Effects of Temperature and Disperse Phase of Disordered γ on Strain Hardening Rate of Ni_3Al

Investigations have been made on the effects of temperature and fine disperse phase of disordered γ on strain hardening rate of Ni3Al based alloy. The result is found that there exists a peak temperature for the strain hardening rate of Ni3Al based alloy below the peak temperature of its yield strength. Analysis shows that the appearance of the peak temperature of strain hardening rate is caused by both the decreasing of the movability of <101> superdislocations on {111}slip plane and the increasing of the dynamic recovery in Ni3Al with increasing temperature. A Ni3Al based alloy hardened by disperse phase of disordered γ has been obtained by controlling chemical composition and treating processes. The peak temperature of strain hardening rate of this alloy is increased due to the fine disperse phase of disordered γ, which causes the reductions of the movability of the superdislocations and the dynamic recovery in Ni3Al

Characterization of Tensile Strain Hardening Behaviors for 32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0.3N Cryogenic Austenitic Steel

The strain hardening behaviors of 32Mn-TCr-1Mo-0.3N austenitic steel were characterized by a simple and effective method. The results show that Hollomon relationship is not applicable during total uniform deformation stage. The flow equation was proposed, Inσ=αexp（lnε/b）＋c. The variation rates of strain hardening exponents with true strain at 77 K are obviously higher than that at other temperatures and the value of d^2σ/dε^2 becomes positive during high strain stage. The characters of this variation are principal reasons for increasing elongation at 77 K. The forming of mechanical twin as well as ε-martensite leads to a high elongation at 77 K.

Effects of Grain Size and Cryogenic Temperature on the Strain Hardening Behavior of VCoNi Medium‑Entropy Alloys

The mechanical behavior of VCoNi medium-entropy alloys with five different grain sizes at three different temperatures was investigated.The VCoNi alloys with different grain sizes exhibit a traditional strength–ductility trade-off at 77 K,194 K and 293 K.Both the yield strength and the uniform elongation of the VCoNi alloys with similar grain size increase with decreasing the deformation temperature from 293 to 77 K.Obvious strain hardening rate recovery characterized by an evident up-turn behavior at stage II is observed in VCoNi alloys with the grain size above 11.1μm.It is found that the extent of the strain hardening rate recovery increases with increasing grain size or decreasing deformation temperature.This may mainly result from the faster increase in the dislocation multiplication rate caused by the decrease in the dislocation mean free path,the decrease in the absorption of dislocations by grain boundaries and the dynamic recovery from the cross-slip with increasing grain size,as well as the suppressed dynamic recovery at cryogenic temperatures.The critical grain sizes for the occurrence of the recovery of strain hardening rate are determined to be around 9.5μm,8.3μm and 3μm for alloys deformed at 293 K,194 K and 77 K,respectively.The basic mechanism for the strain hardening behavior of the VCoNi alloys associated with grain size and deformation temperature is analyzed.

Energy absorption characteristics of novel high-strength and hightoughness steels used for rock support

Nowadays,the development of novel metallic materials for rock support have attracted research interests since they can significantly improve the deformation and energy absorption capacities of rock bolts.Although previous studies proved the importance and mechanical advantages of utilizing high-strength and high-toughness(HSHT)steels in rock support,there is no systematic analysis to reveal the essential energy absorption parameter and the guidelines for further development of metallic rock support materials.This paper analyzes the energy absorption characteristics of novel HSHT steels(negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)and twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP)steels)in comparison with conventional rock support materials.A physically based crystal plasticity(CP)model was set up and calibrated to study the effect of strain hardening rate(SHR).Meanwhile,the roles of underlying physical mechanisms,i.e.the dislocation density and twin volume fraction,were studied.The results show that the improvement of energy absorption density(EAD)is essential for further development of rock support materials,besides the increase of energy absorption rate(EAR)for previous development of conventional rock support materials.The increase of EAD requires increases of both strength and deformation capacity of materials.For HSHT steels,the decrease of SHR has a positive effect on the improvement of EAD.In addition,the increase of EAD is followed by the increase of twin volume fraction and the decrease of plastic Poisson’s ratio which can promote deformation plasticity of materials.Meanwhile,the increase of EAR is correlated with the accumulation of dislocation density,which can increase the strength of materials.This paper provides the theoretical basis and guidelines for developing rock support materials in deep underground engineering and other related fields.

Behavior of steel fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete at medium strain rate

Impact compression experiments for the steel fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete(SFRHSC)at medium strain rate were conducted using the split Hopkinson press bar(SHPB)testing method.The volume fractions of steel fibers of SFRHSC were between 0 and 3%.The experimental results showed that,when the strain rate increased from threshold value to 90 s^(-1),the maximum stress of SFRHSC increased about 30%,the elastic modulus of SFRHSC increased about 50%,and the increase in the peak strain of SFRHSC was 2-3 times of that in the matrix specimen.The strength and toughness of the matrix were improved remarkably because of the superposition effect of the aggregate high-strength matrix and steel fiber high-strength matrix.As a result,under impact loading,cracks developed in the SFRHSC specimen,but the overall shape of the specimen remained virtually unchanged.However,under similar impact loading,the matrix specimens were almost broken into small pieces.

EFFECT OF TENSION CONDITIONS ON SUPERPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF AN Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr ALLOY

A much higher elongation of a warm rolled superplastic Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy was made under two-stage strain rate tests comparing with the single ones.During initial stage of deformation a deformation-induced continuous recrystallization which converted a subgrain structure into a recrystallized grain structure by a continuous increase in boundary misorientations had occurred.The higher the strain rate,the faster the continuous recrystallization and the finer the recrystallized grains.The fine recrystallized grain structure formed during the first stage deformation is the essential condition for the material to have high strain rate hardening and strain hardening during the low second stage superplastic deformation.The combination of strain rate hardening and strain hardening is the reason why the higher elongation may be obtained during two-stage superplastic deformation of the alloy.

Compressive Mechanical Properties of Normalized 10^#Low Carbon Steel

Compressive mechanical properties of 10^# lowcarbon steel with normalizing heat treatment are studied. A Gleeble system is adopted to analyze the quasi-static properties and thermal softening effects of heat treated 10^# steel,while a Hopkinson bar apparatus is used to investigate its dynamic characteristics under different strain rates. The results showthat yield stress of heat treated 10^# steel is more than that of untreated one at room temperature. When the specimens are tested at different temperatures,yield stresses decrease with increasing temperature except 573 K. Moreover,the influence of strain rate on yield stress are verified,which shows that the yield stress increases sharply from 500 s^-1 to 1 890 s^-1,while it changes a little from 1 890 s^-1 to 4 850 s^-1. The results indicate that yield stress is mainly influenced by hardening effect at lowstrain rate and controlled by both thermal softening effect and strain rate hardening effect at high strain rate.

Grain refinement and mechanical properties of pure aluminum processed by accumulative extrusion bonding

Ultrafine-grained aluminum processed by a new severe plastic deformation technique, accumulative extrusion bonding (AEB), was investigated. Microstructural characterization indicated good interfacial bonding and an average grain size of ~440 nm was obtained after six passes. Tensile testing revealed that the strength reached the maximum value of 195 MPa and the total elongation exceeded 16% after five passes. The hardness was also significantly improved and almost reached saturation after the first pass. SEM fractography of AEB-processed specimens after tensile test showed that failure mode was shear ductile fracture with elongated shallow dimples. Comparison with conventional accumulative roll bonding indicates that this new AEB technique is more effective in refining grain and improving mechanical properties of the specimens.

Influence of grain size on the tensile ductility and deformation modes of rolled Mg–1.02 wt.%Zn alloy

The influence of grain size on the tensile deformation and ductility for Mg–1.02%Zn(wt.%)alloy was investigated.The uniform elongation is nearly insensitive to the increase of grain size,but the post-uniform elongation is significantly decreased with increasing grain size.The high ductility in the fine-grained samples is due to the lower frequency of twins and increased dynamic recovery from the enhanced activation of prismatic<a>slip.

Comparison between the Methods of Determining the Critical Stress for Initiation of Dynamic Recrystallization in 316 Stainless Steel

Several methods have been proposed to calculate the critical stress for initiation of dynamic recrystallization （σc） on the basis of mathematical methods. One＇ of them is proposed by Stewart et al. in which this critical point appears as a distinct minimum in the （-dθ/dσ vs σ） through differentiating from θ vs σ. Another one is presented by Najafizadeh and Jonas by modifying the Poliak and Jonas method. According to this method, the strain hardening rate was plotted against flow stress, and the value of σc was attained numerically from the coefficients of the third-order equation that was the best fit from the experimental θ-σ data. Hot compression tests were used in the range of 1000 to 1100℃ with strain rates of 0.01^-1 s^-1 and strain of I on 316 stainless steel. The result shows that Najafizadeh and Jonas method is simpler than the previous one, and has a good agreement with microstructures. Furthermore, the value of normalized critical stress for this steel was obtained uc=σc/σp=0.92.

DEFORMATION AND MICROFRACTURE OF GRANULAR BAINITE

Relationship among deformation history,fracture process and stress distribution of granular bainite has been investigated.The main process of fracture of granular bainite is the forma- tion.growth and coalescence of the microvoids.Even though the microcracks have formed at the earlier stage of deformation,they are not fateful for fracture because in the successive deformation stage the microcracks change their orientation toward the tensile axis.The strain hardening rate of granular bainite has a minimal value during the deformation process. Before and after the strain of the minimal value,the material shows different stress distribu- tion and microfracture mechanism.

Effect of low-temperature ausforming on bainitic transformation and mechanical properties in ultrahigh-strength bainitic steel

Low-temperature ausforming(LT-AF)prior to bainitic transformation leads to a noticeable acceleration of bainitic transformation kinetics;however,the effect of LT-AF on the retained austenite(RA)features and the resulting mechanical properties is still unclear.LT-AF was applied to ultrahigh-strength bainitic steel before austempering.The deformation behavior and the resulting dislocation substructures were investigated by thermomechanical simulator and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The planar dislocation structures produced during deformation at 350℃ accelerate the bainitic transformation kinetics during isothermal holding.The effect of LT-AF on the bainitic transformation kinetics and the features of RA was elucidated via dilatometer measurement,TEM,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction.It is observed that LT-AF not only retains more RA content but also facilitates improved RA stability.This trend is mainly due to the large amounts of planar dislocations in RA and bainitic laths inherited from undercooled austenite caused by LT-AF,the decrease in bainitic sheaves size,and the increase in filmy RA content compared to the sample without ausforming.A large fraction of filmy RA with high stability and the refinement of bainitic sheaves obtained by LT-AF remarkably enhance the strain hardening capacity and achieve significantly better ductility compared to the directly austempered sample.

Characterization of the Hot Deformation Behavior of Cu–Cr–Zr Alloy by Processing Maps

Hot deformation behavior of the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy was investigated using hot compressive tests in the tem- perature range of 650-850℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The constitutive equation of the alloy based on the hyperbolic-sine equation was established to characterize the flow stress as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature. The critical conditions for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization were determined based on the alloy strain hardening rate curves. Based on the dynamic material model, the processing maps at the strains of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 were obtained. When the true strain was 0.5, greater power dissipation efficiency was observed at 800-850 ℃ and under 0.001-0.1 s-1, with the peak efficiency of 47%. The evolution of DRX microstructure strongly depends on the deformation temperature and the strain rate. Based on the processing maps and microstructure evolution, the optimal hot working conditions for the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy are in the temperature range of 800-850 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s-1.