Three independent parameters to describe conventional triaxial compressive strength of intact rocks

The strengths of 12 rocks cited from literatures increase in a nonlinear way with increasing confining pressure against the Coulomb criterion. The criteria with power forms like the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion are not available for describing the strength properties in the whole test range for Indiana limestone, Yamaguchi marble and Vosges sandstone, of which the differential stresses are approximately constant at high confining pressures. The exponential criterion with three parameters fits the test data of those 12 rocks well with a low misfit. The three parameters are independent of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), the initial increasing rate of strength with confining pressure, and the limitation of differential stress.

基于混凝土水化热效应的高地温水工隧洞衬砌结构温控防裂研究

为分析高地温水工隧洞衬砌结构温度应力特性,基于拉普拉斯变换推导出衬砌结构瞬态温度场的解析解,并借助弹性抗力法推导出衬砌结构的弹性温度应力分量。依托新疆布伦口水电站监测数据对衬砌结构瞬态温度场及应力场进行计算分析,并采用抗拉强度准则和裂缝尖端强度因子对衬砌结构破坏进行分析,提出合理的温控防裂措施。结果表明:1)衬砌温度场前期整体温度迅速上升,在第7天左右达到最大值,其中衬砌内壁温度可达到37℃,外壁温度可达到56℃。2)衬砌结构外墙环向应力可达到2.2 MPa,体现为拉应力状态;径向应力可达到2.7 MPa,呈现为压应力状态。3)衬砌结构强度的破坏主要受温度及结构本身稳定性2方面影响,可通过采用低热水泥、控制混凝土的入模温度以及严格监控施工过程来提高衬砌的稳定性。其中,采用低热水泥可降低衬砌结构的温升值,混凝土的最终水化热每降低50 k J/kg,衬砌结构内外壁的温差可降低1.85℃左右;适当提高入模温度可缩短水化热的放热周期及降低衬砌内外壁温差。

建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板耐久性试验研究

建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板广泛应用于工业与民用建筑的屋面和墙体。现行的国家标准中没有建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板耐久性试验方法及评价指标的要求。根据金属面夹芯板实际用途,选择3种不同芯材的金属面夹芯板,在4种不同环境条件下进行耐久性试验,并对芯材的密度、质量吸湿率、导热系数以及金属面夹芯板的粘结强度进行测试。通过对试验数据的分析,找出影响试验数据的主要因素,并对金属面夹芯板耐久性评价指标的确定提出建议。

基于强度折减法下不同失稳判据对边坡稳定性的影响

为了充分了解不同失稳判据准则下强度折减法对分析边坡稳定性的影响,解决有关边坡失稳的问题,利用ABAQUS有限元软件平台开展了不同失稳判据准则下有限元强度折减法对分析均质土坡稳定性影响的研究。详细分析了在不同失稳判断准则下,利用强度折减法所得到的边坡安全系数之间存在差异性;并对不同失稳判据下土体强度参数的变化将对边坡稳定性所产生的影响进行了分析。研究结果显示:不同的失稳判据下利用强度折减法所得的安全系数之间存在一定的差异性,但其影响程度由土体强度参数在一定范围内的变化所决定;与此同时,土体粘聚力、内摩擦角和泊松比等参数的变化对于边坡临界状态时内部的塑性区的发展和滑动面的形状还存在一定的影响。

基于断裂能的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型和尺寸效应研究

为研究混凝土断裂特性与尺寸效应,引入断裂能和等效应变表示混凝土的损伤演化规律,结合混凝土塑性变形特征,提出基于断裂能的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型,并建立相应的数值计算模型。为验证数值计算结果的合理性,引入改进的能量尺寸效应公式进行对比分析。通过对三点弯曲梁的有限元数值模拟和断裂参数敏感性分析发现,尺寸较小的梁失效时,断裂过程区未扩展至特征长度,限制了能量耗散,从而提高了梁的抗断裂能力,增强了梁的名义强度;随着尺寸增大,失效时的断裂过程区逐渐接近特征长度,梁的名义强度逐渐减小;当断裂过程区达到特征长度后,结构名义强度不再随梁尺寸的增大而减小。

永磁同步电动机转子冲片强度分析

针对永磁同步电动机转子冲片强度分析,应用有限元法仿真计算电机转子冲片强度,建立基于FKM强度准则的冲片局部应力超屈服状态下的静强度评估方法。结果表明,基于线弹性有限元分析的局部应力计算值超屈服后,转子冲片仍具备一定承载能力。基于FKM强度准则的静强度评估方法可有效评估转子冲片局部应力超屈服强度下的安全裕量,为永磁电机冲片强度设计提供参考。

动车组受电弓布置准则及连接强度研究

受电弓作为动车组高压供电系统中的关键部件,其布置方式将影响弓网关系协调、受流稳定和减阻降噪等性能,动车组高速运行时,受电弓与支持绝缘子的连接强度将承受到严峻的考验。文章对动车组受电弓的布置准则进行了分析和总结,包括受电弓的间距、定位、开闭口和高度,为动车组受电弓的集成方案设计提供了有效参考。通过分析受电弓在动车组高速运行中各工况下的受力情况,计算了受电弓与支持绝缘子连接螺栓的极限载荷和最小预紧力,然后结合最小预紧力和工作拉力进一步校核了螺栓强度,证明了所用螺栓规格符合使用要求。根据连接螺栓的工作拉力和许用应力,计算了连接螺栓的最大预紧力,并确定了合理的拧紧扭矩,为受电弓与支持绝缘子连接螺栓的选型和扭矩取值提供了正确指导。

路基改良土循环加/卸载试验能量演化研究

通过循环加/卸载试验,分析公路路基改良土受载时的各能量参数转化规律。结果表明:不同围压下路基改良土的能量转化近似,都呈现峰前能量聚集,破坏能量耗散,峰后残余强度能量重新积聚,但效率和总量低于峰前;围压对峰前路基改良土能量参数影响较小,但少量提升了残余强度时能量聚集的作用;峰前能耗比K随轴向应变的增加而缓慢减小,当土体强度失效时,能耗比K产生突变;能耗比K突变点与应力-时间曲线拐点相对应,说明能耗比可以作为路基改良土三轴应力状态下循环加/卸载作用时的强度失效特征,也可以从能量的角度解释路基改良土的演化破坏规律。

Dynamic strength of rocks and physical nature of rock strength

Time-dependence of rock deformation and fracturing is often ignored.However,the consideration of the time-dependence is essential to the study of the deformation and fracturing processes of materials,especially for those subject to strong dynamic loadings.In this paper,we investigate the deformation and fracturing of rocks,its physical origin at the microscopic scale,as well as the mechanisms of the time-dependence of rock strength.Using the thermo-activated and macro-viscous mechanisms,we explained the sensitivity of rock strength to strain rate.These mechanisms dominate the rock strength in different ranges of strain rates.It is also shown that a strain-rate dependent Mohr-Coulomb-type constitutive relationship can be used to describe the influence of strain rate on dynamic rock fragmentation.A relationship between the particle sizes of fractured rocks and the strain rate is also proposed.Several time-dependent fracture criteria are discussed,and their intrinsic relations are discussed.Finally,the application of dynamic strength theories is discussed.

基于残余位移增量判据的土石围堰边坡稳定性分析

针对有限元强度折减法在复杂水文地质环境下土石围堰边坡稳定性评价中效果欠佳的问题,引入残余位移增量判据,基于有限元强度折减法,考虑深厚覆盖层土石围堰不同水位下的渗流特征,通过计算坡面节点平均残余位移增量,获取边坡稳定系数,进一步通过位移增量分布图,探讨了围堰边坡潜在滑面位置及其形成机制。结果表明,在复杂水文地质环境下的土石围堰边坡稳定性评价中,残余位移增量判据相较经典失稳判据适用性更强。研究结果能够为工程实践提供指导。

Numerical evaluation of strength and deformability of fractured rocks

Knowledge of the strength and deformability of fractured rocks is important for design, construction and stability evaluation of slopes, foundations and underground excavations in civil and mining engineering. However, laboratory tests of intact rock samples cannot provide information about the strength and deformation behaviors of fractured rock masses that include many fractures of varying sizes, orientations and locations. On the other hand, large-scale in situ tests of fractured rock masses are economically costly and often not practical in reality at present. Therefore, numerical modeling becomes necessary. Numerical predicting using discrete element methods(DEM) is a suitable approach for such modeling because of their advantages of explicit representations of both fractures system geometry and their constitutive behaviors of fractures, besides that of intact rock matrix. In this study, to generically determine the compressive strength of fractured rock masses, a series of numerical experiments were performed on two-dimensional discrete fracture network models based on the realistic geometrical and mechanical data of fracture systems from feld mapping. We used the UDEC code and a numerical servo-controlled program for controlling the progressive compressive loading process to avoid sudden violent failure of the models. The two loading conditions applied are similar to the standard laboratory testing for intact rock samples in order to check possible differences caused by such loading conditions. Numerical results show that the strength of fractured rocks increases with the increasing confning pressure, and that deformation behavior of fractured rocks follows elasto-plastic model with a trend of strain hardening. The stresses and strains obtained from these numerical experiments were used to ft the well-known Mohr-Coulomb(MC) and Hoek-Brown(H-B) failure criteria, represented by equivalent material properties defning these two criteria. The results show that both criteria can provide fair estimates of the compressive strengths for all tested numerical models. Parameters of the elastic deformability of fractured models during elastic deformation stages were also evaluated, and represented as equivalent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio as functions of lateral confning pressure. It is the frst time that such systematic numerical predicting for strength of fractured rocks was performed considering different loading conditions, with important fndings for different behaviors of fractured rock masses, compared with testing intact rock samples under similar loading conditions.

Basic characteristics and development of yield criteria for geomaterials

The yield criteria of geomaterials play a crucial role in studying and designing the strength of materials and structures.The basic characteristics of yield criteria for geomaterials need to be studied under the framework of continuum mechanics.These characteristics include the effects of strength difference（SD） of materials in tension and compression,normal stress,intermediate principal stress,intermediate principal shear stress,hydrostatic stress,twin-shear stresses,and the convexity of yield surface.Most of the proposed yield criteria possess only one or some of these basic characteristics.For example,the Tresca yield criterion considers only single-shear stress effect,and ignores the effect of SD,normal stress,intermediate principal stress,intermediate principal shear stress,hydrostatic stress,and twin-shear stresses.The Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion accounts for the effect of SD,normal stress,single-shear stress and hydrostatic stress,but disregards the effect of intermediate principal stress,intermediate principal shear stress,and twin-shear stresses.The basic characteristics remain to be fully addressed in the development of yield criterion.In this paper,we propose a new yield criterion with three features,that is,newly developed,better than existing criteria and ready for application.It is shown that the proposed criterion performs better than the existing ones and is ready for application.The development of mechanical models for various yield criteria and the applications of the unified strength theory to engineering are also summarized.According to a new tetragonal mechanical model,a tension-cut condition is added to the unified strength theory.The unified strength theory is extended to the tension-tension region.

Prediction of the Biaxial Failure Strength of Composite Laminates with Unit Cell Analytic Model

A new method to predict the ultimate strength of fiber reinforced composites under arbitrary load condition is introduced. The micromechanics strength theory is used to perform the final failure prediction of composite laminates. The theory is based on unit cell analytic model which can provide the ply composite material properties by only using the constituent fiber and matrix properties and the laminate geometric parameters without knowing any experimental information of the laminates. To show that this method is suitable for predicting the strength of composite laminates, the micromechanics strength theory is ranked by comparing it with all the micro-level and the best two macro-level theories chosen from the World Wide Failure Exercise. The results show that this method can be used for predicting strength of any composite laminates and provide a direct reference for composite optimum design.

岩石抗剪强度参数的围压效应与定量表征

根据岩石三轴强度和岩石抗剪强度的非线性特征,可知岩石抗剪强度参数在围压的影响下具有不确定性,通过分析可知该参数的围压效应特征为内聚力和内摩擦角与围压分别呈正相关和负相关。本文根据包络线与莫尔圆的几何关系,结合Mohr-Coulomb准则进行推导,探讨了考虑围压效应的岩石抗剪强度参数的表征方法。以岩石三轴试验数据为基本信息,开展基于精度评价的岩石强度准则优选,建立基于非线性准则的岩石抗剪强度参数表征模型,通过比较分析表征结果与试验结果,证明了提出表征方法的合理性及该方法获取岩石抗剪强度参数的可靠性。该方法可为后续的岩石抗剪强度参数边缘分布和参数间的联合分布研究提供大样本数据库。

Application of strength reduction method to dynamic anti-sliding stability analysis of high gravity dam with complex dam foundation

Considering that there are some limitations in analyzing the anti-sliding seismic stability of dam-foundation systems with the traditional pseudo-static method and response spectrum method, the dynamic strength reduction method was used to study the deep anti-sliding stability of a high gravity dam with a complex dam foundation in response to strong earthquake-induced ground action. Based on static anti-sliding stability analysis of the dam foundation undertaken by decreasing the shear strength parameters of the rock mass in equal proportion, the seismic time history analysis was carried out. The proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method was that the peak values of dynamic displacements and plastic strain energy change suddenly with the increase of the strength reduction factor. The elasto-plastic behavior of the dam foundation was idealized using the Drucker-Prager yield criterion based on the associated flow rule assumption. The result of elasto-plastic time history analysis of an overflow dam monolith based on the dynamic strength reduction method was compared with that of the dynamic linear elastic analysis, and the reliability of elasto-plastic time history analysis was confirmed. The results also show that the safety factors of the dam-foundation system in the static and dynamic cases are 3.25 and 3.0, respectively, and that the F2 fault has a significant influence on the anti-sliding stability of the high gravity dam. It is also concluded that the proposed instability criterion for the dynamic strength reduction method is feasible.

Strength Prediction of Cruciform Specimen Under Biaxial Loading

In order to achieve a better understanding of failure behavior of cruciform specimen under different biaxial loading conditions,a three-dimensional finite element model is established with solid and interface elements.Maximum stress criterion,two Hashin-type criteria and the new proposed criteria are used to predict the strength of plain woven textile composites when biaxial loading ratio equals 1.Compared with experimental data,only the new proposed criteria can reach reasonable results.The applicability of the new proposed criteria is also verified by predicting the tensile and compressive strength of cruciform specimen under different biaxial loading ratios.Moreover,the introduction of interface element makes it more intuitive to recognize delamination failure.The shape of the predicted delamination failure region in the interface layer is similar to that of the failure region in neighboring entity layers,but the area of delamination failure region is a little larger.

基于高围压三轴试验的蛋形弹塑性模型参数分析

为了验证蛋形弹塑性模型参数在高围压条件下的稳定性,以蛋形函数为基本框架,以塑性功函数作为硬化参数,采用相关联流动法则,建立并发展了适用于应变硬化土体的弹塑性本构模型。通过一系列淤泥质软土应力路径三轴压缩试验结果的分析,利用双线性法、非线性回归等方法,得到了杭州黏土的蛋形弹塑性模型参数,结果表明该模型参数在高压条件下具有较好的稳定性,显示了蛋形弹塑性模型的优越性。进一步对模型参数进行分析,搜集并计算了14组不同土的蛋形本构参数,研究发现,参数a、d能够共同表征土体黏聚力的情况,参数b能够反映土体的抗剪能力。搜集并分析了8类土体的形状参数α和内摩擦角φ数据。研究发现,对于黏性土而言,形状参数α与内摩擦角φ的正切值近似成正比,比例系数k=1.72。

岩石强度准则的主应力显式表达式几何推导及应用

主应力是岩石强度准则的基本量,然而,给定应力张量求解主应力的三次特征方程通常难以求解。本文通过几何关系将主应力的三次代数方程转化为三元一次方程组的求解,最终建立了三个主应力关于应力张量不变量的显式表达式,并着重推演了其在静水压力效应的刻画、三维强度准则的推导和空间屈服面的绘制中的应用。可为岩石真三轴试验数据可视化提供参考,同时丰富了弹塑性力学教学内容。

考虑渗流影响的水平定向钻泥浆压力控制研究

为研究在水平定向钻施工中如何合理控制泥浆压力以维持孔周土体的稳定、避免孔壁失稳,基于柱孔扩张理论,同时考虑浆液渗流和强度准则的影响,推导了孔壁周围土体的应力场、位移场和泥浆压力极限值的理论解答,并将理论值与实测值进行了对比分析.通过算例,对极限泥浆压力的控制以及渗流、强度准则等因素的影响进行了研究.结果表明:渗流对泥浆压力控制影响显著,随着渗透压力增大,泥浆压力极限值减小,孔壁处应力减小、位移增大;不同准则下的泥浆压力极限值差异较大,应根据工程实际情况选择合适的强度准则,避免高估或低估极限泥浆压力;可通过增加膨润土含量和地面注浆等措施来控制泥浆压力的影响.

基于总位移模突变的土质边坡失稳判据研究

采用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析时,失稳判据的选择尤为重要,但目前尚未达到共识。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,提出了总位移模联合尖点突变理论来判断边坡安全系数的方法。对某经典边坡算例,分别以计算不收敛、特征点位移突变、塑性区贯通和总位移模突变作为失稳判据计算其安全系数,并与Spencer法计算结果进行对比。结果表明,新的判据意义明确,受人为干扰因素小,适用范围广,较传统三大判据具备一定优势。