Simulations of Microphysics and Precipitation in a Stratiform Cloud Case over Northern China:Comparison of Two Microphysics Schemes

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with two different microphysics schemes,the Predicted Particle Properties(P3)and the Morrison double-moment parameterizations,we simulated a stratiform rainfall event on 20–21 April 2010.The simulation output was compared with precipitation and aircraft observations.The aircraft-observed moderate-rimed dendrites and plates indicated that riming contributed significantly to ice particle growth at the mature precipitation stage.Observations of dendrite aggregation and capped columns suggested that aggregation coexisted with deposition or riming and played an important role in producing many large particles.The domain-averaged values of the 24-h surface precipitation accumulation from the two schemes were quite close to each other.However,differences existed in the temporal and spatial evolutions of the precipitation distribution.An analysis of the surface precipitation temporal evolution indicated faster precipitation in Morrison,while P3 indicated slower rainfall by shifting the precipitation pattern eastward toward what was observed.The differences in precipitation values between the two schemes were related to the cloud water content distribution and fall speeds of rimed particles.P3 simulated the stratiform precipitation event better as it captured the gradual transition in the mass-weighted fall speeds and densities from unrimed to rimed particles.

Observational Evidence of High Ice Concentration in a Shallow Convective Cloud Embedded in Stratiform Cloud over North China

In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm（N_（100） and N_（500）） exceeded 300 L-（-1） and 30 L-（-1）, respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_（100） and N_（500） decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare.

Numerical Simulation on the Rainout-Removal of Sulfur Dioxide and Acidification of Precipitation from Stratiform Clouds

The rainout-removal of SO2 and the acidification of precipitation from stratiform clouds are simulated using a one-dimensional, time-dependent model, parameterized microphysically in which dissolution and dissociation of gaseous SO2 and H2O2, and oxidation reaction in aqueous phase are taken into account. The effects of dynamic factors, including updraft flow and turbulent transport, and the concentration of gaseous SO2 and H2O2 being transported into the clouds on pH value of the precipitation, the conversion rate S(Ⅳ)-S(Ⅵ) and the wet deposition rate of SO2 are discussed.

Vertical Structures of Convective and Stratiform Clouds in Boreal Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Neighboring Regions

Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models.

Aircraft Observation Analysis on Stratiform Cloud Structure near a Low Trough - Inverted Trough

An aircraft precipitation operation and detecting was implemented by Hebei Weather Modification Office over Shijiazhuang City during18:18-19:37 on April 2,2014. The detecting area was near 500 hP a of high-altitude trough and surface inverted trough. Slight shower had appeared in Tianjin( rear of inverted trough) and Shanxi Province( near the inverted trough) at 20:00,while there was not precipitation in Hebei Province which was near the inverted trough. Analysis showed that the water vapor supply was not enough below 550 hP a in south-central Hebei Province,and cloud system development condition was poor. The cold cloud developed better,but there was not warm cloud,causing no precipitation on the ground.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Model for Stratiform Cloud Microphysical Structure by Observation and Simulation

The microphysical "three-layer" model for stratiform clouds over a midlatitude location in Northwest China is investigated by combining in situ airborne Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. (PMS), radar measurements, and the NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) simulation with a two-moment microphysics scheme. The coexistence of measured supercooled liquid water and small ice particles produces snow particles below the cloud top in the second layer. Peak number concentration and mean diameter of cloud water and raindrop appear in the third warm layer. A thin dry layer just below the melting layer is also observed. The predicted precipitation is tested by equitable threat score. The melting layer is clearly defined in the radar image and model radar reflectivity output is agreement with the observations. The model results provide features of the microphysical structure for every layer of "three-layer" model at Yan'an station. For both observation and model simulation, the "three-layer" model explains the stratiform precipitation formation completely and comprehensively.

MIXED-PHASE STRATIFORM CLOUD SYSTEM MODEL AND CASE MODELING ON TWO LOW-LEVEL MESOSCALE VORTICES

We introduced the two-parameter stratiform cloud model of Hu and Yan (1986) into the mesoscale model ofAnthes et al. (1987), and reprogramed the latter, then constructed a three-dimensional stratiform cloud system modelwhich includes three phases of water and detailed cloud physical processes. For the stability and accuracy of calculationin a larger time step, we accepted a set of hybrid-schemes for all and the time split scheme for some of the cloud physicalprocesses, and proposed a parameterized method which calculates different types of phase change processessimultaneously, and designed the falling schemes of particles following the Lagrangian method.We used a dry model, a cumulus parameterization model, a two-phase explicit scheme model, and the model pres-ented here to simulate two low-level mesoscale vortices, compared and analysed the simulating capability of these mod-els. The results show that in simulation of the circulation structure of meso-vortex, the structure of cloud system, andsurface precipitation, the model presented here is more reasonable and closer to the observations than other models.

Aircraft observation of cloud microphysical characteristics of pre-stratiform-cloud precipitation in Jiangxi Province

本文利用2015年11月11日江西省赣州市一次降水前期层状云的DMT资料,结合雷达数据,综合分析了在高空槽影响下云系的宏微观结构特征。结果表明:(1)探测属于降水前期,云系呈多层分布。(2)层状云系在水平和垂直方向存在不均匀性,0°C层上下满足播种云-供应云机制。0°C层以上为播种云,凝华,粘连增长占主要过程。0°C层以下的暖层为供应云,粒子在液态水含量丰富的供应云体中长大,冰晶的融化聚并过程使得有效直径显著增大。下降到4150m的高度,冰晶完全融化变为雨滴。

A NUMERICAL MODEL OF MIXED CONVECTIVESTRATIFORM CLOUD

A 2-D slab-symmetric model of mixed convective-stratiform cloud is developed by superimposing convective cloud-size field on the convergence field,in order to simulate and study the mixed clouds consisting of stratiform cloud and convective cloud.A deep convective,anelastic and conservative system of equations with basic variables(V,θ,π')is solved by a new method to calculate dynamic field.The water substance in the cloud is divided into 6 categories and the microphysical processes are described in spectrum with two variable parameters and more reasonable particle number/size distributions.To compare with measured radar echo intensity and structure,the model may calculate echo intensity of the model cloud observed by radar.

河北省一次层状云冰相粒子及融化层微物理特性研究

层状云中冰粒子、融化层及以下粒子微物理特性演变规律的科学认识对于中国云降水参数化、降水预报及人工影响天气研究具有重要意义。利用2019年8月24日河北省一次层状云飞机观测资料,分析云中负温层、融化层及以下粒子群微物理特性的演变。研究表明,云中负温层冰相粒子以聚合体为主,部分区域存在霰粒子。云中冰相粒子通过凇附、碰连和贝吉龙过程增长。相对来说,上升气流较强及相对湿度较高云区的冰相粒子数浓度较高、粒子谱较宽。融化层中,中等大小粒子数浓度存在增大趋势,说明融化层中不同粒径冰相粒子的融化速率存在差异。研究发现,高相对湿度区(RH≥95%)粒子融化速率较低相对湿度区(RH<95%)快,低相对湿度区中表面融化的粒子蒸发吸收潜热,使环境温度降低,减缓粒子融化速率。融化层高相对湿度区降水粒子谱分布的截距大于低相对湿度区,斜率与低相对湿度区接近。融化层降水粒子负指数谱分布的截距与斜率均大于负温层,0℃层高度以下HVPS探测到的粒子谱分布参数N_(0)与λ呈正相关,线性函数能较好地拟合二者的关系。对于D_(max)大于1000μm的降水粒子,谱参数λ与D_(max)呈负相关,幂函数能较好地拟合二者的关系。数值研究发现,0℃层之下云内存在混合相态粒子,观测和模拟结果均发现0℃层之下中等大小的粒子数浓度更高。分档方案数值模拟得到的降水粒子平均谱的截距与观测资料一致,但斜率大于观测结果。研究结合飞机观测资料与模式,对云内融化层中粒子微物理特性有了更加深入的认识。

山西中部一次积层混合云降水微物理特征

基于2011年5月9日山西中部一次积层混合云降水的飞机探测和地面雨滴谱观测资料,分析空中云系微物理参量的垂直分布、冰晶形态及演变和地面降水的微物理特征。结果表明:积层混合云为冷云结构,垂直分布不均匀,云中过冷水较为丰沛,对流泡的存在造成云内不同区域云水含量不均匀。云滴的凝华增长导致5.3 km处大云粒子和降水粒子数浓度明显增加。小云粒子谱分布以单峰型为主,峰值直径主要在5~6μm或9~10μm,大云粒子谱分布呈多峰型,不同高度处变化较大。观测到的冰晶形态包括板状、针柱状、柱帽状、辐枝状和不规则形状,4.9 km处受聚合和淞附过程的共同影响,辐枝状和针柱状冰晶增多,在4.1 km处融化层附近淞附状冰晶明显增加。地面降水受到雨滴谱仪布设位置的影响,其微物理结构主要呈现层状云降水的特征。

华北一次层状云系暖区水汽和液态水分布特征

基于机载微波辐射计、地基微波辐射计和Ka波段云雷达3种遥感资料,结合FY-4A气象卫星、气象观测站、天气雷达及再分析资料,研究2021年5月15日一次华北降水性层状云系暖区的水汽和液态水分布特征。结果表明:水汽和液态水的水平分布不均,飞机平飞时机载微波辐射计探测的积分水汽含量和液态水路径起伏变化,最大值分别为4.00 cm和1.87 mm,随着暖区云顶高度和云层厚度降低,二者分别降至0.89 cm和0.13 mm。随着降水发生发展,地基微波辐射计探测的积分水汽含量和液态水路径均出现跃增,峰值分别为8.62 cm和3.85 mm,水汽变化滞后于液态水,垂直方向上液态水含量的累积区厚度、最大值及所在高度均随降水先增后减,液态水的时空演变对暖区降水及增雨作业时机和部位的判识有重要指示意义。云雷达探测的液态水含量也出现跃增,在1 km高度以下反射率因子较大、粒子下落速度及离散程度较大时段,液态水丰富,对应降水量较大,粒子碰并是暖区降水的主要机制。

Study on Physical Characteristics of a Precipitation Cloud System in Hebei Province in Spring by Aircraft Observation

Using data of airborne particle measurement system, weather radar and Ka-band millimeter wave cloud-meter, physical structure characteristics of a typical stable stratiform cloud in Hebei Province on February 27, 2018 was analyzed. Research results showed that the detected cloud system was the precipitation stratiform cloud in the later stage of development. The cloud layer developed stably, and the vertical structure was unevenly distributed. The concentration of small cloud particles in high-level clouds was low, and it fluctuated greatly in space, and presented a discontinuous distribution state. The concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles was high, which was conducive to the growth of cloud droplets and the aggregation of ice crystals. The concentration of small cloud particles and the content of supercooled water were high in the middle and low-level clouds. The precipitation cloud system had a significant hierarchical structure, which conformed to the "catalysis-supply" mechanism. From the upper layer to the lower layer, the cloud particle spectrum was mainly in the form of single peak or double peak distribution, which showed a monotonic decreasing trend in general. The spectral distribution of small cloud particles in the cloud was discontinuous, and the high-value areas of spectral concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles were concentrated in the upper part of the cloud layer, and the particle spectrum was significantly widened. There was inversion zone at the bottom of the cloud layer, which was conducive to the continuous increase of particle concentration and the formation of large supercooled water droplets.

Analysis of the Relationship between the Cloud Water Path and Precipitation Intensity of Mature Typhoons in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The relationship between precipitation intensity and cloud water in typhoon systems remains unclear.This study combined time-and space-synchronized precipitation and spectral data obtained by the Precipitation Radar(PR)as well as the Visible and Infrared Scanner(VIRS)onboard the TRMM satellite,to overcome the limitations of precipitation properties and cloud parameters not being synchronized in previous studies.A merged dataset of near-surface rain rate(RR)and corresponding cloud water path(CWP)was established and used to analyze the potential correlation between cloud microphysical properties and precipitation,to deepen our understanding of the evolution of cloud to rain.In addition,25 collocated satellite overpasses of mature typhoon cases in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 1998 to 2012 were obtained,and the relationships between the CWP and RR of 144515 pixels were analyzed in detail.The results show that the CWP and RR of mature typhoon systems with different precipitation types,precipitation cloud phases,and vertical depths of precipitation can be fitted by a notable sigmoid function,which may be useful for estimating CWP and parameterizing precipitation in models.Furthermore,the relationship was applied and tested with an independent sample to show that RR is a significant indicator of CWP.

Surface Rainfall and Cloud Budgets Associated with Mei-yu Torrential Rainfall over Eastern China during June 2011

Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with three heavy rainfall events that occurred over eastern China during the mei-yu season in June 2011 were analyzed using 2D cumulus ensemble model simulation data.Model domain mean rainfall showed three peaks in response to three prescribed ascending motion maxima,primarily through the mean moisture convergence during the torrential rainfall period.Prescribed ascending motion throughout the troposphere produced strong convective rainfall during the first （9 June） and third （17-18 June） rainfall events,whereas strong prescribed ascending motion in the mid and upper troposphere and weak subsidence near the surface generated equally important stratiform and convective rainfall during the second rainfall event （14 June）.The analysis of surface rainfall budgets reveals that convective rainfall was associated with atmospheric drying during the first event and moisture convergence during the third event.Both stratiform and convective rainfall responded primarily to moisture convergence during the second event.An analysis of grid data shows that the first and third mean rainfall maxima had smaller horizontal scales of the precipitation system than the second.

Classification of Convective and Stratiform Cells in Meteorological Radar Images Using SVM Based on a Textural Analysis

This contribution deals with the discrimination between stratiform and convective cells in meteorological radar images. This study is based on a textural analysis of the latter and their classification using a support vector machine （SVM）. First, we apply different textural parameters such as energy, entropy, inertia, and local homogeneity. Through this experience, we identify the different textural features of both the stratiform and convective cells. Then, we use an SVM to find the best discriminating parameter between the two types of clouds. The main goal of this work is to better apply the Palmer and Marshall Z-R relations specific to each type of precipitation.

北京夏季两种降水云系粒子微物理特征研究

文章选取反射率、径向速度、退偏振比、速度谱宽、粒子含水量、相态识别和粒子有效半径等多种雷达产品,对2021-05-22/05-23以层状云为主的降水过程进行分析,从而获取积云降水云系及层状云降水云系粒子的微物理特征。该研究方法和结果可以为人工影响天气中增雨增雪工作提供更直接的指导产品,为人工影响天气作业条件效果分析提供帮助。

基于机载微波辐射计的天津地区典型层状云水汽和液态水分布特征分析

基于2016年11月20日机载微波辐射计GVR(G-band water Vapor Radiometer)和热线含水量仪探测资料以及FY-2E卫星云顶亮温、天津塘沽站雷达组合反射率、美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environment Prediction,NCEP)/国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCAR)FNL再分析资料,分析天津地区典型层状云水汽和液态水分布特征。结果表明:层状云的液态水路径自云底向上随高度上升而减小,到达冰云高度后减至0 mm,而积分水汽含量自地面向上随高度上升逐渐减小,在云上3 500 m高度平飞过程中稳定在0.3~0.5 cm。液态水密度随高度上升先增后减,在云底(900 m)以上GVR探测的液态水均为过冷水,在上升过程中过冷水主要分布在900~2 400 m高度,密度最大为0.63 g·m^(-3),而在下降过程中主要分布在900~1 600 m高度,密度最大为0.78 g·m^(-3)。相比热线含水量仪,GVR能更好地反映云中过冷水含量及过冷层高度和厚度。水汽主要源于平流输送,水汽密度在400 m高度向上不断增大,在云底附近明显积聚后迅速减小,在1 400~3 000 m高度波动变化。随着降水的临近,飞机下降阶段的最大水汽密度增大且高度上升,水汽大值层厚度增大,可为降水预报及人工影响天气提供一定参考。

宁夏中部夏季层状云特征参数与降水相关性研究

以宁夏中部2016年、2017年夏季8次层状云降水过程为例,基于FY-2G卫星反演的云特征参数和6个国家气象站的降水观测资料,根据云特征参数和降水强度分级方法,统计并分析层状云的结构特征参数与降水的相关性.结果表明,在降水背景下,平均云顶高度为4.0~5.3 km、云顶温度为-19.0~-12.0℃、过冷层厚度为2.0~2.8 km、云光学厚度为11.0~18.0、云粒子有效半径为8.2~11.8μm、云中液态水的质量含量为100~170 g/m^(2)、云黑体亮度温度为-18.0~-5.0℃;云特征参数的空间分布与累计降水量分布趋势相反,其分级自东南向西北递增;云顶高度、云顶温度、云光学厚度和云黑体亮度温度等对降水的响应较好;云特征参数在有降水情况下的频数分布较无降水情况下的更趋于向高等级集中;云特征参数分级较高的云系发生强降水的概率较大、发生弱降水的概率较小,云特征参数分级较低的云系发生强降水的概率较小、发生弱降水的概率较大.研究结果可为分析云降水的发展演变规律、识别人工影响天气的播云条件和效果等提供参考.

六盘山区夏季一次层状云降水成因及宏微观特征分析

利用六盘山区1部X波段双偏振雷达、3部ka波段云雷达、3部Parsivel2雨滴谱仪的观测资料,分析了六盘山区夏季一次层状云降水成因及降水云系宏微观变化特征。结果表明,受锋面过境影响,六盘山区降水的时间和空间差异较大,降水云系反射率因子在20~36 dBZ之间,差分反射率因子在0~3.5dBZ之间,受阵性降水影响双偏振雷达显示相关系数均值在0.5~0.8之间;此次降水雨滴的等效直径较小,雨滴谱数浓度与等效直径随海拔高度增加分别呈现增大和减小趋势,由于山顶距离云底较近或在云内,小雨滴的浓度较大,随着降水的发生,西坡雨滴的谱型发生变化,而东坡谱型未发生变化,说明西坡由于碰并和小雨滴的蒸发,出现较强的阵性降水,与实况降水表现一致。