Prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum

This study focuses on the analytical prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum considering the volumetric deformation modes of the soil above the tunnel crown.A series of numerical analyses is performed to examine the effects of cover depth ratio(C/D),tunnel volume loss rate(h t)and volumetric block proportion(VBP)on the characteristics of subsurface settle-ment trough and soil volume loss.Considering the ground loss variation with depth,three modes are deduced from the volumetric deformation responses of the soil above the tunnel crown.Then,analytical solutions to predict subsurface settlement for each mode are presented using stochastic medium theory.The influences of C/D,h t and VBP on the key parameters(i.e.B and N)in the analytical expressions are discussed to determine the fitting formulae of B and N.Finally,the proposed analytical solutions are validated by the comparisons with the results of model test and numerical simulation.Results show that the fitting formulae provide a convenient and reliable way to evaluate the key parameters.Besides,the analytical solutions are reasonable and available in predicting the subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum.

Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs

Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.

Deformation Mechanism and Design Countermeasures of Tunnel Portal in Volcanic Deposit Clay Stratum

Shortly after tunneling,problems such as primary-support through cracks and clearance infringement are found in the shallow-buried section of tunnel No.4 of the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Railway(Jakarta-Bandung HSR),and orthogonal cracks can be found on the earth surface in front of the working face,which brings great challenges to the tunnel construction.In view of the above engineering problems,the sliding surface is speculated according to the geological and field conditions,and the impact of landslides is applied in the model in the form of external load.The paper uses the numerical simulation method to analyze and compare the impact of landslides on the tunnel structure and deformation,and puts forward the reinforcement measures.The conclusions of the studies are:(1)under the influence of heavy rainfall,the strength index of volcanic deposit clay stratum drops sharply,and meanwhile the multiple factors including tunnel excavation are liable to cause sliding of the front slope;(2)parallel landslide in front of the tunnel has a great impact on the tunnel,so setting-up of pre-reinforcement measures to control landslide shall be the focus of similar projects during design;(3)the deformation and stress of the tunnel structure can be significantly controlled for safe construction by strengthening the shallow-buried tunnel with pile foundation and longitudinal and transverse beam frames during landslide.

A method for predicting the water-flowing fractured zone height based on an improved key stratum theory

In the process of using the original key stratum theory to predict the height of a water-flowing fractured zone(WFZ),the influence of rock strata outside the calculation range on the rock strata within the calculation range as well as the fact that the shape of the overburden deformation area will change with the excavation length are ignored.In this paper,an improved key stratum theory(IKS theory)was proposed by fixing these two shortcomings.Then,a WFZ height prediction method based on IKS theory was established and applied.First,the range of overburden involved in the analysis was determined according to the tensile stress distribution range above the goaf.Second,the key stratum in the overburden involved in the analysis was identified through IKS theory.Finally,the tendency of the WFZ to develop upward was determined by judging whether or not the identified key stratum will break.The proposed method was applied and verified in a mining case study,and the reasons for the differences in the development patterns between the WFZs in coalfields in Northwest and East China were also fully explained by this method.

Study on the disaster caused by the linkage failure of the residual coal pillar and rock stratum during multiple coal seam mining:mechanism of progressive and dynamic failure

Multi-seam mining often leads to the retention of a significant number of coal pillars for purposes such as protection,safety,or water isolation.However,stress concentration beneath these residual coal pillars can significantly impact their strength and stability when mining below them,potentially leading to hydraulic support failure,surface subsidence,and rock bursting.To address this issue,the linkage between the failure and instability of residual coal pillars and rock strata during multi-seam mining is examined in this study.Key controls include residual pillar spalling,safety factor(f.),local mine stiffness(LMS),and the post-peak stiffness(k)of the residual coal pillar.Limits separating the two forms of failure,progressive versus dynamic,are defined.Progressive failure results at lower stresses when the coal pillar transitions from indefinitely stable(f,>1.5)to failing(f,<1.5)when the coal pillar can no longer remain stable for an extended duration,whereas sud-den(unstable)failure results when the strength of the pillar is further degraded and fails.The transition in mode of failure is defined by the LMS/k ratio.Failure transitions from quiescent to dynamic as LMS/k.<1,which can cause chain pillar instability propagating throughout the mine.This study provides theoretical guidance to define this limit to instability of residual coal pillars for multi-seam mining in similar mines.

Correction to:Wear mechanism and life prediction of the ripper in a 9‐m‐diameter shield machine tunneling project of the Beijing new airport line in a sand‐pebble stratum

Jiang H,Zhu J,Zhang X,Zhang J,Li H,Meng L.Wear mechanism and life prediction of the ripper in a 9‐m‐diameter shield machine tunneling project of the Beijing new airport line in a sand‐pebble stratum.Deep Undergr Sci Eng.2022;1:65‐76.doi:10.1002/dug2.12010.

软土地层临近地铁基坑施工影响控制研究

随着城市地铁沿线地下空间的持续开发,基坑施工对临近地铁变形影响控制越来越受到关注。以上海某邻近地铁的基坑工程为例,通过实测分析和数值计算的方法研究了基坑开挖和拆撑对临近隧道变形的影响,并对伺服系统控制临近隧道变形进行定量分析。结果表明:覆存于软土地层中的隧道对临近施工扰动非常敏感,尽管大区基坑与隧道间距超过2.5倍开挖深度,隧道变形仍超过了监护要求的控制值;大区地下结构施工时拆撑对隧道收敛变形影响超过开挖影响的50%;应力伺服支撑系统对控制临近隧道变形比较有效,适当的“负位移”可以对隧道变形产生有利效果。

卵石地层偏压深基坑支护结构力学特性及影响因素分析

依托洛阳市周山大道下穿开元大道项目,对卵石地层偏压深基坑支护结构力学特性及影响因素进行研究。采用MIDAS GTS NX建立二维有限元模型,对比不同条件下支护结构侧向位移、弯矩和轴力,探讨深基坑旁偏压荷载位置、大小、分布宽度及基坑开挖深度对基坑支护体系变形的作用,得出桩身随条件变化方程式及相关系数。结果表明:当堆载达到60 kPa,左侧桩体位移变幅为56.80%,右侧桩体位移小于左侧且向远离基坑方向移动,坑边荷载≥105 kPa时桩体变形将达到本项目规定预警值;堆载与坑边距离的大小和围护桩侧移量呈极高相关,基坑至堆载距离大于1.5倍设计开挖深度时,支护结构受力变形趋于稳定;基坑开挖深度达到1.8倍设计开挖深度时,基坑灌注桩受到荷载分布宽度影响几近于零。工程实测值与模拟计算值对比分析,验证了本文方法的准确性,可为偏压深基坑工程提供借鉴。

南京地铁7号线中胜站密贴下穿运营站MJS+水平冻结施工与实测研究

为解决南京新建地铁7号线在承压富水砂层近贴下穿既有10号线中胜站开挖时易发生涌砂涌水现象及冻结对既有线变形的影响问题,提出一种全方位高压喷射工法(metro jet system,MJS)+水平冻结法联合加固承压富水砂性地层的施工方法。根据实际工程,确定MJS+水平冻结加固工艺、加固参数、加固范围及冻结的方案,并通过数值模拟方法预测冻结温度场的变化规律、计算开始冻结的合理时间和积极冻结时间。对冻结过程中的土体温度、冻结及开挖过程中的既有车站底板位移进行监测,并在此基础上对暗挖方案进行优化。工程实践表明:1)冻结过程中中部MJS加固体温度一直高于端部MJS加固体温度,应当加强对中部位置温度的监测;2)冻土帷幕范围应控制在MJS加固体范围内,否则土体冻结会对冻胀变形影响较大,为此提出了上部钻孔取土泄压及间歇冻结的方案,可在一定程度上减小冻胀;3)本工程冻结及开挖阶段既有车站结构变形较小,减小了对近贴既有车站结构的影响;4)优化后的暗挖方案可加快施工进度,原开挖时间约80 d,优化后开挖时间缩短至66 d。

Research on the design method for uniform wear of shield cutters in sand-pebble strata

During shield tunneling in highly abrasive formations such as sand–pebble strata,nonuniform wear of shield cutters is inevitable due to the different cutting distances.Frequent downtimes and cutter replacements have become major obstacles to long-distance shield driving in sand–pebble strata.Based on the cutter wear characteristics in sand–pebble strata in Beijing,a design methodology for the cutterhead and cutters was established in this study to achieve uniform wear of all cutters by the principle of frictional wear.The applicability of the design method was verified through three-dimensional simulations using the engineering discrete element method.The results show that uniform wear of all cutters on the cutterhead could be achieved by installing different numbers of cutters on each trajectory radius and designing a curved spoke with a certain arch height according to the shield diameter.Under the uniform wear scheme,the cutter wear coefficient is greatly reduced,and the largest shield driving distance is increased by approximately 47%over the engineering scheme.The research results indicate that the problem of nonuniform cutter wear in shield excavation could be overcome,thereby providing guiding significance for theoretical innovation and construction of long-distance shield excavation in highly abrasive strata.

一次扣拱暗挖逆作法车站结构设计要点分析

随着城市地铁的快速发展,地铁线路通常会穿越人口密集、地面交通繁忙、地面建筑物林立、地下管线密布的市中心繁华地段,全暗挖法施工地铁车站在避免管线迁改、减少交通影响、改善施工环境等方面具有显著优势,但也具有施工条件受限、结构受力转换复杂、变形控制不利等特点。基于北京地铁14号线大望路站工程,分析了由于条件受限而采用全暗挖法施工的必要条件,针对一次扣拱暗挖法施工采用理论分析、数值计算、现场监测等手段对其结构受力体系、施工过程中地层变形控制等关键技术进行了系统分析和总结,揭示了该类型车站施工的受力和变形规律。

Supporting Skin Structure and Its Barrier Functions with Evidence-Based Skin Care Ingredients

The epidermis, and in particular its outermost layer, the stratum corneum, contributes much of the barrier function of the skin and is a readily visible representation of skin health. Maintaining the health of the skin barrier has arguably become more important than ever in the modern world, in which a large majority of people are exposed to environmental insults. These external factors can damage the integrity of the skin barrier and prematurely age the skin. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to maintain and protect the stratum corneum. Here, we briefly review the complex, multilayered structure of the skin and relate it to clinically translatable function, with an emphasis on the stratum corneum. In the context of epidermal structure and function, the formulation and clinical data for Phelityl® Reviving Cream will be reviewed. Phelityl Reviving Cream was shown to be associated with improvements in both immediate- and long-term parameters, including a significant positive effect on the skin barrier and immediate and long-lasting hydration.

Fracture evolution and pressure relief gas drainage from distant protected coal seams under an extremely thick key stratum

When an extremely thick rock bed exists above a protected coal seam in the bending zone given the condition of a mining protective seam, this extremely thick rock bed controls the movement of the entire overlying stratum. This extremely thick rock bed, called a ＂main key stratum＂, will not subside nor break for a long time, causing lower fractures and bed separations not to close and gas can migrate to the bed separation areas along the fractures. These bed separations become gas enrichment areas. By analyzing the rule of fracture evolution and gas migration under the main key stratum after the deep protective coal seam has been mined, we propose a new gas drainage method which uses bore holes, drilled through rock and coal seams at great depths for draining pressure relief gas. In this method, the bores are located at a high level suction roadway （we can also drill them in the drilling field located high in an air gateway）. Given the practice in the Haizi mine, the gas drainage rate can reach 73% in the middie coal group, with a gas drainage radius over 100 m.

Ground-borne vibration generated by high-speed train viaduct systems in soft-upper/hard-lower rock strata

An experimental study and theoretical analysis were carried out to explore the ground-borne vibration generated by elevated high-speed railway in rock strata.Taking a typical rail line constructed on rock area in China as the research object,a set of field tests was performed on Rizhao-Lankao High-Speed Railway,the bridge and ground vibrations were measured as trains passed at 330−340 km/h,then the transferring law and spatial distribution under individual frequencies were investigated.The experiment results indicate that the bridge frequency spectrum exhibited relatively high-frequency vibration peaks caused by short-wavelength irregularity;ground vibration farther than 30 m away can be amplified with a higher frequency and numerous components.Furthermore,the wave propagation equation of a stratified rock strata was established based on direct-stiffness method to explore the vibration attenuation rules via frequency-domain analysis.It is found that the rock area has a weaker correlation between vibration transmissibility and frequency,thicker and harder rock strata loss their vibration attenuation capacity.It can be concluded that the high-speed railways induced vibration on rock strata shows a wide frequency band and large amplitude,the design of reducing vibration aimed at specific frequency is important according to next more detailed numerical study.

Water shutoff model test in water-rich sandy stratum by phosphoric acid-water glass grout

The rheological behavior of phosphoric acid-water glass grout in different mixing ratios was studied. Grout made of water glass with Baume degree of 20° and 13.4% phosphoric acid by 1:1 volume ratio is found to be more effective in stopping water. Laboratory model test of water shutoff by grouting was conducted. Test results show that the diffusion length and water cutoff effect of the grout are significantly improved as the grout head is raised, due to the dilution of underground water, and it takes the grout longer than its gel time to cut off water.

Strata movement and stress evolution when mining two overlapping panels affected by hard stratum

Mining causes stress redistribution and stratum movement.In this paper,a numerical model was built according to the geological conditions in the 12th coal mine in Pingdingshan city to study the strata movement and the evolution of stress when mining two overlapping longwall panels,named panels#14 and#15.The strata close to the mined panel move directly towards the gob,while the strata that are farther away swing back and forth during the mining process.The directed movement and swinging can break the transverse boreholes for gas extraction;a surface borehole should not be within the range of directional movement.The stress evolution suggested that the mining of the lower panel#15 after the upper panel#14 would further increase the de-stressed range,while the stress concentration around the mined panel would be increased.Hard strata usually carry a greater stress than adjacent rocks and soft coal seams.The stress in a hard stratum increases greatly,and the stress decreases greatly in the coal seams below the hard stratum.This study supplies a reference for similar coal mines and is useful for determining the de-stressed range and transverse borehole arrangement for gas extraction.

TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF A RIGID CIRCULAR PLATE ON SATURATED STRATUM OVERLAYING BEDROCK

The torsional vibration of a rigid plate resting on saturated stratum overlaying bedrock has been analysed for the first time. The dynamic governing differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved by employing the technology of Hankel transform. By taking into account the boundary conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibration of a rigid circular plate are established, which are further converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficients of the foundation on saturated stratum, the contact shear stress under the foundation and the angular amplitude of the foundation are evaluated. Numerical results indicate that, when the dimensionless height is bigger than 5, saturated stratum overlaying bedrock can be treated as saturated half space approximately. When the dimensionless frequency is low, the permeability of the soil must be taken into account. Furthermore, when the vibration frequency is a constant, the height of the saturated stratum has a slight effect on the dimensionless contact shear stress under the foundation.

Stability for basic system of equations of atmospheric rhotion

The topological characteristics for the basic system of equations of atmospheric motion were analyzed with the help of method provided by stratification theory. It was proved that in the local rectangular coordinate system the basic system of equations of atmospheric motion is stable in infinitely differentiable function class. In the sense of local solution, the necessary and sufficient conditions by which the typical problem for determining solution is well posed were also given. Such problems as something about ＂speculating future from past＂ in atmospheric dynamics and how to amend the conditions for determining solution as well as the choice of underlying surface when involving the practical application were further discussed. It is also pointed out that under the usual conditions, three motion equations and continuity equation in the basic system of equations determine entirely the property of this system of equations.

Surface modification of stratum corneum for drug delivery and skin care by microplasma discharge treatment

Human skin is the largest organ and also the main barrier that prevents foreign substances from entering the body.The surface properties of the skin are relevant for transdermal drug delivery and cosmetics.Yucatan micropig skin is used as a substitute for human skin.A microplasma electrode is used for surface modification of the skin epidermal layer of the Yucatan micropig.Microplasma dielectric barrier discharge has a thin dielectric as a barrier (~50 μm) and a frequency of 25 kHz.The surface properties of the epidermal layer were characterized by the measurement of the contact angle of the water droplet.The effects of different gases such as air,nitrogen,oxygen,helium or argon were compared.The change of the contact angle is temporal and it is returned to its initial state after several hours.Among the gases used for plasma ignition,oxygen and argon were the most effective for skin treatment.The distance of the skin from the electrode and the treatment time played a crucial roles in the increasing water contact angle.Changes of surface atomic concentration were determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.After microplasma treatment,the oxygen and nitrogen concentration increased at the skin surface.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STRATUM CORNEUM'S PENETRATION PROPERTY

How the outer substance could penetrate through the skin lies in the stratum corneum, because it is the main barrier in the multi-layers of the skin. Supposing the keratin cell with a special geometry as tetrakaidecahedron, the penetration property of stratum corneum was the key problem which was numerically simulated with finite element method. At first the discretization of the stratum corneum region was given in two steps： first, the discretization of the keratin cell; second, the discretization of fattiness that surrounds the keratin. Then there was the work of numerical simulation. In this procedure, the finite element method and the multi-grid method were used. The former was to obtain the discretization of basic elements; the latter was to decrease the high frequency error. At last the visualization of the numerical simulation was shown.