Proper Management of the Asia-Pacific Affairs—— On the Division-and-integration of the Asia-Pacific Region and the Regional Integration Strategy

The international administrative theory is the essential tool of the international and regional integration,but it lacks macro reference of history. Based on the regional society system of ancient China,this paper discusses international administrative tools including countries,nations and people,and makes comparison of the economic capital,administrative organization and institutional norm of Europe,America and Asia. Through research,this paper concludes that the regional theory of China has both historic and practical significance.

Influence of the Asian-Pacific Oscillation on Spring Precipitation over Central Eastern China

The linkage between the Asian-Pacific oscillation （APO） and the precipitation over central eastern China in spring is preliminarily addressed by use of the observed data. Results show that they correlate very well, with the positive （negative） phase of APO tending to increase （decrease） the precipitation over central eastern China. Such a relationship can be explained by the atmospheric circulation changes over Asia and the North Pacific in association with the anomalous APO. A positive phase of APO, characterized by a positive anomaly over Asia and a negative anomaly over the North Pacific in the upper-tropospheric temperature, corresponds to decreased low-level geopotential height （H） and increased high-level H over Asia, and these effects are concurrent with increased low-level H and decreased high-level H over the North Pacific. Meanwhile, an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere and a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere are introduced in East Asia, and the low-level southerly wind is strengthened over central eastern China. These changes provide advantageous conditions for enhanced precipitation over central eastern China. The situation is reversed in the negative phase of APO, leading to reduced precipitation in this region.

Diabetes epidemic in the Asia pacific region:has hemoglobin A1C finally earned its place as a diagnostic tool?

Two-third of the world's population lives in the Asia Pacific region where prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportion.With China and India being the most populous nations on the globe,it is believed that over 150 million diabetes reside in the region with more than 95%being of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Furthermore,other Pacific islands in the region have high rales of T2DM including Tonga.Fiji.French Polynesia,and Nauru.The latter has the highest prevalence of T2DM per population in the world.Over the past two decades,in Australia and New Zealand,the prevalence of T2DM has more than doubled,mainly amongst the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Maori peoples respectively.With the increasing prevalence of dialietes in the Asia Pacific region coupled with the limited number of resources,use of a reliable and effective mode of diagnosis for T3DVI is warranted.Yet to date,only New Zealand has adopted the American Diabetes Association recommendation of using hemoglobin A1C in the diagnosis of the disease.The aim of this review is to discuss the clinical usefulness of hemoglobin A1C and highlight its diagnostic role in the Asia Pacific region where T2DM is increasingly encountered.

Numerical Simulation of the Relationship between the Anomaly of Subtropical High over East Asia and the Convective Activities in the Western Tropical Pacific

In this paper, a close relationship between the intraseasonal variation of subtropical high over East Asia and the convective activities around the South China Sea and the Philippines is analysed from OLR data.This relationship is studied by using the theory of wave propagating in a slowly varying medium and by using a quasi-geoslrophic, linear, spherical model and the IAP-GCM, respectively. The results show that when the SST is warming around the western tropical Pacific or the Philippines, the convective activities are intensified around the Philippines. As a consequence, the subtropical high will be intensified over East Asia. The computed results also show that when the anomaly of convective activities are caused around the Philippines, a teleconnection pattern of circulation anomalies will be caused over South Asia, East Asia and North America.

Building a sustainable organizational energy evaluation system in the Asia Pacific

In the face of climate change and with the vision for the future of humanity represented by the Sustainability Development Goals,sustainability has become associated with the major and rapid transformation of global systems and the resilience of transformed systems to adapt over time.This dynamic view of transformation has implications for both the design of tran sformatio nal energy in itiatives and their evaluation.As there is an urge nt n eed to evaluate the scale,scope,nature,and sufficiency of transformation toward planetary sustainability,a framework(model)is proposed to determine the most effective en ergy evaluati on capacity buildi ng strategies for achievi ng various in dividual and group level outcomes,most effective strategies for certain types of participants,and design of different strategies to maximize their impact in a sustainable way.Furthermore,a new energy evaluation organization is identified,which is expected to lead us into this new era.

Climate change impacts and forest adaptation in the Asia–Pacific region: from regional experts' perspectives

Expert opinions have been used in a variety of fields to identify relevant issues and courses of action. This study surveys experts in forestry and climate change from the Asia–Pacific region to gauge their perspectives on the impacts of climate change and on the challenges faced by forest adaptation in the region, and explores recommendations and initiatives for adapting forests to climate change. There was consensus regarding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and on economic sectors such as agriculture and forestry. Respondents also indicated a lack of public awareness and policy and legislation as challenges to addressing climate change. However, the results indicate differences in opinion between regions on the negative impacts of climate change and in satisfaction with actions taken to address climate change,highlighting the need for locally specific policies and research. The study presents specific recommendations to address issues of most concern, based on subregion and professional affiliation throughout the Asia–Pacific region.The results can be used to improve policy and forest management throughout the region. This research will also provide valuable suggestions on how to apply research findings and management recommendations outside of the AP region. The conclusions should be communicated relative to the level of the research and the target audience,ensuring that scientific findings and management recommendations are effectively communicated to ensure successful implementation of forest adaptation strategies.

COMPARISONS OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND THE SOUTH ASIA HIGH BETWEEN NCEP/NCAR AND ECMWF REANALYSIS DATASETS

Comparisons of the west Pacific subtropical high with the South Asia High are made using the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF 500 hPa and 100 hPa monthly boreal geopotential height fields for the period 1961-2000. Discrepancies are found for the time prior to 1980. The west Pacific subtropical high in the NCEP/NCAR data is less intense than in ECMWF data before 1980. The range and strength of the west Pacific subtropical high variation described by the NCEP/NCAR data are larger than those depicted by ECMWF data. The same situation appears in the 100-hPa geopotential field. These discoveries suggest that the interdecadal variation of the two systems as shown by the NCEP/NCAR data may not be true. Besides, the South Asia High center in the NCEP/NCAR data is obviously stronger than in the ECMWF data during the periods 1969, 1979-1991 and 1992-1995. Furthermore, the range is larger from 1992 to 1995.

Utility of the Asia-Pacific colorectal screening scoring system and the presence of metabolic syndrome components in screening for sporadic colorectal cancer

AIM: To determine the utility of the Asia-Pacific colorectal screening (APCS) scoring system and metabolic syndrome components in individual screening for sporadic colorectal cancer.

IMPACT OF THE HEATING OVER SOUTH ASIA UPON THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH OVER WEST-PACIFIC

A case is reported, during which the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific (hereafter, SHWP in abbreviation) shifted northwestward and met-yu at Chaniiang River valley ended. Several numerical experiments onSHWP activity influenced by the heating over south Asia monsoon area are carried out, and the statistic significance of the results is checked. The results indicate that the enhancement of positive heating over South Asia willmotivate a wave-like series of anomaly centers, which propagate northeastward from the maximum heating center.so that a strong positive potential height anomaly center will set up from North China to Japan at Day X resultingin the enhancement of SHWP. Comparison of the influence upon SHWP by the heating over south Asia monsoonarea with that over ITCZ area south to SHWP is also carried out. It is pointed out that the heating over South Asiamonsoon area tends to favor SHWP north\vard movement while the heating over ITCZ area tends to thvor SHWPwestward stretching. As for the time to begin to influence on SHWP, the heating over south Asia monsoon areafavors the enhancement of SHWP atter Day 3 while that over ITCZ south to SHWP effects atter Day 5.

A Multi-Center International Survey Related to the Nutritional Support after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Endorsed by the ASIA Pacific Blood and Marrow Transplantation (APBMT)

Background: The nutritional support after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has not been well established due to the scarcity of clinical trials. To conduct international clinical trials in Asia, we performed the questionnaire survey to investigate the current standard of nutritional support after HSCT. Method: We sent the questionnaire to the physicians nominated by the Asia Pacific Blood and Marrow Transplantation (APBMT) members of each country/ region. Result: We received 15 responses from 7 different countries/regions. The target calorie amount is 1.0 - 1.3 × basal energy expenditure (BEE) in 11 institutes when partial parenteral nutrition is used. When total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is used, the target calorie amount is 1.0 - 1.3 × BEE in 9 institutes and 1.3 - 1.5 × BEE in 4 institutes. Lipid emulsion is routinely used in 12 institutes. Multivitamins and trace elements are routinely added to TPN used in most institutes. It is still uncommon to use the immunonutrition. Blood glucose levels are routinely monitored in all institutes, but the target range varies (<110 in 2 institutes, <150 in 4 institutes, and <200 in 8 institutes). Conclusions: Basic nutritional support is similar in participating institutes. However, the target glucose level varies and the use of immunonutrition is rather rare. These points can be the theme of future clinical trials.

Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific Strengthen the East Asia–Pacific Pattern during Summer

The contribution of tropical cyclones(TCs)to the East Asia–Pacific(EAP)teleconnection pattern during summer was investigated using the best track data of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and NCEP-2 reanalysis datasets from 1979 to2018.The results showed that the TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP)correspond to a strengthened EAP pattern:During the summers of strong convection over the tropical WNP,TC days correspond to a stronger cyclonic circulation anomaly over the WNP in the lower troposphere,an enhanced seesaw pattern of negative and positive geopotential height anomalies over the subtropical WNP and midlatitude East Asia in the middle troposphere,and a more northward shift of the East Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere.Further analyses indicated that two types of TCs with distinctly different tracks,i.e.,westward-moving TCs and northward-moving TCs,both favor the EAP pattern.The present results imply that TCs over the WNP,as extreme weather,can contribute significantly to summer-mean climate anomalies over the WNP and East Asia.

A CHARACTERISTIC CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE ASIA SUMMER MONSOON MEMBERS AND THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

In this paper, by using the pentad-mean NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data for the period of 1958-1997, some characteristic indices of describing the activity of Asian summer monsoon system members are defined and calculated. Based on the above works, a time-lag correlation analysis method is introduced for the correlation analysis between the Asian summer monsoon system and the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) area index, and some meaningful interaction processes and characteristic phenomena between them are revealed and discussed accordingly. It is shown that there exists some remarkable time-lag correlations in various degree between the Asian summer monsoon system members and the WPSH area index, and they interact and feedback with each other, which consists of the whole Asian summer monsoon system.

ASIAN-PACIFIC OSCILLATION IN AUTUMN AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE SUBTROPICAL MONSOON IN EAST ASIA

Based on the 1961-2010 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, this work uses empirical orthogonal function(EOF) and composite analysis to study the distributions of zonal land-sea thermal contrast between Asia and the Pacific during transitions from the summer monsoon to the winter monsoon in East Asian subtropics, and investigates the interannual variations of the thermal contrast and their relationships with circulation systems over the East Asian subtropics. The findings are as follows. 1) In autumn, the interannual variations of the temperature deviation in the middle and upper troposphere show significant east-west out-of-phase teleconnection over Asia and the central and eastern Pacific, i.e. the Asian-Pacific Oscillation, or APO. 2) While not as significant as in summer with regard to coverage and intensity, the APO shows interannual variations in autumn that well depicts the change in the intensity of the subtropical monsoon. In the high(low) APO year, the current subtropical summer monsoon is strong(weak) and the winter monsoon is weak(strong) in East Asia as derived from the general circulation and wind field of the East Asian-Pacific region.

Climatological Characteristics of the Moisture Budget and Their Anomalies over the Joining Area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean

The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the IndianPacific Ocean （AIPO） and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean （SIO） is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the crossequatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea （AS）, the Bay of Bengal （BOB）, and the South China Sea （SCS） to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific （NWNP）, and North China （NC） as well as South China （SC） begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China （NEC） and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins （YHRB） have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific （SWNP） in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of E1 Nifio and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific （WNP） is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.

The East Asia-Western North Pacific Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation Simulated in GAMIL 1.1.1

We evaluate the performance of GAMILI.1.1 in a 27-year forced simulation of the summer intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） over East Asia （EA）-western North Pacific （WNP）. The assessment is based on two mea- sures： climatological ISO （CISO） and transient ISO （TISO）. CISO is the ISO component that is phase-locked to the annual cycle and describes seasonal march. TISO is the ISO component that varies year by year. The model reasonably captures many observed features of the ISO, including the stepwise northward advance of the rain belt of CISO, the dominant periodicities of TISO in both the South China Sea-Philippine Sea （SCS-PS） and the Yangtze River Basin （YRB）, the northward propagation of 30-50-day TISO and the westward propagation of the 12-25-day TISO mode over the SCS-PS, and the zonal propagating features of three major TISO modes over the YRB. However, the model has notable deficiencies. These include the early onset of the South China Sea monsoon associated with CISO, too fast northward propagation of CISO from 20°N to 40°N and the absence of the CISO signal south of 10°N, the deficient eastward propagation of the 30-50-day TISO mode and the absence of a southward propagation in the YRB TISO modes. The authors found that the deficiencies in the ISO simulation are closely related to the model＇s biases in the mean states, suggesting that the improvement of the model mean state is crucial for realistic simulation of the intraseasonal variation.

Adaptation of Asia-Pacific forests to climate change

Climate change is a threat to the stability and productivity of forest ecosystems throughout the AsiaPacific region. The loss of forests due to climate-induced stress will have extensive adverse impacts on biodiversity and an array of ecosystem services that are essential for the maintenance of local economies and public health. Despite their importance, there is a lack of decision-support tools required to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on Asia-Pacific ecosystems and economies and to aid in the development of regionally appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies. The project Adaptation of AsiaPacific Forests to Climate Change, summarized herein,aims to address this lack of knowledge and tools and to provide support for regional managers to develop effective policy to increase the adaptive capacity of Asia-Pacific forest ecosystems. This objective has been achieved through the following activities：（1） development of a highresolution climate downscaling model, Climate AP, applicable to any location in the region;（2） development of climate niche models to evaluate how climate change might affect the distribution of suitable climatic conditions for regionally important tree species;（3） development and application of forest models to assess alternative management strategies in the context of management objectives and the projected impacts of climate change;（4） evaluation of models to assess forest fire risk and the relationship between forest fire and climate change;（5） development of a technique to assess ecosystem carbon storage using Li DAR; and（6） evaluation of how vegetation dynamics respond to climate change using remote sensing technology. All project outputs were developed with a focus on communication and extension to facilitate the dissemination of results to regional forest resource managers to support the development of effective mitigation and adaptation policy.

The combined effects of North Atlantic Oscillation and Western Pacific teleconnection on winter temperature in Eastern Asia during 1980−2021

As important atmospheric circulation patterns in Northern Hemisphere(NH),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and the Western Pacific teleconnection(WP)affect the winter climate in Eurasia.In order to explore the combined effects of NAO and WP on East Asian(EA)temperature,the NAO and WP indices are divided into four phases from 1980−2021:the positive NAO and WP phase(NAO+/WP+),the negative NAO and WP phase(NAO−/WP−),the positive NAO and negative WP phase(NAO+/WP−),the negative NAO and positive WP phase(NAO−/WP+).In the phase of NAO+/WP+,the low geopotential height(GH)stays in north of EA at 50°−80°N;the surface air temperature anomaly(SATA)is 0.8−1℃lower than Southern Asian.In the phase of NAO−/WP−,the center of high temperature and GH locate in the northeast of EA;the cold air spreads to Southern Asia,causing the SATA decreases 1−1.5℃.In the phase of NAO+/WP−,the high GH belt is formed at 55°−80°N.Meanwhile,the center of high SATA locates in the north of Asia that increases 0.8−1.1℃.The cold airflow causes temperature dropping 0.5−1℃in the south of EA.The SATA improves 0.5−1.5℃in south of EA in the phase of NAO−/WP+.The belt of high GH is formed at 25°−50°N,and blocks the cold air which from Siberia.The NAO and WP generate two warped plate pressure structures in NH,and affect the temperature by different pressure configurations.NAO and WP form different GH,and GH acts to block and push airflow by affecting the air pressure,then causes the temperature to be different from the north and south of EA.Finally,the multiple linear regression result shows that NAO and WP are weakened by each other such as the phase of NAO+/WP+and NAO−/WP−.

Determinants of overweight and obesity and preventive strategies in Pacific countries: a systematic review

Objective:This study aimed to explore more on contributing factors and prevention of overweight and obesity among Pacific islanders.Methods:Using Cochrane library guideline,four electronic databases,PubMed,Embase,Scopus and CINAHL,were systematically searched from 2010 to 2020.Search strategy included key concepts,free text terms,and database-controlled vocabulary terms to identify articles on determinants and preventative strategies of overweight and obesity in the Pacific countries.A data extraction sheet was developed to extract relevant information required for analysis and theme development for this study.Results:A total of 22 articles were summarized and categorized.Determinants of overweight and obesity identified two themes:environmental related factors 13.6%(3/22)and sociocultural related factors 27.3%(6/22).The preventative strategies of overweight and obesity was categorized into behavioural change 22.7%(5/22),school-related 18.2%(4/22),and policies 50%(11/22).The quality assessment of articles showed“Good”68.2%(15/22),and“Fair”31.8%(7/22).Conclusion:This study highlighted two contributing,non-medication factors affecting overweight and obesity are both environmental and socio-cultural issues.Overweight and obesity preventative strategies identified in the Pacific context considered behavioural change,knowledge enhancement,and policy development.Further research should aim at exploring the current preventative strategies in-depth,to appreciate the most feasible and recommended preventative approach within the Pacific society.

Combined impact of the Pacific–Japan pattern and Mediterranean–northern Eurasia pattern on East Asian summer temperatures

The combined effect of the Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern and Mediterranean–northern Eurasia (MnE) pattern on East Asian surface air temperature (SAT) during summer is investigated using the Japanese 55-year reanalysis and Climatic Research Unit SAT data over the period of 1958–2016. The results show that the combination of the two patterns in different phases can result in different SAT anomalies. During the in-phase PJ-MnE years, the overlapping of opposite signs of the atmospheric circulations associated with the PJ and MnE patterns results in weak atmospheric circulation and SAT anomalies in central East Asia;during these years, the significant SAT anomalies are over northern East Asia. In contrast, during the out-of-phase PJ-MnE years, the overlapping of the same signs of the atmospheric circulations associated with the PJ and MnE patterns leads to significant atmospheric circulation and SAT anomalies in central East Asia and northern Asia. The analysis in this study indicates that to better understand and predict the variability of East Asian summer SATs, the combined effect of the PJ and MnE patterns should be taken into account.

Marine Scientific Research in South Pacific in the Perspective of Marine Strategy

As an important marine enterprise, marine scientific research serves to national marine strategy. Since the 21st century, with the development of international geopolitics, South Pacific in becoming an important sea area, so the marine scientific research in this sea area is becoming hot points. At present, extraterritorial nations including Germany, America, China and UK are conducting marine scientific research in this sea area mainly because of its abundant deep-sea resources, the need to protect marine environment and serving for marine strategic access. With deep-sea＇s technology improving continually, deep-sea resources in South Pacific will be explored further, marine scientific research cooperation＇s potential for extraterritorial nations will be great, so more and more nations will involve in conducting marine scientific research in South Pacific. As far as China is concerned, marine scientific research is not only the basis for it to practice marine strategy in South Pacific region, but also the important topic for it to cooperate with extraterritorial nations and pacific islands nations.