small strain measurement

This paper was focused on the elasticoluminescence(ELS)characteristics,especially a response to small strain(below 1000μst),of mechanoluminescence(ML)sensor using strontium aluminate doped with small amount of europium(SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu)synthesized by different methods.By using nitrate decomposition method as a synthetic method of SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu,the response to small strain of the ML sensor was enhanced in comparison with using a conventional solid-state reaction method.Based on SEM observation and thermoluminescence(ThL)measurement,we proposed a hypothesis that the sensing characteristic of small strain affect the platelike shape of SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu grain and/or shallower carrier trap levels formed by nitrate decomposition method.

Review of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry(ESPI) for Three Dimensional Displacement Measurement

Three dimensional（3D） displacements, which can be translated further into 3D strain, are key parameters tor design, manufacturing and quality control. Using different optical setups, phase-shift methods, and algorithms, several different 3D electronic speckle pattern interferometry（ESPl） systems for displacement and strain measurements have been achieved and commercialized. This paper provides a review of the recent developments in ESPI systems for 3D displacement and strain measurement. After an overview of the fundamentals of ESP! theory, temporal phase-shift, and spatial phase-shift techniques, 3D deformation measurements by the temporal phase-shift ESPI system, which is suited well for static measurement, and by the spatial phase-shift ESPI system, which is particularly useful for dynamic measurement, are discussed. For each method, the basic theory, a brief derivation and different optical layouts are presented. The state of art application, potential and limitation of the ESPI systems are shown and demonstrated.

Strain data recorded in Xinjiang and their bearing on Tianshan’s uplift/shortening and Tarim basin’s rotation

Based on the continuous strain data recorded in Xinjiang since 1985, we discuss the mechanisms of Tianshan＇ s uplift and Tarim basin＇ s clockwise rotation. The results indicate ： 1 ） The principal - compression directions in Tianshan are nearly NS, and their intersection angles with regional structures and mountains are nearly perpendicular, which is in accordance with Tianshan＇ s uplift and crustal shortening. 2）The principal compressions around Tarim basin tend to facilitate the regional faults＇ left-lateral strike-slip movements and the basin＇ s clockwise rotation. These phenomena of uplift/shortening and rotation are fundamentally the re- suits of India plate＇ s northward push on Euro-Asia plate, and the associated Pamir arc ＇ s rapid northward movement and regional blocks＇ interaction.

DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL STRAIN IN 3-D BRAIDED COMPOSITES USING OPTIC FIBER STRAIN SENSORS

A reliable understanding of the properties of 3-D braided composites is of primary importance for proper utilization of these materials. A new method is introduced to study the mechanical performance of braided composite materials using embedded optic fiber sensors. Experimental research is performed to devise a method of incorporating optic fibers into a 3-D braided composite structure. The efficacy of this new testing method is evaluated on two counts. First, the optical performance of optic fibers is studied before and after incorporated into 3-D braided composites, as well as after completion of the manufacturing process for 3-D braided composites, to validate the ability of the optic fiber to survive the manufacturing process. On the other hand, the influence of incorporated optic fiber on the original braided composite is also researched by tension and compression experiments. Second, two kinds of optic fiber sensors are co-embedded into 3-D braided composites to evaluate their respective ability to measure the internal strain. Experimental results show that multiple optic fiber sensors can be co-braided into 3-D braided composites to determine their internal strain which is difficult to be fulfilled by other current existing methods.

Stress and strain analysis on the anastomosis site sutured with either epineurial or perineurial sutures after simulation of sciatic nerve injury

The magnitude of tensile stress and tensile strain at an anastomosis site under physiological stress is an important factor for the success of anastomosis following suturing in peripheral nerve injury treatment. Sciatic nerves from fresh adult cadavers were used to create models of sciatic nerve injury. The denervated specimens underwent epineurial and perineurial suturing. The elastic modulus （40.96 ＋ 2.59 MPa） and Poisson ratio （0.37 ＋ 0.02） of the normal sciatic nerve were measured by strain electrical measurement. A resistance strain gauge was pasted on the front, back left, and right of the edge of the anastomosis site after suturing. Strain electrical measurement results showed that the stress and strain values of the sciatic nerve following perineurial suturing were lower than those following epineurial suturing. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the sciatic nerve fibers were disordered following epineurial compared with perineurial suturing. These results indicate that the effect of perineurial suturing in sciatic nerve injury repair is better than that of epineurial suturing.

Revealing sodium storage mechanism of hard carbon anodes through in-situ investigation of mechano-electrochemical coupling behavior

Hard carbon(HC)is considered a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its relatively low price and high specific capacity.However,HC still suffers from unclear reaction mechanisms and unsatisfactory cycling stability.The study of mechano-electrochemical coupling behavior by in-situ measurement techniques is expected to understand the sodium storage and degradation mechanisms.In this paper,the strain and stress evolution of HC anodes at different sodiation/desodiation depths and cycles are investigated by combining electrochemical methods,digital image correlation,and theoretical equations.The observation by monitoring the in-situ strain evolution during the redox process supports the“adsorption-intercalation/filling”mechanism in reduction and the“de-filling/de-intercalation-deso rption”mechanism in oxidation.Further studies have demonstrated that the strain and stress of the electrode show periodic changes accompanied by a continuous accumulation of residual stress during cycles,explaining the capacity degradation mechanism of HC from a mechanical perspective.In addition,when the higher current density is applied,the electrodes experience greater strain and stress associated with the Na+insertion rate.This work clarifies the Na-storage mechanism and the mechano-electrochemical coupling mechanism of HC anodes by in-situ strain measurement,which helps optimize and design the anode materials of sodium-ion batteries from the perspective of interface microstructure and multi-field coupling,such as in situ integrated interface structure design.

Fiber optic sensing and performance evaluation of a water conveyance tunnel with composite linings under super-high internal pressures

For long-distance water conveyance shield tunnels in operation,the high internal water pressure may cause excessive deformation of composite linings,affecting their structural integrity and serviceability.However,the deformation and failure characteristics of lining structures under internal water pressure are not well investigated in the literature,particularly for three-layer composite linings.This study presents an in situ experimental investigation on the response of two types of composite linings(i.e.separated and combined lining structures)subjected to internal pressures,in which a fiber optic nerve system(FONS)equipped with distributed strain and displacement sensing nerves was employed to monitor the performance of the two composite linings during testing.The experimental results clearly show that the damage of the tunnel lining under different internal pressures was mainly located in the self-compaction concrete layer.The separated lining structure responded more aggressively to the variations in internal pressures than the combined one.Moreover,two evaluation indices,i.e.radial displacement and effective stiffness coefficient,are proposed for describing the changes in the structural bearing performance.The effective stiffness coefficients of the two types of lining structures were reduced by 39.4%and 29.5%,respectively.Considering the convenience of field monitoring,it is suggested that the average strains at different layers can be used as characteristic parameters for estimating the health conditions of lining structures in service.The analysis results provide a practical reference for the design and health evaluation of water conveyance shield tunnels with composite linings.

In-site health monitoring of cement concrete pavements based on optical fiber sensing technology

Premature stress of cement concrete pavements i the coupled action of construction technique,structural ma-terial and environmental action.It is quite diffiault to accurately get the actual stress distribution merely based on the theoretical or simulation analysis.Ther efore,in-situ health monitoring is particularly si gnificant to obtain the stress or strain information for the assessment on structural perfor mance of cement concrete pavements.To contribute this topic,different kinds of FBG based sensors have been specially designed to measure the tem-perature,pressure and deformation in cement concrete pavements.A relatively long-term monitoring has been aonducted to collect the effective data after the solidification of the pavement lasts for about 15 d.Data analysis indicates that the temperature variation inside the pavement was very stable,with maximum ampltude smaller than 2.25°C in Sep.2020.The longitudinal,transverse and ver tical deformations of the pavement behaved in non-umniform distribution,and partial me asuring points suffered from large tensile force.The concrete course had better deformation resi stance than that of the soil base,and local interfacial micro void defects existed in the soil base.The preliminary results can help to understand the actual structural performance of cement concrete pavements based on the optical fiber sensing sys tem.

Monitoring of Real-Time Complex Deformed Shapes of Thin-Walled Channel Beam Structures Subject to the Coupling Between Bi-Axial Bending and Warping Torsion

Structural health monitoring(SHM)is a research focus involving a large category of techniques performing in-situ identification of structural damage,stress,external loads,vibration signatures,etc.Among various SHM techniques,those able to monitoring structural deformed shapes are considered as an important category.A novel method of deformed shape reconstruction for thinwalled beam structures was recently proposed by Xu et al.[1],which is capable of decoupling complex beam deformations subject to the combination of different loading cases,including tension/compression,bending and warping torsion,and also able to reconstruct the full-field displacement distributions.However,this method was demonstrated only under a relatively simple loading coupling cases,involving uni-axial bending and warping torsion.The effectiveness of the method under more complex loading cases needs to be thoroughly investigated.In this study,more complex deformations under the coupling between bi-axial bending and warping torsion was decoupled using the method.The set of equations for deformation decoupling was established,and the reconstruction algorithm for bending and torsion deformation were utilized.The effectiveness and accuracy of the method was examined using a thin-walled channel beam,relying on analysis results of finite element analysis(FEA).In the analysis,the influence of the positions of the measurement of surface strain distributions on the reconstruction accuracy was discussed.Moreover,different levels of measurement noise were added to the axial strain values based on numerical method,and the noise resistance ability of the deformation reconstruction method was investigated systematically.According to the FEA results,the effectiveness and precision of the method in complex deformation decoupling and reconstruction were demonstrated.Moreover,the immunity of the method to measurement noise was proven to be considerably strong.

DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF LASER SPECTRA BASEDON S_R DECOMPOSITION THEOREM

In the Fourier spectral analyzer, the Fourier spectra or the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of an image is formed on the back focal plane when a laser beam is directed on the image lying on the front focal plane. If the image is deformed, its Forier spectra are also subjected to change. Therefore the change of the Fourier spectra provides a particular beautiful insight into the deformation of that image. Through proposing the corresponding relationship between the image and its spectra, and analyzing the change of Fourier spectra, the deformation of the image can be obtained. Based on Fourier optical theory and S-R decomposition theorem of finite deformation, in this paper, a state of the art deformation measurement technique is presented by using laser spectral analysis. The theoretical foundation of this new technique related to mathematics and optics, experimental principle and the technique of automatic recognizing and processing of rile deformed spectral image is discussed. The paper is as a special commemoration and memorial to the death anniversary of Professor Chen Zhida (1927 similar to 1998) , who initially proposed the above academic idea in early 80s.