Simulation research on the influence of eroded primary key strata on dynamic strata pressure of shallow coal seams in gully terrain

In Huojitu Coal Mine of Shendong mining area, the dynamic strata pressure (DSP) accidents occurred when the working faces passed the gully terrain. Focusing on this problem, we used physical simulation experimental method to thoroughly study the influence of eroded overlying primary key strata (PKS) in the gully terrain on DSP of shallow coal seams in this paper. The result show that when mining activities took place in the uphill section of shallow coal seams in gully terrain and the PKS were eroded, the blocks could not form stable bond-beam structures since the horizontal force of PKS blocks in adjacent sloping surfaces were relatively small. The sliding instability of blocks caused rapid increase of the load on the sub-key strata (SKS) blocks, which resulted into coal slide and roof fall as well as sharp drop of active columns. This led to DSP phenomenon. When the PKS blocks were intact, there was no DSP phenomenon to enable blocks provide certain horizontal force to maintain stable bond-beam structure. The simulation results were verified by the mining practices of working face 21306 crossing the gully terrain in the Huojitu Coal Mine.

Rock Pressure on Tunnel with Shallow Depth in Geologically Inclined Bedding Strata

The method to calculate rock pressure to which the lining structure of tunnel with shallow depth is subjected in geologically inclined bedding strata is analyzed and put forward. Both the inclination angle of bedding strata as well as the internal friction angle of bedding plane and its cohesion all exert an influence upon the magnitude of the asymmetric rock pressure applied to tunnel. The feature that rock pressure applied to tunnel structure varies with the incUnation angle of bedding strata is discussed, At last, the safety factor, which is utilized to evaluate the working state of tunnel lining structure, is calculated for both symmetric and asymmetric lining structures. The calculation results elucidate that the asymmetric tunnel structure can be more superior to bear rock pressure in comparison with the symmetric one and should be adopted in engineering as far as possible.

Mining pressure monitoring and analysis in fully mechanized backfilling coal mining face-A case study in Zhai Zhen Coal Mine

Fully mechanized solid backfill mining(FMSBM) technology adopts dense backfill body to support the roof. Based on the distinguishing characteristics and mine pressure control principle in this technology, the basic principles and methods for mining pressure monitoring were analyzed and established. And the characteristics of overburden strata movement were analyzed by monitoring the support resistance of hydraulic support, the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof, the stress of backfill body, the front abutment pressure, and the mass ratio of cut coal to backfilled materials. On-site strata behavior measurements of 7403 W solid backfilling working face in Zhai Zhen Coal Mine show that the backfill body can effectively support the overburden load, obviously control the overburden strata movement, and weaken the strata behaviors distinctly. Specific performances are as follows. The support resistance decreases obviously; the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof keeps consistent to the variation of backfill body stress, and tends to be stable after the face retreating to 120-150 m away from the cut. The peak value of front abutment pressure arises at 5-12 m before the operating face, and mass ratio is greater than the designed value of 1.15, which effectively ensures the control of strata movement. The research results are bases for intensively studying basic theories of solid backfill mining strata behaviors and its control, and provide theoretical guidance for engineering design in FMSBM.

Experimental investigation on behaviors of bolt-supported rock strata surrounding an entry in large dip coal seam

In order to investigate the behaviors and stability of rock strata surrounding an entry with bolt supporting in large dip coal seams (LDCSs) dipping from 25° to 45°, a self-developed rotatable experimental frame for similar material simulation test was used to build the model with the dip of 30°, based on analyses of geological and technological conditions in Huainan mine area, Anhui, China. The strata behaviors, such as extracting- and mining-induced stresses development, deformation and failure modes, were synthetically integrated during working face advancing. Results show that the development characteristics of mining-induced stress and deformation are asymmetrical in the roadway. The strata behaviors are totally different in different sections of the roadway. Because of asymmetrically geometrical structure influenced by increasing dip, strata dislocating, rock falling and breaking occur in roof. Then, squeezing, collapsing and caving of coal happen in upper- and lower-rib due to shearing action caused by asymmetrical roof bending and dislocating. Owing to the absence of supporting, floor heaving is very violent and usually the zone of floor heaving develops from the lower-rib to upper-rib. Engineering practices show that, due to the asymmetrical characteristics of rock pressure and roadway configuration, it is more difficult to implement bolt supporting system to control rock stability of roadways in LDCSs. The upper-rib and roof of entries are the key sections. Consequently, it is reliable to use asymmetrical bolt-mesh-cable supporting system to control rock stability of roadways based on the asymmetrical characteristics of roadway configuration and strata behaviors.

Unsymmetrical load effect of geologically inclined bedding strata on tunnels of passenger dedicated lines

In order to study the unsymmetrical load effect in geological bedding strata for the Muzhailing tunnel on the Lanzhou-Chongqing passenger dedicated line in China, we investigated the deformation, mechanical response and pressure of the surrounding rock and the mechanical characteristics of bolts of the tunnel. The results suggest that open zones appear at arch and invert where joints open up, when layered stratum is horizontal, or when the dip angle of in- clined bedding is small. Open zones occur perpendicular to a joint. The failure mode is bending disjunction at the arch tain shear displacement, and lead to obvious geological bedding unsymmetrical load. The failure mode is shear damage. For the joint dip angle in the range of 75-90°, the failure mode is flexural crushing at the wall and vertical shear rup- ture above the arch. The restraining effect of two sides weakens for vertical dip. On the whole, shear failure instabilitytrend would occur and the tunnel collapses evenly. When the angle between the bolt and structure plane is greater than 23°, bolts can enhance the shearing stiffness of joint plane. Unfortunately, in the general purpose graph of tunnel for 250 km/h of passenger dedicated lines, the bolts have equal length and spacing. The rationale behind this is worthy offurther study. For inclined bedding, the surrounding rock pressure at the left wall is more than that at the right wall. In addition, lining is likely to be damaged at left shoulder and side wall. With the dip angle increasing, the unsymmetrical load gradually achieves symmetry. Asymmetry design for support is recommended to reduce the unsymmetrical load on lining disturbed by excavation.

基于泥水平衡盾构掘进参数的PSO-BP神经网络掘进地层识别模型研究

为解决泥水平衡盾构机在掘进时无法准确地实时识别掘进地层的问题,以珠三角水资源配置工程为例,研究泥水平衡盾构机的盾构推力、掘进速度、刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩在不同地层下的变化规律,提出基于掘进参数的PSO-BP神经网络掘进地层识别方法,建立盾构推力、掘进速度、刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩4种掘进参数为输入集,地层编码为输出集的地层识别模型。工程数据的验证结果表明,该模型在珠三角水资源配置工程数据集上的掘进地层的识别准确率达99.07%,PSO-BP神经网络算法的识别准确率明显高于BP、RF、RBF、CNN等机械学习算法。

下保护层开采扰动卸压效应及瓦斯与煤自燃协同治理技术

为提高深部高瓦斯易自燃煤层灾害治理水平,探索合理的下保护层开采条件下瓦斯与煤自燃协同治理方法,以平煤十二矿己18煤层为研究对象,分析开采扰动被保护层的移动破坏特征,阐明扰动效应对被保护层煤岩体及瓦斯渗流产生的影响规律,制订相应的瓦斯治理与煤自燃防治协同技术。结果表明:在己18煤层开采扰动影响下,被保护层卸压效应显著,煤层沿垂直方向膨胀变形量大于0.300%,煤层透气性增大,突出危险性降低;矿井采用的穿层仰孔、顺层长钻孔、高抽巷穿层钻孔、采空区埋管等下保护层工作面立体全覆盖瓦斯抽采技术能够有效解决矿井瓦斯问题;同时配合通风管理优化、预测预报、隔离降温的综合防灭火技术,可以有效控制煤层自然发火危险性。

考虑刀土摩擦的砂土盾构隧道开挖面支护压力计算方法

确定盾构隧道开挖面极限支护压力是隧道工程中的核心问题之一。现有研究一般忽略盾构刀盘与主动极限状态时开挖面前方失稳土体间的摩擦效应,导致计算结果偏保守。为了解决此问题,首先,基于梯形楔形体模型,考虑盾构开挖掌子面与前方被切削土体之间的竖向摩擦力、楔形体与上方土柱之间因相对错动引起的横向摩擦力以及隧道埋深对极限支护压力的影响,推导了砂土地层盾构开挖面的极限支护压力计算公式;其次,通过与其他理论方法及试验结果进行对比,验证了本文方法的合理性;最后,讨论了刀土摩擦力在不同工况下对盾构开挖面极限支护压力的影响规律。研究结果表明:在其他参数不变时,开挖面极限支护压力随着刀土外摩擦角增大而逐渐减小,与刀土外摩擦角近似呈线性关系;刀盘土体间摩擦力对维持盾构开挖面稳定具有有利影响,对开挖面极限支护压力的影响不可忽略;适当增大刀盘与前方土体间的外摩擦角可有效增加开挖面的极限稳定性;刀土摩擦力对浅埋情况的盾构隧道开挖面极限支护压力的影响要明显比深埋情况的影响大,在选择盾构掘进刀具时应重点考虑埋深的影响。

基于极限分析理论的复合地层中双模盾构开挖面稳定性研究

针对目前双模式盾构在复合地层土-岩交界面进行掘进模式转换过程中掘进面稳定性研究中存在的问题,采用空间离散技术构建双模式盾构在穿越土-岩交界面过程中开挖面前方岩土体的二维破坏机制,利用该破坏机制和极限分析上限定理推导得到极限状态下土舱压力的目标函数,通过优化计算得到盾构机在穿越土-岩交界面过程中维持开挖面稳定所需的土舱压力上限解,并讨论不同参数对土舱压力及开挖面前方岩土体破坏模式的影响。在此基础上,基于可靠度理论建立土舱压力的可靠度模型,并给出复合地层中容许可靠度下维持开挖面稳定性最小土舱压力的建议值。结果表明:盾构机在穿越土-岩交界面过程中维持开挖面稳定所需的土舱压力随着盾构机与土-岩交界面距离的减小而减小;开挖面前方岩土体的破坏范围随着界面倾角的增大而增大。

基于能量法的工作面端面冒顶机理及“支架-围岩”耦合关系试验研究

为研究综采工作面顶板稳定性及其影响因素,结合能量法和“顶板-支架-煤壁”系统模型,建立了端面顶板稳定性力学模型,利用分布式支架顶梁压力监测系统和数字图像监测技术,开展了端面冒顶相似模拟试验,分析了端面冒顶影响因素、顶板破坏形态和支架顶梁压力分布演化特征。研究表明:根据端面顶板稳定性力学模型,距煤壁1 m范围内直接顶稳定性系数小于0,该区域为端面冒顶高发区;距离煤壁越远,顶板垂直位移和水平位移也随之增大;提高支架工作阻力能有效减小顶板下沉量;顶板黏聚力和内摩擦角越大,顶板稳定性越好;相似模型试验中直接顶依次经历了端面冒落、顶板破断、顶板破碎等阶段,液压支架顶梁压力表现为中部>前部>后部;当顶板完整时,模型支架初撑力和支护阻力充足,“支架-围岩”耦合关系良好;当顶板破碎导致支架位态不佳时,模型支架降阻或偏载现象明显,容易造成顶板裂隙发育、端面冒顶、支架压架等事故,“支架-围岩”耦合关系恶化;利用数字图像监测技术获得了端面冒顶阶段直接顶最大剪应变集中于端面顶板附近。研究显示支架与围岩相互作用关系与端面顶板稳定性互相影响,维持良好的“支架-围岩”耦合关系有助于提高工作面顶板稳定性。

同忻煤矿8105工作面上覆坚硬岩层失稳破断研究

为研究坚硬岩层破断对回采工作面的影响,以同忻煤矿8105工作面坚硬顶板为工程背景,利用破裂线理论,得到了极限荷载破坏公式;为探究坚硬岩层失稳破断对工作面的影响,借助薄板理论,建立坚硬岩层结构模型,结合坚硬岩层失稳模式,给出了坚硬岩层失稳判据,分别为坚硬岩层初次失稳尺度及周期失稳计算公式;根据8105工作面综合柱状及物理力学参数,通过坚硬岩层协同变形载荷计算公式、坚硬岩层初次失稳计算公式等,确定低、中、高坚硬岩层层位及坚硬岩层破断尺度。结果显示:低、中、高位坚硬岩层初次失稳尺度分别为35.4 m、74.9 m、122.1 m,周期失稳尺度分别为13.5 m、63 m、109.9 m。通过理论计算坚硬岩层破断尺度发现:高位坚硬岩层失稳尺度最大,而低位和中位坚硬岩层失稳尺度接近一致。因此,高位坚硬岩层破断对工作面开采影响最大;8105工作面上覆岩层失稳破断对微震事件具有一定的影响。通过微震数据统计可知:坚硬岩层随着工作面的开采逐步发生失稳破断,不同坚硬岩层之间易发生耦合作用,形成复合矿压。坚硬岩层失稳判据的理论计算与实际硬岩破断尺度对比发现,高位坚硬岩层的预测准确率最高。

大采高综采工作面矿压显现及顶板活动特征研究

为了得到唐山某煤矿综采工作面的矿压显现及顶板活动特征,基于关键层理论、“悬臂梁-砌体梁”力学模型,通过现场观测、理论分析、数值模拟的方法对9煤层矿压显现特征、顶板结构、支架工作阻力开展了深入研究,建立了覆岩结构力学模型,得到了工作面支架工作阻力的合理计算式。研究结果表明:工作面来压步距和来压大小均有一定的规律性,呈现一大一小的周期来压现象,来压期间中部测区支架荷载最大,两边偏小;通过直接顶关键层判别方法,确定了第2层岩层和第7层岩层分别为亚关键层1和亚关键层2。亚关键层1破断后以“悬臂梁”结构形态垮落进入采空区,亚关键层2破断后形成了稳定的“砌体梁”结构,此时亚关键层1与亚关键层2共同组成了“悬臂梁-砌体梁”结构;第2层岩层和第7层岩层组成的双关键层结构的破断运移规律导致了工作面呈现一大一小的周期来压现象。当双关键层同步破断时,支架工作阻力为13 688 kN。

沿空留巷“内支-外卸”围岩控制技术研究与应用

为解决现场实际中沿空留巷受采动影响围岩变形破环严重问题,以山西晋城东峰矿为工程背景,分析了沿空留巷不同阶段覆岩运移规律,明确了围岩控制的重点。确定了采用“内支-外卸”的协同控制方式,采用理论分析、现场应用与监测的手段着重对巷旁柔模混凝土支护与顶板超前爆破预裂卸压进行了设计、分析与效果检验。研究结果表明,沿空留巷巷道在滞后工作面100 m范围内巷道变形速度较大,柔模墙体在滞后工作面200 m范围内压力变化较大并达到最高值,应为维护重点;现场优化后的巷旁支护体能够满足巷帮的承载能力;柔模混凝土墙巷旁支护和超前爆破预裂切顶卸压协同发挥作用,在降低采动应力影响、改善留巷应力环境的同时提高了巷帮的支护强度,有效地提高了留巷围岩的稳定性。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

流固耦合下破碎性煤系地层坍塌规律研究

破碎性地层广泛存在裂隙结构,其井壁稳定分析一直是研究难点。文章基于流固耦合理论开展了破碎性煤系地层井壁稳定研究,推导了非稳定渗流模型,结合岩石力学实验确定渗流作用对煤岩力学参数的影响,建立了流固耦合下的坍塌压力计算模型,并结合实钻数据完成模型验证与分析。研究结果表明:渗流初期以非稳定渗流为主,当渗流时间超过6 min后,渗流量随渗流时间增加而线性增加,表明已从非稳定渗流转变为稳定渗流;渗流作用下,煤岩内摩擦角降幅较大,内聚力降幅相对较小;渗流作用对轴向应力影响较小,对径向和周向应力影响较大;考虑渗流作用后,坍塌压力当量密度上升了约0.3 g/cm 3;对比分析X01井和X04井煤层段井壁稳定预测结果,文章基于流固耦合理论的井壁稳定预测模型能够准确预测煤系地层的坍塌压力。研究成果有助于保障破碎性地层井壁稳定,为合理确定钻井液密度提供理论依据。

震动波CT成像技术在《矿山压力与岩层控制》教学中的应用实践

基于新常态和新工科背景下采矿工程和智能采矿工程专业的人才培养要求,文章分析了《矿山压力与岩层控制》课程传统教学模式中存在的问题,以课程回采工作面采动应力场分布教学为例,通过引入震动波CT成像新技术,提出并采用课堂理论教学+案例实践教学相融合的教学模式,转变“被动灌输”为“主动学习”,提高学生学习参与度和教学效果,增强学生对专业知识学习研究兴趣,为未来从事专业科学研究和工程项目技术管理奠定坚实基础。

超高与超长工作面高效综采关键技术及装备发展现状与展望

煤炭作为我国经济发展的重要能源支撑,未来一段时间内,其在能源消费中仍将保持主导地位,随着相关技术装备的不断发展,我国部分矿井已实现单井单面产量突破千万吨,煤炭资源安全高效开发是我国未来科技发展的重要方向。依托国家重点研发计划项目“煤矿超高与超长工作面高效综采关键技术及装备”,以超高与超长工作面高效开采为核心,介绍了国内外超高与超长高效综采工作面的岩层控制理论、技术与综采装备发展现状,围绕“超大开采空间全覆岩三维动态破断规律与超高煤壁失稳破坏机理”“超大开采空间强矿压覆岩结构改造及其应力调控机理”“多重动载作用下超高与超长综采装备群动态响应及高效智能协同作业机制”三大科学问题,开展“超大开采空间全覆岩破断运移机理及围岩协同控制理论”“超大开采空间强矿压区域压裂卸压技术与装备”“超高与超长工作面智能开采成套装备”“超高与超长工作面装备群智能协同控制技术与装备”“超高与超长工作面高效综采工程示范”5项技术攻关。实践表明,我国部分超高与超长采煤工作面已形成成套技术及装备体系,为我国地质条件较为简单的厚煤层及中厚煤层矿区煤炭资源的安全、高效、绿色开采提供了可靠保障。指出了我国超高与超长高效综采工作面理论技术与装备及其控制的发展方向。

临空巷道二氧化碳致裂切顶卸压技术应用研究

针对坚硬顶板临空巷道强矿压显现问题,以晋能控股煤业集团有限公司马脊梁煤矿为工程背景,运用理论分析、数值模拟方法进行了临空巷道二氧化碳致裂切顶卸压技术应用研究,并成功完成现场工业性试验。结果表明:二氧化碳致裂切顶卸压技术能够降低应力峰值,应力集中远离巷帮,缓解矿压显现现象,切顶高度和切顶角度对巷道围岩控制有显著影响,切顶高度越大卸压效果越好,但当切顶高度达到一定程度后,继续增加切顶高度对应力降低影响不甚明显;切顶角度大时煤柱内的应力显著降低,切顶角度小时更利于优化巷道附近应力环境;马脊梁煤矿5015巷应用二氧化碳致裂技术切顶卸压,顶底板移近量、两帮变形量、支承压力峰值较未切顶时分别降低22.6%、28.7%、21.8%,显著改善了巷道的应力环境,减小了围岩变形量,有助于解决强矿压显现问题。

非煤系地层隧道高压有害气体防突施工技术研究

大临铁路红豆山隧道穿越非煤系地层遇高压气囊式有害气体突出,这是全国铁路隧道建设史上首例高压非煤气体突出事件。该文总结了非煤系地层隧道高压有害气体突出的三种形式,研究了防突措施作用的三种机理和防突技术,设计了防突流程。研究表明,物探、超前地质钻探和有害气体检测相结合是评价和预测有害气体突出危险性的有效手段;提出了钻孔排放、高压注水结合的防突措施;构建了超前地质钻探、有害气体检测和监测、通风管理和应急管理的4大安全措施。研究成果在红豆山隧道中得到了全面应用,保障了施工人员的安全,可为类似复杂地质条件下有害气体隧道施工提供借鉴。

浅埋深厚硬基岩综放工作面覆岩运移破坏规律研究

为揭示浅埋厚煤层综放工作面顶板来压及覆岩运移特征,在五家沟矿15304工作面辅运巷内施工钻孔,现场重探顶板岩层分布及关键层位置,并对来压期间的顶板不同层位的裂隙发育特征及破断位置进行监测,分析工作面支架工作阻力分布规律。结果表明:顶板关键层控制工作面覆岩运移及工作面矿压显现,关键层破断引起覆岩剧烈运动及采场剧烈来压,采空区覆岩垮落以规则的弧线状向上发育,其中由顶板中间底部向上部、两端逐渐递减,覆岩破坏形态易形成“马鞍形”。由于亚关键层厚度及强度较大,导致15304工作面推进90 m时亚关键层才发生破断引起初次来压,周期来压过程中导水裂隙带逐步向上发育到主关键层附近,厚硬关键层阻断了顶板裂隙继续向上发育。该工作面初次来压步距90 m,周期来压来压步距22 m;覆岩垮落带最大发育高度为44 m左右,导水裂缝带最大发育高度为58 m。