Failure characteristics of three-body model composed of rock and coal with different strength and stiffness

Four different types of three-body model composed of rock and coal with different strength and stiffness were established in order to study the failure characteristics of compound model such as roof-coal-floor. Through stress analysis of the element with variable strength and stiffness extracted from the strong-weak interface, the tri-axial compressive strength of the weak body and strong body near the interface as well as the areas away from the contact surface was found. Then, on the basis of three-dimensional fast Lagrangian method of continua and strain softening constitutive model composed of Coulomb-Mohr shear failure with tensile cut-off, stress and strain relationship of the four three-body combined models were analyzed under different confining pressures by numerical simulation. Finally, the different features of local shear zones and plastic failure areas of the four different models and their development trend with increasing confining pressure were discussed. The results show that additional stresses are derived due to the lateral deformation constraints near the strong-weak interface area, which results in the strength increasing in weak body and strength decreasing in strong body. The weakly consolidated soft rock and coal cementation exhibit significant strain softening behavior and bear compound tension-shear failure under uni-axial compression. With the increase of confining pressure, the tensile failure disappears from the model, and the failure type of composed model changes to local shear failure with different number of shearing bands and plastic failure zones. This work shows important guiding significance for the mechanism study of seismic, rock burst, and coal bump.

Theory and test research on permeability of coal and rock body influenced by mining

Stress distribution rules and deformation and failure properties of coal and rockbodies influenced by mining were analyzed.Experimental research on permeability of coaland rock samples under different loading conditions was finished in the laboratory.In-situmeasurement of coal permeability influenced by actual mining was done as well.Theoryanalysis show that permeability varied with damage development of coal and rock understress,and the influence of fissure on permeability was greatest.Laboratory results showthat under different loading conditions permeability was different and it varied with stress,which indicated that permeability was directly related to the loading process.In-situ testsshowed that permeability is related to abutment stress to some degree.The above resultsmay be referenced to gas prevention and drainage.

The study of acoustic emission (AE) forecasting coal and rock disaster technique

Introduced the coal and rock AE propagation rule,wave guide fixing technics onAE sensors,and AE forecasting coal and rock disaster on the scene and so on,The coaland rock AE propagation rule that follows the exponent attenuation function on different AEfrequencies,different quality factors and different propagation distances were analyzedand deduced by theory,numerical simulation,and by actual experiment.Consequently,itwas deduced that the coal and rock AE propagation rule follows the exponent attenuationfunction.Based on the correlative theory of wave dynamics and AE sensor,the AE waveguide propagation mechanical model on the sensor fixing manner is found,and the relationsof displacement and speed and acceleration between the AE signal source and theAE signal receiving terminal are presented.The effect of the AE sensor fixing manners oncoal and rock surfaces,coal and rock bottoms and wave guides were studied by actualexperiment.For the results,the effect of the AE sensor fixing manner on wave guides isbetter than on coal and rock surfaces,and was equivalent to the fixing manner on coal androck bottoms.Based on the above study results,actual coal and rock dynamistic disasterswere successfully forecasted.

Coal mine roof rating(CMRR),rock mass rating(RMR)and strata control:Carborough Downs Mine,Bowen Basin,Australia

The rock mass rating(RMR)has been used across the geotechnical industry for half a century.In contrast,the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)was specifically introduced to underground coal mines two decades ago to link geological characterization with geotechnical risk mitigation.The premise of CMRR is that strength properties of mine roof rock are influenced by defects typical of coal measures stratigraphy.The CMRR has been used in longwall pillar design,roof support methods,and evaluation of extended cuts,but is rarely evaluated.Here,the RMR and CMRR are applied to a longwall coal mine.Roof rock mass classifications were undertaken at 67 locations across the mine.Both classifications showed marked spatial variability in terms of roof conditions.Normal and reverse faulting occur across the mine,and while no clear relationships exist between rock mass character and faulting,a central graben zone showed heterogeneous rock mass properties,and divergence between CMRR and RMR.Overall,the CMRR data fell within the broad envelope of results reported for extended cuts at Australian and U.S.coal mines.The corollary is that the CMRR is useful,and should not be used in isolation,but rather as a component of a strata control programme.

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

Research on attenuation characteristic of sound wave in coal or rock body

In order to using power sound wave increase permeability of coal, rules of attenuation of sound wave in coal should be studied. In this paper, characteristic and mechanism of attenuation of sound wave in coal was researched according to acoustic theory and attenuation coefficients was estimated by acoustic parameter of coal. The research results show that the main attenuation mechanism of sound wave in coal is absorption attenuation and scattering attenuation. The absorption attenuation includes viscous absorption, thermal conduction absorption and relaxation absorption. Attenuation coefficient of sound wave in gaseous coal is 38.5 Np/m. Researches on attenuation characteristic of sound wave will provide the theoretical basis for power sound wave improving permeability of coal and accelerating desorption of coal bed gas.

Stability analysis of longwall top-coal caving face in extra-thick coal seams based on an innovative numerical hydraulic support model

The relationship between support and surrounding rock is of great significance to the control of surrounding rock in mining process.In view of the fact that most of the existing numerical simulation methods construct virtual elements and stress servo control to approximately replace the hydraulic support problem,this paper establishes a new numerical model of hydraulic support with the same working characteristics as the actual hydraulic support by integrating numerical simulation software Rhino,Griddle and FLAC3D,which can realize the simulation of different working conditions.Based on this model,the influence mechanism of the supporting strength of hydraulic support on surrounding rock stress regulation and coal stability in front of the top coal caving face in extra thick coal seam were researched.Firstly,under different support intensity,the abutment pressure of the bearing coal and the coal in front of it presents the “three-stage”evolution characteristics.The influence range of support intensity is 15%–30%.Secondly,1.5 MPa is the upper limit of impact that the support strength can have on the front coal failure area.Thirdly,within a displacement range of 2.76 m from the coal wall,a support strength of1.5 MPa provides optimal control of the horizontal displacement of the coal.

Experimental Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sprayed Concrete-Surrounding Rock Combined Body

To investigate the dynamic response problem of the double medium formed by the adherence of sprayed concrete and surrounding rock in the tunnel,a split Hopkinson pressure bar of 75 mm in diameter was adopted at the ages of 3,7 and 10 d.Experimental results showed that dynamic compressive strength and dynamic increase factors(DIF)of the combined bodies increase with the strain rate.With the growth of strain rate,the critical strain of the combined bodies first increases,then deceases.Furthermore,the combined bodies of 3 d reveal the plastic property and brittle property for 7 d and 10 d when the strain rate is over 80/s.The failure characteristic of the sprayed concrete changes from tearing strain damage to crushing damage as the growth of strain rate,and the failure characteristic of rock presents the tensile failure mode as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscope(SEM).

Rock burst risk evaluation based on equivalent surrounding rock strength

On-site investigations consistently show that the rock burst inherent to coal seams varies greatly with coal seam thickness.In this study,impact factors related to coal seam thickness and surrounding rock strength were analyzed and a corresponding rock burst risk assessment method was constructed.The model reflects the influence of coal seam thickness on the stress distribution of surrounding rock at the roadway.Based on the roadway excavation range,a stress distribution model of surrounding roadway rock is established and the influence of coal seam thickness on rock burst risk is analyzed accordingly.The proposed rock burst risk assessment method is based on the equivalent surrounding rock strength and coal seam bursting liability.The proposed method was tested in a 3500 mining area to find that it yields rock burst risk assessment results as per coal seam thickness that are in accordance with real-world conditions.The results presented here suggest that coal seam thickness is a crucial factor in effective rock burst risk assessment.

Waste-filling in fully-mechanized coal mining and its application

A fully-mechanized coal mining (FMCM) technology capable of filling up the goaf with wastes (including solid wastes) is described. Industrial tests have proved that by using this technology not only can waste be re-used but also coal resources can be exploited with a higher recovery rate without removing buildings located over the working faces. Two special devices, a hydraulic support and a scraper conveyor, run side-by-side on the same working face to simultaneously realize mining and filling. These are described in detail. The tests allow analysis of rock pressure and ground subsidence when backfilling techniques are employed. These values are compared to those from mining without using backfilling techniques, under the same geological conditions. The concept of equivalent mining height is proposed based on theoretical analysis of rock pressure and ground subsidence. The upper limits of the rock pressure and ground subsidence can be estimated in backfilling mining using this concept along with traditional engineering formulae.

Stability control of gob-side entry retained under the gob with close distance coal seams

In multi-seam mining,the interlayer rock strata between the upper coal seam(UCS)and the lower coal seam(LCS)appear damage and strength weakening after mining the UCS.Ground stability control of the gob-side entry retaining(GER)under the gob with close distance coal seams(CDCS)is faced with difficulties due to little attention to GER under this condition.This paper focuses on surrounding rock stability control and technical parameters design for GER under the gob with CDCS.The floor rock strata damage characteristics after mining the UCS is first evaluated and the damage factor of the interlayer rock strata below the UCS is also determined.Then,a structural mechanics model of GER surrounding rock is set up to obtain the main design parameters of the side-roadway backfill body(SBB)including the maximum and minimum SBB width calculation formula.The optimal SBB width and the water-to-cement ratio of high water quick-setting material(HWQM)to construct the SBB are determined as 1.2 m and 1.5:1.0,respectively.Finally,engineering trial tests of GER are successfully carried out at#5210 track transportation roadway of Xingwu Colliery.Research results can guide GER design under similar mining and geological conditions.

Mechanical properties of material in a mine dump at the Shengli#1 Surface Coal Mine,China

ln-situ experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the soil-rock mixture in the internal dump of the Shengli #1 Surface Coal Mine, China. Based on the experimental results, this study used comparative analysis and found that the shear strength of the soil-rock mixture in the dump was greater than the residual shear strength of the original rock. The results showed that the material presented in the dump as large blocks was the main factor affecting the strength of the soil-rock mixture, Numerical simulation was carried out for the analyses of three factors： different combinations of shear failure, rolling failure along with different large-block radius ratios, and mixture densities. The results illustrated that the cohesion and angle of internal friction of the soil-rock mixture are 12 kPa and 32.26°. However, in some cases the bench angle in the dump was controlled by a coupling relationship of rocks in the material. Finally, the stability of a soil slope showed a linear relationship with the large-block radius ratio and the bulk density.

不同加载条件下含瓦斯煤岩强度极限邻域范围研究

煤与瓦斯突出灾害的发生机理尚不清楚,据流变假说,含瓦斯煤岩在长期载荷下可能进入“强度极限邻域”,此时受外部冲击扰动更易破坏。为研究不同加载条件下含瓦斯煤岩的“强度极限邻域”,以找到进入该状态的影响规律,并建立相应的微观判别标准,利用自主研发的岩石流变扰动效应三轴试验系统和煤岩流变扰动效应渗流实验装置,开展不同围压、不同瓦斯压力、轴压下的含瓦斯煤岩流变扰动实验,通过核磁共振手段对流变扰动前后煤岩进行分析对比,得到不同加载条件下的孔隙率、孔径分布、T_(2)谱曲线。试验结果表明:①不同加载条件下的煤岩流变过程中,存在一个应力阈值,可以使得煤岩在受到外部冲击扰动后阈值左右邻域有不同力学性质的表现;当施加力小于此阈值时,冲击扰动后,煤岩的孔隙度减小,煤样随之被压缩紧密,T_(2)谱曲线中代表大孔径的谱峰降低,谱峰曲线左移;当施加力大于此阈值时,冲击扰动后,煤岩大孔径孔隙增多,T_(2)谱曲线出现右移,所有谱峰高度增大,说明该应力阈值是用来判断煤岩是否进入“强度极限邻域”关键。②围压和瓦斯压力对煤岩的影响具有相反的力学作用性质,在抗压能力、损伤程度、长期强度、“强度极限邻域”中有所表现,其中,围压越大,煤岩越晚进入“强度极限邻域”,瓦斯压力越大,煤岩则越早进入该邻域。③煤岩的孔径分布、T_(2)谱曲线能直观反映了煤岩“强度极限邻域”内、外微观变化特征。④通过煤岩孔隙率所确定的进入“强度极限邻域”时的轴压与围压、瓦斯压力构建函数方程可判断不同加载条件煤岩进入“强度极限邻域”的时机,作为进入“强度极限邻域”范围时的判别标准,其中围压越大,此时进入“强度极限邻域”范围时的应力阈值越大;瓦斯压力越大,进入“强度极限邻域”时的应力阈值越小。

循环水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学响应及劣化机制

煤矿地下水库的建立解决了我国西部干旱-半干旱生态脆弱区的缺水问题。地下水库不断进行着蓄水-抽水,地下水库水位的反复升降对水库坝体产生反复损伤作用,而半煤岩坝体、煤岩夹矸坝体为地下水库常见的坝体。基于此,设计进行了不同“干燥-饱和”循环次数的砂岩-煤组合体不同围压下的轴向压缩试验,分析循环浸水作用下煤岩组合体力学特性劣化规律和劣化机制。结果表明:(1)随着循环次数的增加,组合体的饱和含水率逐渐增大。饱和含水率与循环次数呈对数关系。(2)随着循环次数的增加,应力-应变曲线压密阶段增长,弹性阶段斜率减小,峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,屈服阶段愈加明显,应力跌落变缓。(3)随着循环次数的增加,组合体抗压强度逐渐降低,循环1~3次,抗压强度劣化幅度较为明显。抗压强度阶段劣化度具有非均匀性。(4)循环1~5次,黏聚力下降了70.87%,内摩擦角下降了60.65%。(5)循环1~3次,组合体弹性模量下降了53.06%,变形模量下降了61.10%。(6)循环浸水作用下,试样微观裂纹逐渐发育,矿物颗粒由原来的棱角分明的多边形向浑圆形逐渐发展,大的矿物颗粒逐渐崩解为小颗粒,颗粒间胶结作用逐渐弱化,由紧凑致密结构向松散软弱结构转变。(7)循环浸水作用下,水岩发生反复的物理、化学、力学作用,对煤岩产生反复损伤,最终导致宏观力学特性的劣化。

裂隙煤岩组合体单轴压缩力学响应及失稳机制

煤岩系统中煤层与岩层之间的层间薄弱带是裂隙分布的主要区域,这些裂隙贯穿于两岩层,严重影响着煤岩系统的力学性质与工程稳定。为探究贯穿裂隙对煤岩系统力学性质的影响,对5种裂隙长度、5种裂隙角度的裂隙煤岩组合体开展轴向加载试验,结果表明:(1)随裂隙长度的增加,抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值能量、冲击能量指数呈线性减小。随裂隙角度的增大,抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值能量、冲击能量指数先减小后增大。(2)试样破坏声发射活动均经历平静期、活跃期、剧烈期3个阶段。随裂隙长度的增加,声发射累计能量先增加后减小。随裂隙角度的增大,声发射峰值能量和累计能量先增大后减小。(3)裂隙长度和角度对翼裂纹、次生倾斜裂纹、次生共面裂纹、斜裂纹、次生衍生裂纹、翼裂纹衍生裂纹、远场裂纹以及剥落现象有一定影响。(4)随裂隙长度的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角逐渐降低。随裂隙角度的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角先减小后增大。(5)构建了考虑裂隙长度和裂隙角度的Drucker-Prager强度准则,合理性验证发现:试样误差在1.367%~5.055%合理范围之内。(6)基于耗散结构理论,分析了组合体失稳破坏机制,组合体破坏主要经历了准稳态、亚稳态、失稳、新稳态4个阶段;构建了裂隙煤岩组合体能量运移模型,分析了裂隙煤岩组合体失稳破坏过程中的能量运移规律。裂隙两端是能量积聚的主要区域,煤组分裂隙端破坏时,一部分能量运移到岩石组分裂隙端,以岩石组分破坏或变形的形式释放出去。研究结果可为探究深部煤岩力学性质、揭示煤岩动力灾害发生机制提供有益参考。

三维静载与循环冲击共同作用下组合煤岩体力学特性试验研究

为进一步研究循环冲击载荷下煤岩体的力学特性,以岩-煤-岩结构试样为研究对象,利用改进后霍普金森压杆试验系统,开展三维静载与循环动态冲击试验,研究冲击入射能及围压对岩-煤-岩结构试样的强度、变形及破坏特征的影响。研究结果表明:相同围压下,总循环次数随冲击入射能的增加而逐渐减少;相同入射能下,总冲击次数随围压的增大而增加;相同围压下,平均应变率随着冲击次数、冲击入射能的增加而逐渐增加;相同入射能下,围压9 MPa时应变率较低且前期增长幅值较为缓慢,围压3 MPa时应变率较高且增长速度较快;峰值应力、变形模量随入射能增加而逐渐递增,随冲击次数增加而逐渐递减;相同入射能下,峰值应力及变形模量随围压的增大而增加;相同围压下,峰值应力与应变率呈幂函数递减,变形模量与应变率呈线性函数递减;循环冲击下,煤岩体破碎程度明显高于单次冲击,破坏主体是煤,破坏形式为剪切-拉伸复合破坏,并且具有明显的率相关性,随着冲击入射能的增加或者围压的减少,煤碎块尺寸较小且块数较多。研究结果可为深部煤岩体动力灾害控制提供理论参考。

基于响应面法的废石-细尾砂充填性能优化试验

为获得满足矿山采矿强度要求的废石-细尾砂充填最佳配比,首先根据混合骨料的堆积密实度和料浆浓度初探试验,初步获得配比范围;在此基础上利用响应面法建立了以废石-细尾砂充填体的3、7、28 d抗压强度为响应值的回归模型,揭示了骨料配比、浓度和灰砂比三因素对充填体强度的影响规律,并通过回归模型优选出充填最佳配比,进行半工业试验验证。结果表明,当充填体养护至3、7 d时,浓度和灰砂比两因素的交互作用影响显著;当充填体养护至28 d时,骨料配比与浓度的交互作用影响显著。当骨料配比1∶3、浓度82%、灰砂比1∶4时,废石-细尾砂充填性能完全满足矿山的充填需求,为废石-细尾砂混合骨料膏体充填性能优化提供了理论基础。

基于黏聚力单元的煤岩复合体水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

为分析煤岩复合体中水力裂缝扩展路径及演化规律,从应力场、煤岩交界面强度以及煤层层理倾角出发,基于黏聚力单元法建立了煤岩复合体水力压裂模型,分析了不同工况下煤岩复合体水力裂缝扩展规律。研究结果表明:煤岩复合体水压裂缝在上覆岩层中起裂后,随着垂向与水平应力差的逐渐增大,水力压裂裂缝受应力场的控制作用越来越显著;煤岩交界面强度较小时,水力裂缝在交界面中难以形成水压聚集达到煤层的开裂条件,煤岩交界面强度较大时能够在煤岩交界面中扩展一定距离并完成憋压,当压力达到煤层开裂条件时水压裂缝穿越煤岩交界面并诱导煤层起裂扩展;在煤层层理倾角30°条件下水力裂缝沿主应力方向形成主裂缝并沿层理方向形成次生分支裂缝;在不同地质条件下,应力场、煤岩交界面和煤体层理对水力裂纹的控制作用不同,可结合三者对水力裂纹的控制作用使其形成复杂的裂纹网络结构。

水岩作用下不同煤体厚度组合体力学特性及损伤规律研究

为研究水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学行为及其界面不均匀破坏特征,揭示井下隔水煤岩柱变形及富水环境下煤岩层变形规律.对不同高度比例的岩-煤-岩组合体开展干燥和饱水条件下单轴压缩试验,分析组合体应力-应变、强度及弹性模量劣化规律,探究水岩作用下煤-岩交接面处应力分布关系,明确组合体变形破坏特征及过程.研究结果表明:水岩作用下煤体高度对组合体力学特征具有较大影响,在干燥与饱水状态下,组合体单轴抗压强度与弹性模量均随煤体高度的增加而减小,且试件的破坏形态随着煤体高度的增加由拉伸破坏转变成斜面剪切破坏,最终表现为煤体挤裂破坏.但组合体强度损失劣化度随着岩体层间煤体高度增加,先增大后减小,当煤∶岩高度比为1∶2时,组合体强度对水的敏感度最大并出现极大值,这主要与煤岩交界面高度位置有关.弹性模量呈现降速缓释趋势,主要与组合体组成岩石性质有关.水岩作用下煤体部分为组合体整体失稳破坏的触发点位,延续影响煤体两端岩体,由于交界面产生侧向平面约束力,使煤体轴向抵抗变形能力得到强化,但随着煤体高度的增加,煤体中部所受约束影响迅速衰减.组合体变形破坏渐进性过程分为四个阶段:裂隙孔隙压密阶段、裂隙产生并稳定发育阶段、裂隙加速发育并贯通阶段和破坏后阶段.

煤柱-顶板结构能量演化特征及稳定性研究

煤矿事故的发生大多是由煤柱及其上覆顶板岩层失稳破坏引起的。为了研究不同煤-岩高度比对煤柱-顶板结构变形破坏及能量演化机制的影响,对煤-岩高度比分别为1∶3、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1及3∶1的煤-岩组合体进行了单轴加载及循环加卸载试验,研究了煤-岩结构体变形与能量演化之间的变化关系,利用加卸载响应比对煤-岩组合体的稳定性进行分析,对煤-岩组合体稳定性进行定量评价。结果表明:煤-岩组合体在单轴加载及循环加卸载作用下的峰值强度均随着煤-岩高度比的增加而逐渐降低,煤-岩组合体在循环加卸载作用下的峰值强度均低于单轴加载试验中的峰值强度,煤-岩高度比越大,循环载荷作用下组合体峰值强度降低率越小;组合体输入能、弹性能和耗散能随应力增加呈非线性增加,煤-岩高度比与组合体循环载荷过程中产生的平均弹性应变、平均弹性能、平均残余应变、平均耗散能、总残余应变和加卸载响应呈正比关系,与总弹性应变、总弹性能和总耗散能呈反比关系。