Study on increasing calculation precision and convergence speed of streamline strip element method

The calculation precision and convergence speed of streamline strip element method are increased by (using) the method whose initial value of the exit lateral displacement is determined with strip element variation method, and the accurate tension lateral distribution model is adopted based on the original third power spline function streamline strip element method. The basic theory of the strip element method is developed. The calculated results by the improved streamline strip element method and the original streamline strip element method are compared with the measured results, showing that the calculated results of the improved method are in good agreement with the measured results.

A streamline diffusion nonconforming finite element method for the time-dependent linearized Navier-Stokes equations

A nonconforming finite element method of finite difference streamline diffusion type is proposed to solve the time-dependent linearized Navier-Stokes equations. The backward Euler scheme is used for time discretization. Crouzeix-Raviart nonconforming finite element approximation, namely, nonconforming （P1）2 - P0 element, is used for the velocity and pressure fields with the streamline diffusion technique to cope with usual instabilities caused by the convection and time terms. Stability and error estimates are derived with suitable norms.

Finite difference streamline diffusion method using nonconforming space for incompressible time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations

This paper proposes a new nonconforming finite difference streamline diffusion method to solve incompressible time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations with a high Reynolds number. The backwards difference in time and the Crouzeix-Raviart （CR） element combined with the P0 element in space are used. The result shows that this scheme has good stabilities and error estimates independent of the viscosity coefficient.

A new streamline diffusion finite element method for the generalized Oseen problem

This paper aims to present a new streamline diffusion method with low order rectangular Bernardi-Raugel elements to solve the generalized Oseen equations. With the help of the Bramble-Hilbert lemma, the optimal errors of the velocity and pressure are estimated, which are independent of the considered parameter e. With an interpolation postprocessing approach, the superconvergent error of the pressure is obtained. Finally, a numerical experiment is carried out to confirm the theoretical results.

Streamline upwind finite element method for conjugate heat transfer problems

This paper presents a combined finite element method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems where heat conduction in a solid is coupled with heat convection in viscous fluid flow. The streamline upwind finite element method is used for the analysis of thermal viscous flow in the fluid region, whereas the analysis of heat conduction in solid region is performed by the Galerkin method. The method uses the three-node triangular element with equal-order interpolation functions for all the variables of the velocity components, the pressure and the temperature. The main advantage of the proposed method is to consistently couple heat transfer along the fluid-solid interface. Three test cases, i.e. conjugate Couette flow problem in parallel plate channel, counter-flow in heat exchanger, and conjugate natural convection in a square cavity with a conducting wall, are selected to evaluate the efficiency of the present method.

Analysis of Linear Triangular Elements for Convection-diffusion Problems by Streamline Diffusion Finite Element Methods

This paper is devoted to studying the superconvergence of streamline diffusion finite element methods for convection-diffusion problems. In [8], under the condition that ε ≤ h^2 the optimal finite element error estimate was obtained in L^2-norm. In the present paper, however, the same error estimate result is gained under the weaker condition that ε≤h.

A Slip-Line Method for Calculating Extrusion Force of Steel Helmet with Cold Extrusion Moulding

This paper presents the elastic and plastic deformation of the steel helmet with coldextrusion moulding. The plastic streamline of the plastic mould-making process for ellipse thinplate is described. The distribution of slip-line is established based on the plastic streamline. Theextrusion force of plastic moulding of the steel helmet is calculated by using of slip-line method.Furthermore, an applied example is given.

SUPG finite element method based on penalty function for lid-driven cavity flow up to Re = 27500

A streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin （SUPG） finite element method based on a penalty function is pro- posed for steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The SUPG stabilization technique is employed for the for- mulation of momentum equations. Using the penalty function method, the continuity equation is simplified and the pres- sure of the momentum equations is eliminated. The lid-driven cavity flow problem is solved using the present model. It is shown that steady flow simulations are computable up to Re = 27500, and the present results agree well with previous solutions. Tabulated results for the properties of the primary vortex are also provided for benchmarking purposes.

Study on the wind field and pollutant dispersion in street canyons using a stable numerical method

A stable finite element method for the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations was used for studying the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within street canyons. A three-step fractional method was used to solve the velocity field and the pressure field separately from the governing equations. The Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) method was used to get stable numerical results. Numerical oscillation was minimized and satisfactory results can be obtained for flows at high Reynolds numbers. Simulating the flow over a square cylinder within a wide range of Reynolds numbers validates the wind field model. The Strouhal numbers obtained from the numerical simulation had a good agreement with those obtained from experiment. The wind field model developed in the present study is applied to simulate more complex flow phenomena in street canyons with two different building configurations. The results indicated that the flow at rooftop of buildings might not be assumed parallel to the ground as some numerical modelers did. A counter-clockwise rotating vortex may be found in street canyons with an inflow from the left to right. In addition, increasing building height can increase velocity fluctuations in the street canyon under certain circumstances, which facilitate pollutant dispersion. At high Reynolds numbers, the flow regimes in street canyons do not change with inflow velocity.

Adaptive Finite Element Method for Steady Convection-Diffusion Equation

This paper examines the numerical solution of the convection-diffusion equation in 2-D. The solution of this equation possesses singularities in the form of boundary or interior layers due to non-smooth boundary conditions. To overcome such singularities arising from these critical regions, the adaptive finite element method is employed. This scheme is based on the streamline diffusion method combined with Neumann-type posteriori estimator. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by different examples with several numerical experiments.

Streamline similarity method for flow distributions and shock losses at the impeller inlet of the centrifugal pump

An analytical method is presented, which enables the non-uniform velocity and pressure distributions at the impeller inlet of a pump to be accurately computed. The analyses are based on the potential flow theory and the geometrical similarity of the streamline distribution along the leading edge of the impeller blades. The method is thus called streamline similarity method（SSM）. The obtained geometrical form of the flow distribution is then simply described by the geometrical variable G（s） and the first structural constant G_Ⅰ. As clearly demonstrated and also validated by experiments, both the flow velocity and the pressure distributions at the impeller inlet are usually highly non-uniform. This knowledge is indispensible for impeller blade designs to fulfill the shockless inlet flow condition. By introducing the second structural constant G_Ⅱ, the paper also presents the simple and accurate computation of the shock loss, which occurs at the impeller inlet. The introduction of two structural constants contributes immensely to the enhancement of the computational accuracies. As further indicated, all computations presented in this paper can also be well applied to the non-uniform exit flow out of an impeller of the Francis turbine for accurately computing the related mean values.

The Design and Analysis of Helium Turbine Expander Impeller with a Given All-Over-Controlled Vortex Distribution

To make the large-scale helium cryogenic system of fusion device EAST （experimen- tal advanced super-conducting tokamak） run stably, as the core part, the helium turbine expander must meet the requirement of refrigeration capacity. However, previous designs were based on one dimension flow to determine the average fluid parameters and geometric parameters of impeller cross-sections, so that it could not describe real physical processes in the internal flow of the tur- bine expander. Therefore, based on the inverse proposition of streamline curvature method in the context of quasi-three-dimensional flows, the all-over-controlled vortex concept was adopted to design the impeller under specified condition. The wrap angle of the impeller blade and the whole flow distribution on the meridian plane were obtained; meanwhile the performance of the designed impeller was analyzed. Thus a new design method is proposed here for the inverse proposition of the helium turbine expander impeller.

THE IMPLICIT METHOD OF STREAMLINE ITERATION FOR COMPUTING TWO-DIMENSIONAL VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

This paper presents the implicit method of streamline iteration on the bases of the method of streamline itera- tion for computing two-dimensional viscous incompressible steady flow in a channel with arbitrary shape. A new total pressure equation of viscous incompressible flow is introduced in this paper and the equation is numerically computed by the implicit method. It is shown from the computational results of examples that the implicit method of streamline iteration can speed up the convergence and decrease the computational time.

A STREAMLINE-BASED PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR ENHANCED-OIL-RECOVERY POTENTIALITY

A pseudo-three-dimensional model of potentiality prediction is proposed for enhanced oil recovery, based on the streamline method described in this article. The potential distribution of the flow through a porous medium under a complicated boundary condition is solved with the boundary element method. Furthermore, the method for tracing streamlines between injection wells and producing wells is presented. Based on the results, a numerical solution can be obtained by solving the seepage problem of the stream-tube with consideration of different methods of Enhanced Oil Recovery（EOR）. The advantage of the method given in this article is that it can obtain dynamic calculation with different well patterns of any shape by easily considering different physicochemical phenomena having less calculation time and good stability. Based on the uniform theory basis-streamline method, different models, including CO2 miscible flooding, polymer flooding, alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding and microbial flooding, are established in this article.

Development and application of a throughflow method for high-loaded axial flow compressors

In this paper, a novel engineering platform for throughflow analysis based on streamline curvature approach is developed for the research of a 5-stage compressor. The method includes several types of improved loss and deviation angle models, which are combined with the authors' adjustments for the purpose of reflecting the influences of three-dimensional internal flow in high-loaded multistage compressors with higher accuracy. In order to validate the reliability and robustness of the method, a series of test cases, including a subsonic compressor P&W 3S1, a transonic rotor NASA Rotor 1B and especially an advanced high pressure core compressor GE E^3 HPC, are conducted. Then the computation procedure is applied to the research of a 5-stage compressor which is designed for developing an industrial gas turbine. The overall performance and aerodynamic configuration predicted by the procedure, both at design- and part-speed conditions, are analyzed and compared with experimental results, which show a good agreement. Further discussion regarding the universality of the method compared with CFD is made afterwards. The throughflow method is verified as a reliable and convenient tool for aerodynamic design and performance prediction of modern high-loaded compressors. This method is also qualified for use in the further optimization of the 5-stage compressor.

A semi-implicit three-step method based on SUPG finite element formulation for flow in lid driven cavities with different geometries

A numerical algorithm using a bilinear or linear finite element and semi-implicit three-step method is presented for the analysis of incompressible viscous fluid problems. The streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) stabilization scheme is used for the formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. For the spatial discretization, the convection term is treated explicitly, while the viscous term is treated implicitly, and for the temporal discretization, a three-step method is employed. The present method is applied to simulate the lid driven cavity problems with different geometries at low and high Reynolds numbers. The results compared with other numerical experiments are found to be feasible and satisfactory.

Master equation and runaway speed of the Francis turbine

The master equation of the Francis turbine is derived based on the combination of the angular momentum（Euler） and the energy laws. It relates the geometrical design of the impeller and the regulation settings（guide vane angle and rotational speed） to the discharge and the power output. The master equation, thus, enables the complete characteristics of a given Francis turbine to be easily computed. While applying the energy law, both the shock loss at the impeller inlet and the swirling loss at the impeller exit are taken into account. These are main losses which occur at both the partial load and the overloads and, thus, dominantly influence the characteristics of the Francis turbine. They also totally govern the discharge of the water through the impeller when the impeller is found in the standstill. The computations have been performed for the discharge, the hydraulic torque and the hydraulic efficiency. They were also compared with the available measurements on a model turbine. Excellent agreement has been achieved. The computations also enable the runaway speed of the Francis turbine and the related discharge to be determined as a function of the setting angle of the guide vanes.