The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and...The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and reasons for corporate internationalization. The second part shows an international marketing strategy in the concept of corporate expansion. The strategy consists of two elements： the basic dimensions of foreign market entry modes （part 3） and business presence strategies in overseas markets （part 4）. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research conducted by Department of Marketing of the Cracow University of Economics. The research has been conducted as a part of grant received by Polish National Centre of Science.展开更多
Since 1980s,with the deepening of the cultural communication between China and western countries,more and more works on China written by modern foreign scholars are translated into Chinese,and most of the versions are...Since 1980s,with the deepening of the cultural communication between China and western countries,more and more works on China written by modern foreign scholars are translated into Chinese,and most of the versions are of high quality. But there also exist some common deficiencies,the most representative of which lie in the versions reflecting the Chinese elements,that is,the versions are ( 1) less formal; ( 2) less idiomatical and ( 3) unable to correct the errors of the original. However,translation practice shows that back translation is an effective way to solve the problems above. Based on the discussion of the back translation theory and his experience from translating Chinese Characteristics,the author presents some corresponding strategies about back translation.展开更多
Trade marks are the marks of thecommodities and services. They arealso passes for the enterprises to enterthe market, and can reflect the economicbenefits and credit of the enterprises in acomprehensive manner. With t...Trade marks are the marks of thecommodities and services. They arealso passes for the enterprises to enterthe market, and can reflect the economicbenefits and credit of the enterprises in acomprehensive manner. With thedevelopment of the market economy and theexpansion of foreign trade and business,trade marks are playing a more and moreimportant role in the economy. To establishits own famous brands as well as to protectthe trade marks more effectively, China willspeed up its steps to implement the展开更多
In the world of the twenty-first century,as the bridge of exchanges in two different languages,translation plays an essential role in cross-cultural communication. Through the study of translation,people have come up ...In the world of the twenty-first century,as the bridge of exchanges in two different languages,translation plays an essential role in cross-cultural communication. Through the study of translation,people have come up with various ways of translation to cope with cultural barriers in communication. Foreignization and domestication are two most typical translation approaches. In this paper,the author analyses the differences between the two strategies and discusses the factors conditioning the choice of them influenced by language and culture. Based on the discussion,the author gets the conclusion that a dialectical view on the two translation strategies should be adopted in the translation process.展开更多
With Shinzo Abe's re-election as the president of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the LDP regime appears to have entered on a stable trend of long-term governance. This also marks a later phase of the ...With Shinzo Abe's re-election as the president of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the LDP regime appears to have entered on a stable trend of long-term governance. This also marks a later phase of the Abe administration has solidified its later phase, following Abe's second rise to power. The supremacy of the LDP and the administration of the basket of economic policies termed Abenomics have produced initial effects, and the overall climate of political opinion in Japan remains largely conservative, all factors favorable the continuance of Abe's regime. A major task in the future to cement AbeJ s political legacy would be amendment of Japan’ s pacifist constitution. Abe’ s political and security policies are likely not to change, namely, the promotion of multilateral cooperation in the US-Japan alliance, a moderate adjustment of Japan's China policy, and a return to utilitarian diplomacy to maximize Japan’s national interests. Thanks to the return of the Sino-Japanese relationship to the right track, the healthy development of bilateral relations depends on the consolidation of the political foundation, deepening mutually beneficial cooperation, and constructively managing and controlling disagreement.展开更多
The paper is on toxic foreign exchange options problem which occurred in Poland just prior to and after the outbreak of the recent crisis. Especially Polish enterprises were severely stricken by transactions on fx and...The paper is on toxic foreign exchange options problem which occurred in Poland just prior to and after the outbreak of the recent crisis. Especially Polish enterprises were severely stricken by transactions on fx and interest rate derivatives contracted with their banks. Poland was the only EU country which did not precipitate into recession during the financial crisis beginning in 2008. However, the toxic fx and interest rate derivatives transmitted the shockwaves from global financial markets into Poland. Huge dimensions of losses resulted in conflicts between banks and their customers, who claimed just being cheated by the financial institutions. The article deeply researches into reasons for such developments on Polish fx over-the-counter derivatives market. As a case study, an authentic strategy has been presented. The contract was concluded between the construction company and one of the biggest commercial banks in Poland. Because the case study may be representative for many other cases, the analysis includes exact pricing of option strategy and therefore reveals inequality of the contract. The consequences of non-implementing the MiFID directive in the context of derivatives offering to non-financial customers were also touched in the paper.展开更多
The history of China's offshore oil industry can be traced back to late 1950's when geophysical surveys started in limited offshore areas.Then,in 1960's and 1970's,a few exploratory wells scattered fro...The history of China's offshore oil industry can be traced back to late 1950's when geophysical surveys started in limited offshore areas.Then,in 1960's and 1970's,a few exploratory wells scattered from north down to south were drilled resulting in a number of discoveries with the total proven oil in place being merely 40 million tons.In fact,the China's offshore oil industry in a real sence did not emerge on the horizon until early 1980's when China opened its door to outside world and the China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC)was born.展开更多
Since the start of the 1990s when Shanghai started to blaze a new trail for the development of a huge metropolis through carrying out a development strategy of "opening and developing Pudong" and "build...Since the start of the 1990s when Shanghai started to blaze a new trail for the development of a huge metropolis through carrying out a development strategy of "opening and developing Pudong" and "building up an international economic, financial and trading centre in Shanghai", the city has展开更多
The international system has characteristics that have a direct influence on the foreign policy of the countries.Among these,the systemic cycle of power is one of the most conspicuous features of the global system and...The international system has characteristics that have a direct influence on the foreign policy of the countries.Among these,the systemic cycle of power is one of the most conspicuous features of the global system and the regions that affect this issue.In this vein,the systemic order resulting from the cycle of power in the strategic policy-making circle of units can play a limiting role and influence the type of strategy and strategy.The Islamic Republic of Iran is also one of the units of international order;hence,it is not exceptional.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to examine the order of the Middle East and,accordingly,to determine the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in that region.Accordingly,it assumes that the regional order in the Middle East puts defense strategies,especially deterrence and passive defense,at the forefront of the strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East.So,the present paper,while explaining the order of the international system and the order of the Middle East region,designs the foreign policy strategies of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran.展开更多
EFL （English as a Foreign Language） speaking is a very demanding skill that requires learners＇ socio-pragmatic as well as strategic competence in any interactional situation, and lexis proves to play a crucial role...EFL （English as a Foreign Language） speaking is a very demanding skill that requires learners＇ socio-pragmatic as well as strategic competence in any interactional situation, and lexis proves to play a crucial role in this process. However, few studies have investigated how both EFL teachers and learners view and analyze situations in which learners are not producing enough spoken language in class, and the reasons behind them. The present study will pinpoint the significant role of lexis in Moroccan learners＇ speaking production. To this end, 40 EFL teachers and 200 Moroccan high school students are surveyed and interviewed to reveal their perceptions of the speaking skill and the corresponding high significance of lexis in this instance. Results show that both teachers and learners identify vocabulary deficiency as the main factor behind students＇ inability to speak English. In the present paper, among the many suggestions that could be proposed to deal with this situation, it is argued that one efficient way would be to assist the students during the process of L2 （second language） vocabulary learning through vocabulary learning strategy instruction. Pedagogical and research implication will be given in response to the difficulties encountered in this area as have been identified by the EFL teachers and learners surveyed.展开更多
The presentation aims at addressing the most frequently applied strategies for language learning adopted by Polish students of English at the university level. For the purpose of data collection, R. Oxford＇s Strategy...The presentation aims at addressing the most frequently applied strategies for language learning adopted by Polish students of English at the university level. For the purpose of data collection, R. Oxford＇s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning （SILL） is adopted. The analysis is an attempt at identifying common existing patterns or preferred ways of language processing among learners at advanced level of language mastery.展开更多
Qinghai Province in northwest China has recently drawn up its strategy for foreign economic and trade development. The highlights include optimizing its investment climate, developing channels for introducing foreign ...Qinghai Province in northwest China has recently drawn up its strategy for foreign economic and trade development. The highlights include optimizing its investment climate, developing channels for introducing foreign capital and making good use of foreign funds, the development of natural resources and the reform of its medium-to-large enterprises to improve and benefit the development of its展开更多
The tight foreign exchange control era has gone with ,wind, and foreigncurrency reserve of China now is up to 300 billion US dollars;once"the cuffof overseas investment",the foreign exchange control system w...The tight foreign exchange control era has gone with ,wind, and foreigncurrency reserve of China now is up to 300 billion US dollars;once"the cuffof overseas investment",the foreign exchange control system will go where?展开更多
The Xinhua News Agency has released the full text of the No.340 order of the State Council signed by Premier Zhu Rongji, on the publication of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Control of Forei...The Xinhua News Agency has released the full text of the No.340 order of the State Council signed by Premier Zhu Rongji, on the publication of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Control of Foreign Funded Financial Institutions, which will take effect on the date of February 1 in 2002.展开更多
文摘The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and reasons for corporate internationalization. The second part shows an international marketing strategy in the concept of corporate expansion. The strategy consists of two elements： the basic dimensions of foreign market entry modes （part 3） and business presence strategies in overseas markets （part 4）. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research conducted by Department of Marketing of the Cracow University of Economics. The research has been conducted as a part of grant received by Polish National Centre of Science.
文摘Since 1980s,with the deepening of the cultural communication between China and western countries,more and more works on China written by modern foreign scholars are translated into Chinese,and most of the versions are of high quality. But there also exist some common deficiencies,the most representative of which lie in the versions reflecting the Chinese elements,that is,the versions are ( 1) less formal; ( 2) less idiomatical and ( 3) unable to correct the errors of the original. However,translation practice shows that back translation is an effective way to solve the problems above. Based on the discussion of the back translation theory and his experience from translating Chinese Characteristics,the author presents some corresponding strategies about back translation.
文摘Trade marks are the marks of thecommodities and services. They arealso passes for the enterprises to enterthe market, and can reflect the economicbenefits and credit of the enterprises in acomprehensive manner. With thedevelopment of the market economy and theexpansion of foreign trade and business,trade marks are playing a more and moreimportant role in the economy. To establishits own famous brands as well as to protectthe trade marks more effectively, China willspeed up its steps to implement the
文摘In the world of the twenty-first century,as the bridge of exchanges in two different languages,translation plays an essential role in cross-cultural communication. Through the study of translation,people have come up with various ways of translation to cope with cultural barriers in communication. Foreignization and domestication are two most typical translation approaches. In this paper,the author analyses the differences between the two strategies and discusses the factors conditioning the choice of them influenced by language and culture. Based on the discussion,the author gets the conclusion that a dialectical view on the two translation strategies should be adopted in the translation process.
基金the initial findings of a research project entitled A Research on Japan’s Indo-Pacific Strategy and China’s Responses,funded by the 2018 Basic Research Fund of the Central Universities (Project Number: 3262018T32)
文摘With Shinzo Abe's re-election as the president of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the LDP regime appears to have entered on a stable trend of long-term governance. This also marks a later phase of the Abe administration has solidified its later phase, following Abe's second rise to power. The supremacy of the LDP and the administration of the basket of economic policies termed Abenomics have produced initial effects, and the overall climate of political opinion in Japan remains largely conservative, all factors favorable the continuance of Abe's regime. A major task in the future to cement AbeJ s political legacy would be amendment of Japan’ s pacifist constitution. Abe’ s political and security policies are likely not to change, namely, the promotion of multilateral cooperation in the US-Japan alliance, a moderate adjustment of Japan's China policy, and a return to utilitarian diplomacy to maximize Japan’s national interests. Thanks to the return of the Sino-Japanese relationship to the right track, the healthy development of bilateral relations depends on the consolidation of the political foundation, deepening mutually beneficial cooperation, and constructively managing and controlling disagreement.
文摘The paper is on toxic foreign exchange options problem which occurred in Poland just prior to and after the outbreak of the recent crisis. Especially Polish enterprises were severely stricken by transactions on fx and interest rate derivatives contracted with their banks. Poland was the only EU country which did not precipitate into recession during the financial crisis beginning in 2008. However, the toxic fx and interest rate derivatives transmitted the shockwaves from global financial markets into Poland. Huge dimensions of losses resulted in conflicts between banks and their customers, who claimed just being cheated by the financial institutions. The article deeply researches into reasons for such developments on Polish fx over-the-counter derivatives market. As a case study, an authentic strategy has been presented. The contract was concluded between the construction company and one of the biggest commercial banks in Poland. Because the case study may be representative for many other cases, the analysis includes exact pricing of option strategy and therefore reveals inequality of the contract. The consequences of non-implementing the MiFID directive in the context of derivatives offering to non-financial customers were also touched in the paper.
文摘The history of China's offshore oil industry can be traced back to late 1950's when geophysical surveys started in limited offshore areas.Then,in 1960's and 1970's,a few exploratory wells scattered from north down to south were drilled resulting in a number of discoveries with the total proven oil in place being merely 40 million tons.In fact,the China's offshore oil industry in a real sence did not emerge on the horizon until early 1980's when China opened its door to outside world and the China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC)was born.
文摘Since the start of the 1990s when Shanghai started to blaze a new trail for the development of a huge metropolis through carrying out a development strategy of "opening and developing Pudong" and "building up an international economic, financial and trading centre in Shanghai", the city has
文摘The international system has characteristics that have a direct influence on the foreign policy of the countries.Among these,the systemic cycle of power is one of the most conspicuous features of the global system and the regions that affect this issue.In this vein,the systemic order resulting from the cycle of power in the strategic policy-making circle of units can play a limiting role and influence the type of strategy and strategy.The Islamic Republic of Iran is also one of the units of international order;hence,it is not exceptional.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to examine the order of the Middle East and,accordingly,to determine the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in that region.Accordingly,it assumes that the regional order in the Middle East puts defense strategies,especially deterrence and passive defense,at the forefront of the strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East.So,the present paper,while explaining the order of the international system and the order of the Middle East region,designs the foreign policy strategies of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
文摘EFL （English as a Foreign Language） speaking is a very demanding skill that requires learners＇ socio-pragmatic as well as strategic competence in any interactional situation, and lexis proves to play a crucial role in this process. However, few studies have investigated how both EFL teachers and learners view and analyze situations in which learners are not producing enough spoken language in class, and the reasons behind them. The present study will pinpoint the significant role of lexis in Moroccan learners＇ speaking production. To this end, 40 EFL teachers and 200 Moroccan high school students are surveyed and interviewed to reveal their perceptions of the speaking skill and the corresponding high significance of lexis in this instance. Results show that both teachers and learners identify vocabulary deficiency as the main factor behind students＇ inability to speak English. In the present paper, among the many suggestions that could be proposed to deal with this situation, it is argued that one efficient way would be to assist the students during the process of L2 （second language） vocabulary learning through vocabulary learning strategy instruction. Pedagogical and research implication will be given in response to the difficulties encountered in this area as have been identified by the EFL teachers and learners surveyed.
文摘The presentation aims at addressing the most frequently applied strategies for language learning adopted by Polish students of English at the university level. For the purpose of data collection, R. Oxford＇s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning （SILL） is adopted. The analysis is an attempt at identifying common existing patterns or preferred ways of language processing among learners at advanced level of language mastery.
文摘Qinghai Province in northwest China has recently drawn up its strategy for foreign economic and trade development. The highlights include optimizing its investment climate, developing channels for introducing foreign capital and making good use of foreign funds, the development of natural resources and the reform of its medium-to-large enterprises to improve and benefit the development of its
文摘The tight foreign exchange control era has gone with ,wind, and foreigncurrency reserve of China now is up to 300 billion US dollars;once"the cuffof overseas investment",the foreign exchange control system will go where?
文摘The Xinhua News Agency has released the full text of the No.340 order of the State Council signed by Premier Zhu Rongji, on the publication of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Control of Foreign Funded Financial Institutions, which will take effect on the date of February 1 in 2002.
