Power generation using straw biomass has quantifiable benefits from an economic,ecological,and sociological perspective in China.The methods used to construct the assessment models of these integrated benefits were th...Power generation using straw biomass has quantifiable benefits from an economic,ecological,and sociological perspective in China.The methods used to construct the assessment models of these integrated benefits were the revenue capitalization approach and the discounted-cash-flow approach.The results indicated that a straw power plant with the capacity of 2.50×10^(7)W and burning 1.23×10^(5)tons of cotton straw could annually supply 1.40×10^(8)kWh of power.However,it would not be until six years later that these results could be measured.Over the long term,the gross benefits could reach up to 4.63×10^(8)Yuan.Therefore,the total benefits are expected to be 1.18×10^(12)Yuan if all available straw resources are used to generate power.The policy implication showed that the long-term integrated benefits of power generation by straw biomass outweighed the short-term benefits.This is the main incentive to use straw biomass for power generation in the future.展开更多
1 Introduction Recently the demand for fossil fuel has grown significantly with the rapid development of the Chinese economy.Renewable energy was developed to replace traditional fossil fuels,which would decrease the
Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain ...Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.展开更多
According to the diverse studies on domestic straw utilization, the causes to the present situation of domestic straw utilization were analyzed and related solutions were proposed. It was pointed out that only by taki...According to the diverse studies on domestic straw utilization, the causes to the present situation of domestic straw utilization were analyzed and related solutions were proposed. It was pointed out that only by taking suitable measures can the problems of environment pollution and resources waste caused by straw burning be radically solved.展开更多
Three typical soil protozoa of Bodo edax, Colpoda cucullus and Amoeba proteus were inoculated into the soil amended with corn straw. The soils were then incubated at 25℃ for 60 days. It was found that the protozoa, p...Three typical soil protozoa of Bodo edax, Colpoda cucullus and Amoeba proteus were inoculated into the soil amended with corn straw. The soils were then incubated at 25℃ for 60 days. It was found that the protozoa, particularly Bodo edax, significantly reduced soil microbial biomass C. However, the decomposition of corn straw was accelerated by the protozoa. Colpoda cucullus significantly enhanced soil available P content, but Amoeba proteus decreased soil available P content. Colpoda cucullus and Bodo edax did not obviously influence NH4+-N and NO3--N contents. In contrast, Amoeba proteus significantly increased both NH4+-N and NO3--N contents.展开更多
Laboratory incubation was conducted to investigate transformation of straw 14 C in Ultisol and Vertisol under aerobic condition for 112 d at 30 oC. Dried and ground 14 C labeled rice and maize...Laboratory incubation was conducted to investigate transformation of straw 14 C in Ultisol and Vertisol under aerobic condition for 112 d at 30 oC. Dried and ground 14 C labeled rice and maize straws were mixed with the soils at the rate of 2.5 g kg -1 . Decomposition of the straw C and native soil C both revealed two stages, being faster during the initial days, and slower thereafter. About 37.33%～48.80% of the straw C and 4.22%～6.83% of the native soil C decomposed by the end of the incubation. The kinds of the straws only slightly influenced the rates of their decomposition in soils, however, some retardation was found in Ultisol at the initial decomposition stage due to its lower pH. Positive priming effects were observed in the soils applied with straw, and the rate of priming effect ranged from 7.23% to 13.80%. Net losses of native soil C were found under such incubation conditions, except Ultisol with rice straw. Soil biomass C and 14 C decreased gradually with incubation time, and seemed to be consistent with the decomposition patterns of straw C and native soil C. The ratio of biomass 12 C to biomass 14 C ranged from 1.35 to 3.37. Soil biomass C occupied 1.17%～2.32% of the total soil organic C, and the proportion of biomass 14 C to the residual 14 C varied from 7.3% to 14.3%.展开更多
In order to investigate the effects of slurry recirculation technology on anaerobic digestion performance of maize straw silage,maize straw silage was fermented with recirculated biogas slurry,and the gas production,p...In order to investigate the effects of slurry recirculation technology on anaerobic digestion performance of maize straw silage,maize straw silage was fermented with recirculated biogas slurry,and the gas production,p H value,methane content,volatile organic acids( VFAs)contents,chemical oxygen demand( COD) removal rate and other indicators were studied. The results showed that the fermentation time was positively correlated with daily gas production,methane content,cumulative gas production,VFAs and COD removal rate. Although the p H value fluctuated,it was still in the normal reaction range. The daily gas production was about 1. 26 L. The acetic acid content increased first,then decreased,then increased,and finally stabilized. The biogas slurry recirculation technology saves water resources by 40 m L/d without affecting the normal gas production of anaerobic fermentation,and reduces the consumption of environmental resources. It has important development significance for the sustainable use of biomass resources.展开更多
The interplanting with zero-tillage of rice, i.e. direct sowing rice 10-20 days before wheat harvesting, and remaining about 30-cm high stubble after cutting wheat or rice with no tillage, is a new cultivation technol...The interplanting with zero-tillage of rice, i.e. direct sowing rice 10-20 days before wheat harvesting, and remaining about 30-cm high stubble after cutting wheat or rice with no tillage, is a new cultivation technology in wheat-rice rotation system. To study the effects of interplanting with zero tillage and straw manure on rice growth and quality, an experiment was conducted in a wheat-rotation rotation system. Four treatments, i.e. ZIS （Zero-tillage, straw manure and rice interplanting）, Zt （Zero-tillage, no straw manure and rice interplanting）, PTS （Plowing tillage, straw manure and rice transplanting）, and PT （Plowing tillage, no straw manure and rice transplanting）, were used. ZtS reduced plant height, leaf area per plant and the biomass of rice plants, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage was quicker than that under conventional transplanting cultivation. In the first year （2002）, there was no significant difference in rice yield among the four treatments. However, rice yield decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage in the second year （2003）. Compared with the transplanting treatments, the number of filled grains per panicle decreased but l000-grain weight increased in interplanting with zero-tillage, which were the main factors resulting in higher yield, tnterplanting with zero-tillage improved the milling and appearance qualities of rice. The rates of milled and head rice increased while chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage. Zero-tillage and interplanting also affected rice nutritional and cooking qualities. In 2002, ZIS showed raised protein content, decreased amylose content, softer gel consistency, resulting in improved rice quality. In 2003, zero-tillage and interplanting decreased protein content and showed similar amylose content as compared with transplanting treatments. Moreover, protein content in PTS was obviously increased in comparison with the other three treatments. The rice in interplanting with zero-tillage treatments had higher peak viscosity and breakdown, lower setback, showing better rice taste quality. The straw manure had no significant effect on rice viscosity under interplanting with zero-tillage, but had the negative influence on the rice taste quality under transplanting with plowing tillage.展开更多
基金the Post-Graduates′Scientific Research Innovation Projects in Jiangsu Province (No.CX08_052R)the National Outstanding Youth Foundation of NSF ofChina (No.70425002)the National Natural science foundation of China (No.70773058).
文摘Power generation using straw biomass has quantifiable benefits from an economic,ecological,and sociological perspective in China.The methods used to construct the assessment models of these integrated benefits were the revenue capitalization approach and the discounted-cash-flow approach.The results indicated that a straw power plant with the capacity of 2.50×10^(7)W and burning 1.23×10^(5)tons of cotton straw could annually supply 1.40×10^(8)kWh of power.However,it would not be until six years later that these results could be measured.Over the long term,the gross benefits could reach up to 4.63×10^(8)Yuan.Therefore,the total benefits are expected to be 1.18×10^(12)Yuan if all available straw resources are used to generate power.The policy implication showed that the long-term integrated benefits of power generation by straw biomass outweighed the short-term benefits.This is the main incentive to use straw biomass for power generation in the future.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (41572326) for the support of this study
文摘1 Introduction Recently the demand for fossil fuel has grown significantly with the rapid development of the Chinese economy.Renewable energy was developed to replace traditional fossil fuels,which would decrease the
基金Project supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2001AA641060 2003AA641040)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2002CB410801).
文摘Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.
基金Supported by Zhenjiang Social Development Science and Technology Program(SH2011007)
文摘According to the diverse studies on domestic straw utilization, the causes to the present situation of domestic straw utilization were analyzed and related solutions were proposed. It was pointed out that only by taking suitable measures can the problems of environment pollution and resources waste caused by straw burning be radically solved.
基金financed by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(40171055)accomplished at the Soil and Water Key Lab of Agricultural Ministry of China.
文摘Three typical soil protozoa of Bodo edax, Colpoda cucullus and Amoeba proteus were inoculated into the soil amended with corn straw. The soils were then incubated at 25℃ for 60 days. It was found that the protozoa, particularly Bodo edax, significantly reduced soil microbial biomass C. However, the decomposition of corn straw was accelerated by the protozoa. Colpoda cucullus significantly enhanced soil available P content, but Amoeba proteus decreased soil available P content. Colpoda cucullus and Bodo edax did not obviously influence NH4+-N and NO3--N contents. In contrast, Amoeba proteus significantly increased both NH4+-N and NO3--N contents.
文摘Laboratory incubation was conducted to investigate transformation of straw 14 C in Ultisol and Vertisol under aerobic condition for 112 d at 30 oC. Dried and ground 14 C labeled rice and maize straws were mixed with the soils at the rate of 2.5 g kg -1 . Decomposition of the straw C and native soil C both revealed two stages, being faster during the initial days, and slower thereafter. About 37.33%～48.80% of the straw C and 4.22%～6.83% of the native soil C decomposed by the end of the incubation. The kinds of the straws only slightly influenced the rates of their decomposition in soils, however, some retardation was found in Ultisol at the initial decomposition stage due to its lower pH. Positive priming effects were observed in the soils applied with straw, and the rate of priming effect ranged from 7.23% to 13.80%. Net losses of native soil C were found under such incubation conditions, except Ultisol with rice straw. Soil biomass C and 14 C decreased gradually with incubation time, and seemed to be consistent with the decomposition patterns of straw C and native soil C. The ratio of biomass 12 C to biomass 14 C ranged from 1.35 to 3.37. Soil biomass C occupied 1.17%～2.32% of the total soil organic C, and the proportion of biomass 14 C to the residual 14 C varied from 7.3% to 14.3%.
基金Supported by Project of Education Department of Jilin Province(JJKH20191130KJ)Project of Science and Technology Bureau of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture(2016NS11)
文摘In order to investigate the effects of slurry recirculation technology on anaerobic digestion performance of maize straw silage,maize straw silage was fermented with recirculated biogas slurry,and the gas production,p H value,methane content,volatile organic acids( VFAs)contents,chemical oxygen demand( COD) removal rate and other indicators were studied. The results showed that the fermentation time was positively correlated with daily gas production,methane content,cumulative gas production,VFAs and COD removal rate. Although the p H value fluctuated,it was still in the normal reaction range. The daily gas production was about 1. 26 L. The acetic acid content increased first,then decreased,then increased,and finally stabilized. The biogas slurry recirculation technology saves water resources by 40 m L/d without affecting the normal gas production of anaerobic fermentation,and reduces the consumption of environmental resources. It has important development significance for the sustainable use of biomass resources.
文摘The interplanting with zero-tillage of rice, i.e. direct sowing rice 10-20 days before wheat harvesting, and remaining about 30-cm high stubble after cutting wheat or rice with no tillage, is a new cultivation technology in wheat-rice rotation system. To study the effects of interplanting with zero tillage and straw manure on rice growth and quality, an experiment was conducted in a wheat-rotation rotation system. Four treatments, i.e. ZIS （Zero-tillage, straw manure and rice interplanting）, Zt （Zero-tillage, no straw manure and rice interplanting）, PTS （Plowing tillage, straw manure and rice transplanting）, and PT （Plowing tillage, no straw manure and rice transplanting）, were used. ZtS reduced plant height, leaf area per plant and the biomass of rice plants, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage was quicker than that under conventional transplanting cultivation. In the first year （2002）, there was no significant difference in rice yield among the four treatments. However, rice yield decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage in the second year （2003）. Compared with the transplanting treatments, the number of filled grains per panicle decreased but l000-grain weight increased in interplanting with zero-tillage, which were the main factors resulting in higher yield, tnterplanting with zero-tillage improved the milling and appearance qualities of rice. The rates of milled and head rice increased while chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage. Zero-tillage and interplanting also affected rice nutritional and cooking qualities. In 2002, ZIS showed raised protein content, decreased amylose content, softer gel consistency, resulting in improved rice quality. In 2003, zero-tillage and interplanting decreased protein content and showed similar amylose content as compared with transplanting treatments. Moreover, protein content in PTS was obviously increased in comparison with the other three treatments. The rice in interplanting with zero-tillage treatments had higher peak viscosity and breakdown, lower setback, showing better rice taste quality. The straw manure had no significant effect on rice viscosity under interplanting with zero-tillage, but had the negative influence on the rice taste quality under transplanting with plowing tillage.
