On the Impact of Bootstrap in Stratified Random Sampling

In general the accuracy of mean estimator can be improved by stratified random sampling. In this paper, we provide an idea different from empirical methods that the accuracy can be more improved through bootstrap resampling method under some conditions. The determination of sample size by bootstrap method is also discussed, and a simulation is made to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the sample size based on bootstrapping is smaller than that based on central limit theorem.

Local Polynomial Regression Estimator of the Finite Population Total under Stratified Random Sampling: A Model-Based Approach

In this paper, auxiliary information is used to determine an estimator of finite population total using nonparametric regression under stratified random sampling. To achieve this, a model-based approach is adopted by making use of the local polynomial regression estimation to predict the nonsampled values of the survey variable y. The performance of the proposed estimator is investigated against some design-based and model-based regression estimators. The simulation experiments show that the resulting estimator exhibits good properties. Generally, good confidence intervals are seen for the nonparametric regression estimators, and use of the proposed estimator leads to relatively smaller values of RE compared to other estimators.

L-Moments Based Calibrated Variance Estimators Using Double Stratified Sampling

Variance is one of the most vital measures of dispersion widely employed in practical aspects.A commonly used approach for variance estimation is the traditional method of moments that is strongly influenced by the presence of extreme values,and thus its results cannot be relied on.Finding momentum from Koyuncu’s recent work,the present paper focuses first on proposing two classes of variance estimators based on linear moments(L-moments),and then employing them with auxiliary data under double stratified sampling to introduce a new class of calibration variance estimators using important properties of L-moments(L-location,L-cv,L-variance).Three populations are taken into account to assess the efficiency of the new estimators.The first and second populations are concerned with artificial data,and the third populations is concerned with real data.The percentage relative efficiency of the proposed estimators over existing ones is evaluated.In the presence of extreme values,our findings depict the superiority and high efficiency of the proposed classes over traditional classes.Hence,when auxiliary data is available along with extreme values,the proposed classes of estimators may be implemented in an extensive variety of sampling surveys.

Random Route and Quota Sampling: Do They Offer Any Advantage over Probably Sampling Methods?

The aim of this paper is to compare sample quality across two probability samples and one that uses probabilistic cluster sampling combined with random route and quota sampling within the selected clusters in order to define the ultimate survey units. All of them use the face-to-face interview as the survey procedure. The hypothesis to be tested is that it is possible to achieve the same degree of representativeness using a combination of random route sampling and quota sampling (with substitution) as it can be achieved by means of household sampling (without substitution) based on the municipal register of inhabitants. We have found such marked differences in the age and gender distribution of the probability sampling, where the deviations exceed 6%. A different picture emerges when it comes to comparing the employment variables, where the quota sampling overestimates the economic activity rate (2.5%) and the unemployment rate (8%) and underestimates the employment rate (3.46%).

A Note on the Precision of Stratified Systematic Sampling

Conflicting views had greeted the use of systematic sampling for sample selection and estimation in stratified sampling in terms of the precision of the population mean base on the inherent characteristics of the population. These conflicting views were analyzed using Cochran data (1977, p. 211) [1]. When the population units are ordered, variance of systematic sampling for all possible systematic samples provides equal, non-negative and most precise estimates for all the variance functions considered i.e. , unlike when a single systematic sample is used and when variance of simple random sampling is used to estimate selected systematic samples.

Comparison of sampling effort allocation strategies in a stratified random survey with multiple objectives

Stratified random survey is commonly used to estimate abundance indices of fish populations in multispecies survey,providing reliable data for stock assessment and fisheries management.In some cases,however,the sample size is relatively small because of the limitation of survey cost or other factors.The allocation methods of sampling efforts among strata in stratified random surveys with small sample size may need adjustment compared with traditional approaches.In this study,two sampling stations were allocated to each stratum first and then the remaining sampling units were allocated among strata using five traditional allocation methods.In order to distinguish them from traditional methods,we called them adjusted methods in this study.A simulation study was conducted to compare the performances of different allocation strategies of sampling efforts in a stratified random survey for estimating abundance indices of multiple target species.Relative estimation error(REE)and relative bias(RB)were used to measure the precision and accuracy of estimates of abundance indices under different allocation schemes of sampling efforts in the multispecies survey.The performances of different allocation schemes in estimating abundance indices varied greatly for different species over different seasons.The adjusted Neyman allocation scheme could significantly reduce the REE and RB of estimates of abundance index for single species survey.For multiple species surveys,the adjusted average-Neyman allocation method,the adjusted Yate allocation method,the adjusted proportional allocation method and current allocation method had relatively high accuracy and precision of estimates of abundance indices for four species in terms of the total_(REE) and total_(RB).Though the adjusted average-Neyman allocation scheme did not always have the best performance,it was the optimal one considering the accuracy and precision of estimates of abundance indices for all species simultaneously.The allocation of sampling efforts among strata in stratified random surveys targeting for estimating abundance indices of multiple species should comprehensively consider the variance of abundance of different species in stratum and the seasonal changes.

Empirical Likelihood Inference Under Stratified Random Sampling in the Presence of Measurement Error

Suppose that several different imperfect instruments and one perfect instrument are used independently to measure some characteristic of a population. In order to make full use of the sample information, in this paper the empirical likelihood method is put forward for making inferences on parameters of interest under stratified random sampling in the presence of measurement error, Our results show that it can lead to estimators which are asymptotically normal and utilize all the available sample information. We also obtain the asymptotic distribution of empirical likelihood testing statistics. In particular, we apply the method to obtain estimator and confidence interval of population mean.

STRATIFIED MODEL FOR ESTIMATING FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE OF METALLIC MATERIALS

The curve of relationship between fatigue crack growth rate and the stress strength factor amplitude represented an important fatigue property in designing of damage tolerance limits and predicting life of metallic component parts. In order to have a more reasonable use of testing data, samples from population were stratified suggested by the stratified random sample model (SRAM). The data in each stratum corresponded to the same experiment conditions. A suitable weight was assigned to each stratified sample according to the actual working states of the pressure vessel, so that the estimation of fatigue crack growth rate equation was more accurate for practice. An empirical study shows that the SRAM estimation by using fatigue crack growth rate data from different stoves is obviously better than the estimation from simple random sample model.

SOME PROBLEMS ON FOREST SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

This paper reveaed some problems of the forest samling investigation from application.and pointed out the defects. Determining sample size method was precisely put forward from formla's origin in simple random Samling procedure In stratified random samgling, two cases were distinguished: the variances Sh2 are equal for all h and not all Sh2 are equal This method made the assertion of making confidence interval more reliable.

Characteristics and demographic factors of traditional Chinese medicine constitution types among elderly individuals in China:A national multistage cluster random study Author links open overlay panel

Objective To reveal the distribution characteristics and demographic factors of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution among elderly individuals in China.Methods Elderly individuals from seven regions in China were selected as samples in this study using a multistage cluster random sampling method.The basic information questionnaire and Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire(Elderly Edition)were used.Descriptive statistical analysis,chi-squared tests,and binary logistic regression analysis were used.Results The single balanced constitution(BC)accounted for 23.9%.The results of the major TCM constitution types showed that BC(43.2%)accounted for the largest proportion and unbalanced constitutions ranged from 0.9%to 15.7%.East China region(odds ratio[OR]=2.097;95%confidence interval[CI],1.912 to 2.301),married status(OR=1.341;95%CI,1.235 to 1.457),and managers(OR=1.254;95%CI,1.044 to 1.505)were significantly associated with BC.Age>70 years was associated with qi-deficiency constitution and blood stasis constitution(BSC).Female sex was significantly associated with yang-deficiency constitution(OR=1.646;95%CI,1.52 to 1.782).Southwest region was significantly associated with phlegm-dampness constitution(OR=1.809;95%CI,1.569 to 2.086).North China region was significantly associated with inherited special constitution(OR=2.521;95%CI,1.569 to 4.05).South China region(OR=2.741;95%CI,1.997 to 1.3.763),Central China region(OR=8.889;95%CI,6.676 to 11.835),senior middle school education(OR=2.442;95%CI,1.932 to 3.088),and managers(OR=1.804;95%CI,1.21 to 2.69)were significantly associated with BSC.Conclusions This study defined the distribution characteristics and demographic factors of TCM constitution in the elderly population.Adjusting and improving unbalanced constitutions,which are correlated with diseases,can help promote healthy aging through the scientific management of these demographic factors.

联合比估计法在敏感性问题调查中的应用

文章基于定性特征敏感性随机化模型——分层抽样下的Warner模型,运用联合比估计法对敏感性问题调查比例的估计量及估计误差进行了理论推导。通过效率比较得出:当各层样本量较大、比估计有效时,联合比估计法的精度优于分层估计法的精度。经调查实例验证,上述结论正确。

基于三维成像声呐的无人艇水下目标检测

针对无人艇水下目标探测过程中声呐图像受干扰多、单个目标可能分裂为多个亮斑等问题,开展了基于三维成像声呐的无人艇水下目标检测技术研究。首先,考虑水面无人艇水下目标检测跟踪识别的需要,建立了三维点云图像模型;然后,提出了基于随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)平面拟合的海底检测算法,以完成三维点云图中海底平面提取与分离,通过基于欧式聚类的三维点云检测技术和多特征数据关联技术等手段提高了目标的检测概率;最后,在湖上进行了试验,试验结果验证了该算法对水下目标检测识别的有效性。

Efficient slope reliability analysis under soil spatial variability using maximum entropy distribution with fractional moments

Spatial variability of soil properties imposes a challenge for practical analysis and design in geotechnical engineering.The latter is particularly true for slope stability assessment,where the effects of uncertainty are synthesized in the so-called probability of failure.This probability quantifies the reliability of a slope and its numerical calculation is usually quite involved from a numerical viewpoint.In view of this issue,this paper proposes an approach for failure probability assessment based on Latinized partially stratified sampling and maximum entropy distribution with fractional moments.The spatial variability of geotechnical properties is represented by means of random fields and the Karhunen-Loève expansion.Then,failure probabilities are estimated employing maximum entropy distribution with fractional moments.The application of the proposed approach is examined with two examples:a case study of an undrained slope and a case study of a slope with cross-correlated random fields of strength parameters under a drained slope.The results show that the proposed approach has excellent accuracy and high efficiency,and it can be applied straightforwardly to similar geotechnical engineering problems.

Three-dimensional(3D)parametric measurements of individual gravels in the Gobi region using point cloud technique

Gobi spans a large area of China,surpassing the combined expanse of mobile dunes and semi-fixed dunes.Its presence significantly influences the movement of sand and dust.However,the complex origins and diverse materials constituting the Gobi result in notable differences in saltation processes across various Gobi surfaces.It is challenging to describe these processes according to a uniform morphology.Therefore,it becomes imperative to articulate surface characteristics through parameters such as the three-dimensional(3D)size and shape of gravel.Collecting morphology information for Gobi gravels is essential for studying its genesis and sand saltation.To enhance the efficiency and information yield of gravel parameter measurements,this study conducted field experiments in the Gobi region across Dunhuang City,Guazhou County,and Yumen City(administrated by Jiuquan City),Gansu Province,China in March 2023.A research framework and methodology for measuring 3D parameters of gravel using point cloud were developed,alongside improved calculation formulas for 3D parameters including gravel grain size,volume,flatness,roundness,sphericity,and equivalent grain size.Leveraging multi-view geometry technology for 3D reconstruction allowed for establishing an optimal data acquisition scheme characterized by high point cloud reconstruction efficiency and clear quality.Additionally,the proposed methodology incorporated point cloud clustering,segmentation,and filtering techniques to isolate individual gravel point clouds.Advanced point cloud algorithms,including the Oriented Bounding Box(OBB),point cloud slicing method,and point cloud triangulation,were then deployed to calculate the 3D parameters of individual gravels.These systematic processes allow precise and detailed characterization of individual gravels.For gravel grain size and volume,the correlation coefficients between point cloud and manual measurements all exceeded 0.9000,confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology for measuring 3D parameters of individual gravels.The proposed workflow yields accurate calculations of relevant parameters for Gobi gravels,providing essential data support for subsequent studies on Gobi environments.

无回答与计量误差叠加时总体方差的校准估计

非抽样误差是一种系统误差,在概率抽样、非概率抽样和全面调查中都可能存在,对统计数据质量和估计结果都会造成重要影响。当前对非抽样误差视角下有限总体参数估计方法的研究存在不足,对多种非抽样误差叠加时总体方差估计的研究也比较少。文章基于校准估计方法讨论了在两种非抽样误差同时存在的情况下,分层随机抽样中有限总体方差的估计问题。针对无回答和计量误差叠加存在的情形,提出了一种改进的总体方差校准估计量。在此基础上,考察了所提校准估计量的统计性质,并推导了其偏差和均方误差的一阶近似数学表达式。模拟研究和真实数据结果均显示,所提校准估计量相比Singh的校准估计量总是更有效的。

基于新型采样技术的非平衡数据分类方法

在一些现实场景中,数据不平衡问题普遍存在,严重影响模型的预测结果。合成少数类过采样技术(Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique,SMOTE)是解决非平衡分类问题的一种方法,但存在局限性。针对数据中的类不平衡问题,提出基于数据分布和聚类加权的改进SMOTE随机森林分类算法(Random Forest Using SMOTE Based on Data Distribution and Cluster Weighting,DCSMOTE-RF)。该算法通过获取样本分布信息,将少数类样本划分到不同簇群,根据簇群信息量为每个区域分配不同合成份额;少数类样本结合自身权重,生成相应规模的目标样本;通过基于随机森林学习评价训练数据。10组非平衡数据集仿真试验结果表明,DCSMOTE-RF算法对非平衡数据具有较好的预测效果。

Optimization of stratification scheme for a fishery-independent survey with multiple objectives

Fishery-independent surveys are often used for collecting high quality biological and ecological data to support fisheries management. A careful optimization of fishery-independent survey design is necessary to improve the precision of survey estimates with cost-effective sampling efforts. We developed a simulation approach to evaluate and optimize the stratification scheme for a fishery-independent survey with multiple goals including estimation of abundance indices of individual species and species diversity indices. We compared the performances of the sampling designs with different stratification schemes for different goals over different months. Gains in precision of survey estimates from the stratification schemes were acquired compared to simple random sampling design for most indices. The stratification scheme with five strata performed the best. This study showed that the loss of precision of survey estimates due to the reduction of sampling efforts could be compensated by improved stratification schemes, which would reduce the cost and negative impacts of survey trawling on those species with low abundance in the fishery-independent survey. This study also suggests that optimization of a survey design differed with different survey objectives. A post-survey analysis can improve the stratification scheme of fishery-independent survey designs.

Free clustering optimal particle probability hypothesis density(PHD) filter

As to the fact that it is difficult to obtain analytical form of optimal sampling density and tracking performance of standard particle probability hypothesis density(P-PHD) filter would decline when clustering algorithm is used to extract target states,a free clustering optimal P-PHD(FCO-P-PHD) filter is proposed.This method can lead to obtainment of analytical form of optimal sampling density of P-PHD filter and realization of optimal P-PHD filter without use of clustering algorithms in extraction target states.Besides,as sate extraction method in FCO-P-PHD filter is coupled with the process of obtaining analytical form for optimal sampling density,through decoupling process,a new single-sensor free clustering state extraction method is proposed.By combining this method with standard P-PHD filter,FC-P-PHD filter can be obtained,which significantly improves the tracking performance of P-PHD filter.In the end,the effectiveness of proposed algorithms and their advantages over other algorithms are validated through several simulation experiments.

基于区域生长顺序聚类-RANSAC的水稻苗带中心线检测

为提高水稻苗带中心线检测的适应性和实时性,满足巡田机器人导航的低成本、轻量级计算、高实时性需求,针对水稻苗带中心线检测结果容易受到光照变化和机器震动等原因产生图像噪声影响的问题,该研究以返青期和分蘖初期水稻秧苗为研究对象,提出基于区域生长顺序聚类-随机抽样一致性算法(random sample consensus,RANSAC)的水稻苗带中心线检测方法。首先,对采集的水稻秧苗图像运用归一化超绿特征法(excess green,ExG)和最大类间方差法(Otsu)分割水田背景和秧苗区域,应用先腐蚀后开运算的形态学方法去除秧苗图像噪声点;然后,采用基于水平带的秧苗轮廓质心检测方法提取秧苗特征点,利用区域生长顺序聚类方法将同一秧苗行的特征点聚成一类;最后,通过RANSAC算法拟合苗带中心线,从而得到巡田机器人视觉导航基准线。试验结果表明:该方法对返青期和分蘖初期水稻苗带中心线检测率均在97%以上,比已有YOLOv3算法提高6.12个百分点,比基于区域生长均值漂移聚类算法降低2.41个百分点;平均误差角度为2.34°,比已有YOLOv3算法高1.37°,比基于区域生长均值漂移聚类算法低0.12°,平均每帧图像检测时间为15.53 ms,比已有YOLOv3算法缩短81.19%,比基于区域生长均值漂移聚类算法缩短82.74%,本文方法在保证检测精度的基础上,大幅提升了检测速度,具有良好的适应性和实时性。研究结果可为巡田机器人视觉导航提供参考。